VS Flashcards
1
Q
most common area for BP measurement
A
brachial
2
Q
4 common areas of BP measurement
A
brachial
popliteal
radial
posterior tibial - dorsalis pedis & posterior tibial
3
Q
low frequency sounds w/ 5 phases
A
korotkoff’s sounds
4
Q
clear, faint, rhythmic tapping sound, denotes SBP
A
phase I
5
Q
period when blood initially flows through the artery / highest pressure in the system during ventricular contraction
A
systolic pressure
6
Q
temporary disappearance of sound (normally heard over brachial art.) / ranges 40mmHg
A
auscultatory gap
7
Q
murmur, swishing sound (as artery widens)
A
phase II
8
Q
crisp, more intense and lounder sound (d/t flowing unobstructive blood)
A
phase III
9
Q
distinct but abrupt muffling w/ soft blowing quality (muffled sound and soft to the ears)
A
phase IV
10
Q
last sound heard
A
phase V
diastolic pressure
11
Q
type of BP measurement use of thin catheter inserted to artery
A
direct
12
Q
most common type of BP measurement
A
indirect
13
Q
indirect BP (3) equipment
A
sphygmomanometer
bp cuff
stethoscope
14
Q
BP modifiable vs non-modifiable risk factors
A
-
15
Q
arm position when doing BP
A
- sitting
- arm horizontally supported
- positioned at heart level
16
Q
position for preventing blood pooling / ask pt to lie down, elevate legs, and perform ankle pumps, repeatedly df and pf the ankle (to facilitate blood faster return of blood to heart)
A
counteraction
17
Q
blood pooling
A
when blood continues to LE w/o returning to heart
18
Q
sudden drop in BP upon movement to upright position / blood pooling to LE veins
A
orthostatic hypotension (OH)
19
Q
lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope
A
cerebral hypoperfusion
20
Q
OH (2) factors
A
- prolonged period of immobility
- pts taking anti-HTN
21
Q
forced exhalation w/ closed glottis, nose and mouth
A
valsalva maneuver
22
Q
what do you call amount of blood that returns to the heart
A
venous return
23
Q
(2) aids in stabilization of spine when lifting heavy objects
A
increased thoracic/abdominal pressure
24
Q
what do you call <120/<80 mmHg
A
normal BP
25
120-129/<80 mmHg
pre-hypertension
25
130-139/80-89 mmHg
stage 1 hypertension
26
>=140/>=90
stage 2 hypertension
27
reduced vessel wall compliance
arteriosclerosis
28
(3) components of blood pressure regulation
1) receptors - baro/chemo
2) regulating center - pons/medulla
3) effector organs - heart & blood vessels
29
force the blood exerts against a vessel wall / measured in mmHg
blood pressure
30
where pressure is highest
arteries
31
where pressure is lower
capillaries
32
where pressure is lowest
veins
33
highest pressure exerted by blood against arterial walls / ventricular contraction / numerator
systolic
34
lowest pressure / ventricular relaxation / denominator
diastolic
35
difference of systolic and diastolic pressures
pulse pressure
36
normal PP
40 mmHg
37
amount of blood flow
cardiac output (CO)
38
impediment to blood flow inside the vessel heart must overcome
peripheral resistance (R)
39
position when doing RR
- ideally, chest exposed (to observe rise/fall of chest)
- pt's forearm across chest
- commonly taken after PR
40
normal breathing pattern
eupnea
41
abnormally fast respi rate and depth
hyperventilation
42
reduction in respi rate and depth
hypoventilation
43
difficult/labored breathing w/ increased effort to breath
dyspnea
44
dyspnea while lying down
orthopnea
45
abnormally fast RR d/t respiratory insufficiency/fever
rr >24 cm
tachypnea
46
abnormally slow RR d/t respiratory center impairment
rr <10cm
bradypnea
47
absence of respiration/transient
usually momentarily (if persists, will lead to brain death/death)
apnea
48
period of apnea followed by gradual increase resp death and freq
10-60 sec apnea -> hypoventilation
cheyne-strokes
49
other term for cheyne-strokes
"death rattle"
50
irregular respi w/ variable (usually shallow) alternating apnea
biot's
51
regular but abnormally deep respiration w/ increased rate
assoc. hyperventilation
kussmaul's
52
accessory muscles active during dyspnea
scm, pectorals, scalenes, subclavius
53
number of breaths per minute (30x2)
RR
54
normal RR value
12-20 cpm
55
amount of air exchanged per each breath
respiratory depth (deep/shallow)
56
regularity of inspiration/expiration
respiratory rhythm (regular/irregular)
57
normal breath (usually smooth and soft) sound heard in _
inspiration
58
deviations, normal breath, adventitious sounds that could be auscultated
respiratory sound
59
whistling sound during respiration (more prominent in exp)/narrowed airway
wheeze
60
high pitched crowing w/ upper airway obstruction/narrowed glottis/trachea
stridor
61
rattling/bubbling sound/secretions in air passages
crackles/rales (1st - course crackles, last - fine crackles)
62
deep inspiration followed by prolonged audible expiration
sigh
63
snoring sound/partial obstruction of upper airway
stertor
64
RR of newborns d/t smaller lungs
30-90cpm
65
protective stretch mechanism (regulatory mechanism when pulmonary stretch receptors of the lungs inhibit further inspiration > increase duration of expiration)
hering-breuer reflex
- more significant in neonates
66
primary organ for respiration
diaphragm
67
contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
inspiration
68
elastic recoil of lungs/a passive process
expiration
- no muscles involved in normal respiration (internal intercostals/abdominals contract for active exp only)
69
(2) primary physiological mechanism in clearing the airways
phonation and coughing
70
upper respiratory tract (4) organs
nose, mouth, larynx, pharynx
71
lower respiratory tract (4) organs
lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
72
(3) organs of respiratory - conductive zone
trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
73
(3) organs of respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts
74
most accurate area for monitoring of pulse
apical/central
75
use in monitoring exercise intensity
RPE (rating or perceived exertion)
76
linear relationship between HR and intensity of workload
chronotropic competence
77
difference between apical and radial pulse
pulse deficit
78
location for auscultation
5th intercostal space in midclavicular line
79
fingers used in palpation
index/third finger or first three fingers (not the thumb)
80
examines pulses that are extremely weak or faint
doppler ultrasound
81
automated monitoring / seen in ICUs
heart rate monitors (HRM)
82
measures arterial blood oxygen (SaO2)/perfusion on peripheral arteries (SpO2)
pulse oximetry
83
decreased oxygen levels in circulation
hypoxemia
84
decreased oxygen available to body tissues
hypoxia
85
complete lack of oxygen
anoxia
86
fetal HR values
120-160bpm
87
newborn HR values
70-170 bpm
88
adult HR values
60-100bpm
89
pulse w/ increased pressure, rapid upstroke/downstroke/short peak
corrigan's pulse (water-hammer pulse)
90
pulse w/ regular rhythm but alternate weak and strong beats (assoc. left ventricular failure)
pulsus alternans
91
bigeminal pulse / irregular rhythm with premature beats alt. with sinus beats (heart failure/hypoxia)
pulsus bigeminus
92
strong upstroke/downstroke/second upstroke pulse during systole (indic. aortic insufficiency, regurgitation, stenosis)
pulsus bisferiens
93
paradoxical pulse (marked decreased amplitude during insp)
pulsus paradoxus
94
cycle of the heart (muscle contraction and relaxation)
cardiac cycle
95
(3) peripheral pulses
radial, carotid, popliteal
96
pulse apex of the heart
apical pulse
97
pulse below 60bpm
bradycardia
98
pulse more than 100bpm
tachycardia
99
rapid or irregular HR w/o palpation
palpitation
100
tachycardia vs palpitation
palpitation = by pt / tachycardia = by examiner
101
premature/late/missed PR
arrhythmia/dysrhythmia
102
amount of force created by ejected blood volume against arterial wall (during ea ventricular contraction)
full/strong
weak/thread
bounding
103
absent pulse grade
0
- no pulse even w/ max pressure
104
thready pulse grade
1+
- barely perceptible, easily obliterated
105
weak pulse grade
2+
- difficult to palpate
106
normal pulse grade
3+
- easy to palpate
107
bounding pulse grade
4+
- very strong, hyperactive
108
when a person is exposed to extreme low temps of prolonged periods
hypothermia
109
temp - thermoregulatory center becomes impaired
below 34.4 deg cel
110
temp - thermoregulatory center lost function
below 29.4 deg cel
111
medical term for fever brought by pyrogens (toxic bacteria from degenerating body tissues)
pyrexia
112
period prior to onset of fever (w/ non-specific symptoms)
prodromal phase
113
period of gradual/sudden rise of fever until max temp reached (w/chills)
phase 1: onset
114
point of highest elevation of fever (remains relatively stable, w/ warm and flushed skin)/no shivering
phase 2: course
115
period during which fever subsides, sweating occurs (cutaneous vasodilation)
phase 3: defervescence
116
hyperpyrexia/hyperthermia
unusually high fever (>41 deg cel)
117
represents balance between heat produced/lost by body
temperature
118
warm blooded
homoeothermic
119
normal human temp
37 degrees C / 98.6F+-1deg
120
cold blooded
poikilothermic
121
keeps the body temp relatively constant in the hypothalamus
internal thermostat
122
released in response to prolonged cooling of the body thus heat production is not immediate
thyroxine
123
increases cellular metabolic activity producing more heat
NE and E
124
"hair standing on end" response to decreased body temp by creating a sort of cutaneous insulation - prevent heat dissipation
cutis anserina/piloerection
125
activated through shivering reflex initiated by post-hypothalamus
skeletal muscle
126
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