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re-intro to PT aye xd > VS > Flashcards

VS Flashcards

1
Q

most common area for BP measurement

A

brachial

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2
Q

4 common areas of BP measurement

A

brachial
popliteal
radial
posterior tibial - dorsalis pedis & posterior tibial

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3
Q

low frequency sounds w/ 5 phases

A

korotkoff’s sounds

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4
Q

clear, faint, rhythmic tapping sound, denotes SBP

A

phase I

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5
Q

period when blood initially flows through the artery / highest pressure in the system during ventricular contraction

A

systolic pressure

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6
Q

temporary disappearance of sound (normally heard over brachial art.) / ranges 40mmHg

A

auscultatory gap

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7
Q

murmur, swishing sound (as artery widens)

A

phase II

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8
Q

crisp, more intense and lounder sound (d/t flowing unobstructive blood)

A

phase III

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9
Q

distinct but abrupt muffling w/ soft blowing quality (muffled sound and soft to the ears)

A

phase IV

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10
Q

last sound heard

A

phase V
diastolic pressure

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11
Q

type of BP measurement use of thin catheter inserted to artery

A

direct

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12
Q

most common type of BP measurement

A

indirect

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13
Q

indirect BP (3) equipment

A

sphygmomanometer
bp cuff
stethoscope

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14
Q

BP modifiable vs non-modifiable risk factors

A

-

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15
Q

arm position when doing BP

A
  • sitting
  • arm horizontally supported
  • positioned at heart level
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16
Q

position for preventing blood pooling / ask pt to lie down, elevate legs, and perform ankle pumps, repeatedly df and pf the ankle (to facilitate blood faster return of blood to heart)

A

counteraction

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17
Q

blood pooling

A

when blood continues to LE w/o returning to heart

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18
Q

sudden drop in BP upon movement to upright position / blood pooling to LE veins

A

orthostatic hypotension (OH)

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19
Q

lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope

A

cerebral hypoperfusion

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20
Q

OH (2) factors

A
  • prolonged period of immobility
  • pts taking anti-HTN
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21
Q

forced exhalation w/ closed glottis, nose and mouth

A

valsalva maneuver

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22
Q

what do you call amount of blood that returns to the heart

A

venous return

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23
Q

(2) aids in stabilization of spine when lifting heavy objects

A

increased thoracic/abdominal pressure

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24
Q

what do you call <120/<80 mmHg

A

normal BP

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25
Q

120-129/<80 mmHg

A

pre-hypertension

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25
Q

130-139/80-89 mmHg

A

stage 1 hypertension

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26
Q

> =140/>=90

A

stage 2 hypertension

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27
Q

reduced vessel wall compliance

A

arteriosclerosis

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28
Q

(3) components of blood pressure regulation

A

1) receptors - baro/chemo
2) regulating center - pons/medulla
3) effector organs - heart & blood vessels

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29
Q

force the blood exerts against a vessel wall / measured in mmHg

A

blood pressure

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30
Q

where pressure is highest

A

arteries

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31
Q

where pressure is lower

A

capillaries

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32
Q

where pressure is lowest

A

veins

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33
Q

highest pressure exerted by blood against arterial walls / ventricular contraction / numerator

A

systolic

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34
Q

lowest pressure / ventricular relaxation / denominator

A

diastolic

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35
Q

difference of systolic and diastolic pressures

A

pulse pressure

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36
Q

normal PP

A

40 mmHg

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37
Q

amount of blood flow

A

cardiac output (CO)

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38
Q

impediment to blood flow inside the vessel heart must overcome

A

peripheral resistance (R)

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39
Q

position when doing RR

A
  • ideally, chest exposed (to observe rise/fall of chest)
  • pt’s forearm across chest
  • commonly taken after PR
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40
Q

normal breathing pattern

A

eupnea

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41
Q

abnormally fast respi rate and depth

A

hyperventilation

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42
Q

reduction in respi rate and depth

A

hypoventilation

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43
Q

difficult/labored breathing w/ increased effort to breath

A

dyspnea

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44
Q

dyspnea while lying down

A

orthopnea

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45
Q

abnormally fast RR d/t respiratory insufficiency/fever
rr >24 cm

A

tachypnea

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46
Q

abnormally slow RR d/t respiratory center impairment
rr <10cm

A

bradypnea

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47
Q

absence of respiration/transient
usually momentarily (if persists, will lead to brain death/death)

A

apnea

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48
Q

period of apnea followed by gradual increase resp death and freq
10-60 sec apnea -> hypoventilation

A

cheyne-strokes

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49
Q

other term for cheyne-strokes

A

“death rattle”

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50
Q

irregular respi w/ variable (usually shallow) alternating apnea

A

biot’s

51
Q

regular but abnormally deep respiration w/ increased rate
assoc. hyperventilation

A

kussmaul’s

52
Q

accessory muscles active during dyspnea

A

scm, pectorals, scalenes, subclavius

53
Q

number of breaths per minute (30x2)

A

RR

54
Q

normal RR value

A

12-20 cpm

55
Q

amount of air exchanged per each breath

A

respiratory depth (deep/shallow)

56
Q

regularity of inspiration/expiration

A

respiratory rhythm (regular/irregular)

57
Q

normal breath (usually smooth and soft) sound heard in _

A

inspiration

58
Q

deviations, normal breath, adventitious sounds that could be auscultated

A

respiratory sound

59
Q

whistling sound during respiration (more prominent in exp)/narrowed airway

A

wheeze

60
Q

high pitched crowing w/ upper airway obstruction/narrowed glottis/trachea

A

stridor

61
Q

rattling/bubbling sound/secretions in air passages

A

crackles/rales (1st - course crackles, last - fine crackles)

62
Q

deep inspiration followed by prolonged audible expiration

A

sigh

63
Q

snoring sound/partial obstruction of upper airway

A

stertor

64
Q

RR of newborns d/t smaller lungs

A

30-90cpm

65
Q

protective stretch mechanism (regulatory mechanism when pulmonary stretch receptors of the lungs inhibit further inspiration > increase duration of expiration)

A

hering-breuer reflex
- more significant in neonates

66
Q

primary organ for respiration

A

diaphragm

67
Q

contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

inspiration

68
Q

elastic recoil of lungs/a passive process

A

expiration
- no muscles involved in normal respiration (internal intercostals/abdominals contract for active exp only)

69
Q

(2) primary physiological mechanism in clearing the airways

A

phonation and coughing

70
Q

upper respiratory tract (4) organs

A

nose, mouth, larynx, pharynx

71
Q

lower respiratory tract (4) organs

A

lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

72
Q

(3) organs of respiratory - conductive zone

A

trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles

73
Q

(3) organs of respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts

74
Q

most accurate area for monitoring of pulse

A

apical/central

75
Q

use in monitoring exercise intensity

A

RPE (rating or perceived exertion)

76
Q

linear relationship between HR and intensity of workload

A

chronotropic competence

77
Q

difference between apical and radial pulse

A

pulse deficit

78
Q

location for auscultation

A

5th intercostal space in midclavicular line

79
Q

fingers used in palpation

A

index/third finger or first three fingers (not the thumb)

80
Q

examines pulses that are extremely weak or faint

A

doppler ultrasound

81
Q

automated monitoring / seen in ICUs

A

heart rate monitors (HRM)

82
Q

measures arterial blood oxygen (SaO2)/perfusion on peripheral arteries (SpO2)

A

pulse oximetry

83
Q

decreased oxygen levels in circulation

A

hypoxemia

84
Q

decreased oxygen available to body tissues

A

hypoxia

85
Q

complete lack of oxygen

A

anoxia

86
Q

fetal HR values

A

120-160bpm

87
Q

newborn HR values

A

70-170 bpm

88
Q

adult HR values

A

60-100bpm

89
Q

pulse w/ increased pressure, rapid upstroke/downstroke/short peak

A

corrigan’s pulse (water-hammer pulse)

90
Q

pulse w/ regular rhythm but alternate weak and strong beats (assoc. left ventricular failure)

A

pulsus alternans

91
Q

bigeminal pulse / irregular rhythm with premature beats alt. with sinus beats (heart failure/hypoxia)

A

pulsus bigeminus

92
Q

strong upstroke/downstroke/second upstroke pulse during systole (indic. aortic insufficiency, regurgitation, stenosis)

A

pulsus bisferiens

93
Q

paradoxical pulse (marked decreased amplitude during insp)

A

pulsus paradoxus

94
Q

cycle of the heart (muscle contraction and relaxation)

A

cardiac cycle

95
Q

(3) peripheral pulses

A

radial, carotid, popliteal

96
Q

pulse apex of the heart

A

apical pulse

97
Q

pulse below 60bpm

A

bradycardia

98
Q

pulse more than 100bpm

A

tachycardia

99
Q

rapid or irregular HR w/o palpation

A

palpitation

100
Q

tachycardia vs palpitation

A

palpitation = by pt / tachycardia = by examiner

101
Q

premature/late/missed PR

A

arrhythmia/dysrhythmia

102
Q

amount of force created by ejected blood volume against arterial wall (during ea ventricular contraction)

A

full/strong
weak/thread
bounding

103
Q

absent pulse grade

A

0
- no pulse even w/ max pressure

104
Q

thready pulse grade

A

1+
- barely perceptible, easily obliterated

105
Q

weak pulse grade

A

2+
- difficult to palpate

106
Q

normal pulse grade

A

3+
- easy to palpate

107
Q

bounding pulse grade

A

4+
- very strong, hyperactive

108
Q

when a person is exposed to extreme low temps of prolonged periods

A

hypothermia

109
Q

temp - thermoregulatory center becomes impaired

A

below 34.4 deg cel

110
Q

temp - thermoregulatory center lost function

A

below 29.4 deg cel

111
Q

medical term for fever brought by pyrogens (toxic bacteria from degenerating body tissues)

A

pyrexia

112
Q

period prior to onset of fever (w/ non-specific symptoms)

A

prodromal phase

113
Q

period of gradual/sudden rise of fever until max temp reached (w/chills)

A

phase 1: onset

114
Q

point of highest elevation of fever (remains relatively stable, w/ warm and flushed skin)/no shivering

A

phase 2: course

115
Q

period during which fever subsides, sweating occurs (cutaneous vasodilation)

A

phase 3: defervescence

116
Q

hyperpyrexia/hyperthermia

A

unusually high fever (>41 deg cel)

117
Q

represents balance between heat produced/lost by body

A

temperature

118
Q

warm blooded

A

homoeothermic

119
Q

normal human temp

A

37 degrees C / 98.6F+-1deg

120
Q

cold blooded

A

poikilothermic

121
Q

keeps the body temp relatively constant in the hypothalamus

A

internal thermostat

122
Q

released in response to prolonged cooling of the body thus heat production is not immediate

A

thyroxine

123
Q

increases cellular metabolic activity producing more heat

A

NE and E

124
Q

“hair standing on end” response to decreased body temp by creating a sort of cutaneous insulation - prevent heat dissipation

A

cutis anserina/piloerection

125
Q

activated through shivering reflex initiated by post-hypothalamus

A

skeletal muscle

126
Q

,

A

re-intro to PT aye xd (3 decks)

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