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1
Q

Chorionic then chorioallantoic placenta species

A

Horse, carnivores, rodents

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2
Q

Chorioallantoic placenta

A

Ruminants, pigs

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3
Q

Zonary placenta

A

Carnivores

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4
Q

Cotyledonary placenta

A

Ruminants
- Fetal cotyledons engage with maternal uterine caruncles

Convex in cows
Concave in sheep

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5
Q

Diffuse placenta

A

Pig and horse

With microctyledons

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6
Q

Endotheliochorial placenta

A

Carnivores

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7
Q

Epitheliochorial placenta

A

Ungulates

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8
Q

Haemochorial placenta

A

Rodents, lagomorphs

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9
Q

Lamellar placenta

A

Interleaved sheets of maternal and fetal tissue

In carnivores

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10
Q

Villus and crypts placenta

A

Villi of fetal epithelium lie in crypts of maternal epithelium
Horses, ruminants, humans

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11
Q

Simple folded epithelium to increase placental SA

A

Pigs

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12
Q

Areolae

A

Specialised regions is histeotrophic placentation; maternal side is glandular to secrete uterine milk which are absorbed by metal villi

In pig

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13
Q

Para-placental zone in pigs

A

Smooth part of chorioallantoic with no placentation

Avascular extremity that dies due to lack of blood supply

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14
Q

Species with countercurrent blood flow in placenta

A

Horse

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15
Q

Elongated conceptus i.e 3 double membranes

A

Ruminants, pigs

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16
Q

Spherical conceptus

A

Horse, carnivores

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17
Q

Endometrial cups

A

Buried fetal tissue from chorionic girdle (behind ring of regression of yolk sac); chunks bury into uterine epithelium
Secrete eCG to cause multiple ovulation

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18
Q

Haemophagous zone

A

Seen in sheep; metal cells absorb maternal blood

Also in carnivores as strips running either size of placental girdle; green due to Fe

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19
Q

Ruminant binucleate cells

A

Via trophoblast nuclear division in plane of epithlium
- Cell content extruded into a maternal epithelial cell

In cattle rapidly dies
In sheep persists up to 25 nuclei (only 1 maternal)

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20
Q

Ring of semierectile tissue around entrance to teat sinus

A

Submucosal venous plexus

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21
Q

Male species without teats

A

Rabbits and rats

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22
Q

Location of male teats

A

Carnivores/boars: abdominal
Ruminant: scrotal
Stallion: preputial

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23
Q

Immunoglobulins in milk

A

IgG monomer, IgA dimers, IgM pentamer

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24
Q

PGF2alpha in the cow

A

Production stimulated by oxytocin

Normally destroyed in the lungs
Passes from utero-ovarian vein to ovarian artery which wiggles around it via countercurrent exchange

Luteolytic; causes crash in P which decreases negative feedback on pituitary so increase in FSH and LH

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25
Ventral diameter of birth canal
Between underside of sacrum and top of pelvis
26
Fetal prepartum cortisol surge in horse
Associated with fall in plasma corticosteroid binding globulin as well as increased adrenal output
27
Thyroid deficiency
No wool growth Skeletal retardation Reduced brain side
28
Uterine sperm deposition
Pig, (rat and mouse)
29
Human sperm concentration
50-100 million/ml
30
Layers of the graffian follicle
Oocyte, cumulus cells, Antrum, granulosa cells, thecae cells
31
LH and FSH
2 subunit polypeptides that are similar in structure to TSH
32
Gonadostat theory for puberty onset
Hypothalamus changes sensitivity to negative feedback from sex steroids Rats have evidence for this
33
Hypothalamic maturation theory
Pre-puberty have GABA inhibitory receptors | After puberty have kisspeptin and glutamate receptors which are stimulatory
34
Species that rely on CL for progesterone throughout
Pigs, dogs, goats
35
Species with luteoplacental shift of Progesterone production
Sheeps, cows, mares, cats, humans
36
Oestrogen effect on SVR
Decreases it by causing vasodilatation
37
Progesterone effects on breathing
Induces airway dilation and central respiratory drive by increasing medullary chemoreceptor sensitivity
38
Cross stimulation of TSHR
By hCG, inducing hyperthyroid state
39
Immune adaptations
Chemokines and macrophages stop NK cell invasion (which is stimulated by the decimal reaction) Trophoblast cells express anti-adhesive sialomicin ``` Non-polymorphic HLA-G expressed MHC class 1 down regulated in most trophoblast cells ```
40
Things correlating positively with fetal growth from fetal endocrine system
Insulin Thyroid hormones Growth hormone IGF II (glucocorticoids correlate negatively)
41
Effects of maternal caloric restriction at different times in pregnancy
1st trimester: large baby 2nd trimester: slightly small baby 3rd trimester: smaller placenta, smaller baby
42
Fetal cortex medullary interactions
Fetal cortisol from cortex induces expression of PNMT enzyme in medulla that converted NA to adrenaline This adrenaline then stimulates HPA axis as +ve feedback for maturation Fetal HPA axis causes birth; fatal cortisol drives changes in placenta enzyme expression levels
43
Preparations for breathing
Fetal breathing in last trimester Surfactant synthesis unregulated by cortisol/adrenaline/thyroid hormones Adrenaline drives fluid reabsorption before Labour (cortisol drives expression of adrenceptors)
44
Prostaglandins
20C lipids made from arachidonic acid Direct cause of contractions; oestrogen in late pregnancy causes upregulation of uterine COX2 to make more PGF2alpha and increased receptors
45
Oxytocin
9AA peptide hormone that induces uterine contraction in Fergusson reflex Receptor is upregulated in myometrium via oes From posterior pituitary
46
Artificial birth inducers
Glucocorticoids PGF analgoues Oxytocin Progesterone inhibitors
47
Hormones driving mammary duct development | Hormones driving mammary alveoli development
Duct: oestrogen, growth hormone, prolactin Alveoli: oes, GH, PRL, progesterone, placental lactogens
48
Somatomammotrophins
Peptide hormones that can cross bind receptors; single subunit polypeptides GH and PRL from pituitary Placental lactogens from trophoblasts
49
Hormones driving lactogenesis
Development of capacity to produce milk Glucocorticoids PRL (stimulated by increasing E:P) Inhibited by: PLs and progesterone (pregnancy hormones rather than birth ones)
50
Driving galactopoesis
Maintenance of lactation Local autocrine (removing milk with inhibitory protein + preventing cell atrophy) and neuroendocrine reflexes (via decreasing dopamine to disinhibit prolactin)
51
Myoepithelial milk ejection reflex
Driven by oxytocin from post pituitary
52
Piglet glycogen usage
Overall liver stores fall before muscles but muscle stores decrease faster in cold as used for shivering thermogenesis
53
Macromolecules absorption in neonate
Foals, piglets, calves, lambs: lots of pinocytosis of immunoglobulins Humans, rabbits: limited Rats: specific receptor mediated endocytosis of immunoglobulins
54
Increasing brown fat activity
Symp stimulation | Thyroid hormones
55
species with urethral process
Billy goat, ram, bull (cow), horse?
56
Duct systems per teat
2 in the horse
57
Hormone tests for dogs up to time of ovulation
There is a near-linear increase in progesterone concentrations
58
Most common location of gravid bovine uterus
In the supra-omental / intestinal recess
59
Changes to cow myometrium
Cells hypertrophy (rather than proliferate) and uterine wall becomes thinner
60
Ruminant testes
Inguinal and vertical
61
Dog and horse testes
Intermediate and horizontal
62
Cat and pig testes
Perineal and tilted
63
Fibroelastic penis
Boar, ruminant | Has a sigmoid flexure
64
Musculocavernosus penis
Horse, carnivores
65
Penis with double prepuce
Horse, tomcat
66
Species with haemophagous zones
Carnivores | Sheep
67
Synepitheliochorial
Name for ruminant placenta type due to presence of trophoblast binucleate cells
68
Arresting of oocyte meiosis
Primary oocyte is arrested in prophase 1 NB: in bitch, this is what is ovulated, not the secondary occyte Secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase 2
69
Causes of shunt closure
FO: due to increased pressure in left atrium DA: due to increase O2 saturation DV: due to loss of umbilical vein so increase SVR
70
Plica cervicales
Repeated rings in the cervix of ruminants
71
Cervical caruncles
In pigs to engage with spiral penis
72
Protuberance of cervix into vagina
Portio vaginalis with surrounding fornix (NOT IN PIGS)
73
Suburethral diverticulum
Seen in ruminants and pigs
74
Ovarian artery from
Aorta
75
Middle uterine artery is from
external iliac
76
Artery of the vas is from
Internal iliac artery
77
Testicular artery is from
Abdominal aorta
78
Components of the broad ligament
Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesometrium
79
Round lig
Found in dogs at right angles to the broad ligament | Female homologue of the gubernaculum
80
Remnant from the umbilical artery and vein
Umbilical artery: ventral lig of bladder | Umbilical vein: falciform lig of the liver
81
Ducts per teat
Ruminants: 1 Horse/pig: 2 Dogs: 12
82
Main arterial supply to the udder
``` External pudendal artery (from ext iliac/deep fem) Ventral perineal (from internal iliacs) ```
83
Drainage from the udder
Caudal superficial epigastric (changed flow direction); anastomoses with the cranial superficial epigastric Form milk vein Also some via external pudendal vein and ventral perineal (like the arteries)
84
Species with no papillary duct sphincter
Sheep
85
Early uterine contractions in the mare
Roll the foal so the spine is dorsal
86
Hymen especially well developed in
Pigs
87
Importance of thyroid hormone and capacity to convert T4 -> T3
To increase UCP1 for thermogenesis in brown fat -> Facilitates corticosteroid action near term T4 under TSH stimulation in mid gestation important for CNS development

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