VPH, Welfare, Ethics Flashcards
Definition of Day One Competences
The ability to perform the roles and tasks required by one’s job to the expected standard
Definition of a disease
A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury
Zoonoses of dogs
Salmonella, campylobacter, cryptosporidium, toxocara, echinococcus (tapeworm), mange and fleas, leptospirosis, ringwom, rabies
Zoonoses of cats
Salmonella, campylobacter, cryptosporidium, toxoplasma, fleas, mites (cheyletiella), cowpox, ringworm
Three types of anthrax
Pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous
Cause of ringworm
Fungi (dermatophytes), microsporon spp and trichophyton spp
Causes and symptoms of erysipelas
Bactera (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Causes septicaemia and diamond dermatitis and endocarditis and arthritis in pigs and painful skin lesions and rarely endocarditis in humans
Dangers in dog bites
Pasteurella spp and capnocytophaga canimorsus which can cause renal failure
Cause and symptoms of cat scratch fever
Bartonella henselae causing infected lesion with local gland swelling, conjunctivitis, severe if immunosuppressed
Role of WHO
Authority for health within UN. Provide leadership, shape research, set standards, monitor health trends
Roles of OIE (World organisation for animal health)
Improving animal health worldwide - welfare, food safety and biodiversity
Role of FAO (food and agriculture organisation of the UN)
Food security - making sure people have enough high quality food, eradicate hunger, eliminate poverty, economic and social progress, management and utilisation of resources
Roles of World Trade Organisation within VPH
Uses WHO, FAO and OIE standards
Roles of DEFRA
Animal and plant health (zoonotic diseases), veterinary medicines directorate
Roles of the Deartment of Health (DH)
Public health england - zoonoses in humans
Roles of the Food Standards Agency (FSA)
Regulates food and feed
Roles of Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
Research zoonoses and emerging livestock systems
Role of the Wellcome Trust
Charitable foundation dedicated to improvements in human and animal health
Roles of the EU Commission
Have Health and Consumers Directorates-General called DG SANCO. A branch of this is the Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) in Dublin.
Roles of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
Risk assessment for food and feed safety. Has journal for food and feed, nutrition, health and welfare
Roles of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Strengthen Europe’s defences against zoonotic infections
Roles of the Veterinary Public Health Association
BVA specialist division dealing with Veterinary Public Health
Roles of the Association of Government Veterinarians
Specialist BVA division for vets working in government and in executive agencies
Roles of the Federation of Vets in Europe
Some European vet organisations are a member of it. Represent vocational groups of the veterinary profession eg practising vets (UEVP) state veterinary officers (EASVO)
Role of the World Veterinary Association (WVO)
International representative of global vet medicine. Has agreements with OIE, FAO and WHO
How many UK households have pets?
13 million (45%)
How many animals are kept as pets?
71 million (24.5 million excluding fish)
How many dogs and cats are there in the UK?
8.5 million of each
How many rabbits, birds and pet fowl are there in the UK?
1 million of each
Value of UK livestock output in 2013?
£14.2 billion
How many farm businesses rely on livestock?
150,000+
How many poultry are there in the UK?
162.6 million
How many sheep are there in the UK?
32.8 million
How many cattle are there in the UK?
9.8 million
How many pigs are there in the UK?
4.9 million
Definition of domestication?
The process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and the captive environment by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and environmentally-induced developmental events recurring during each generation
What are the five freedoms?
Freedom from malnutrition, freedom form thermal and physical discomfort, freedom from injury and disease, freedom the express normal behaviour, freedom from fear and stress
What is the thermoneutral zone?
The range of environmental temperatures over which an animals metabolic rate is constant, at a minimum and independent of environmental temperature
How do pigs and poultry maintain homeothermy?
Adjust heat production in cold environments by increasing food intake, not shivering
How do ruminants and horses maintain homeothermy?
Horses sweat, sheep pants and cattle do both. Created wide thermoneutral zone where heat is lost by evaporation with negligible metabolic cost.
What are the three ethical positions?
Either animals don’t require moral consideration, animals require it because they can suffer or the require it because they have intrinsic value
What is Deontology?
Emphasis on principles guiding behaviour rather than outcomes, treats animals as ends in themselves not means to an end
What are the five ethical theories?
Contractarianism, utilitarianism, animal rights, relational, respect for nature
What is contractarianism?
Morality is based on agreement. Must be able to enter into a contract, animals can’t enter into contracts because they don’t speak and can’t reason. Anthropocentric - can use animals for our benefit but we must treat them well to preserve contracts with other humans.
What is utilitarianism?
Emphasises consequences of actions, seeks to maximise good outcomes for the greatest number. Preference utilitarianism aims to maximise the satisfactions of preferences of all species - Singer said farming cannot satisfy their preferences.
What are relational views?
Animals are dependents, owners are trustees, bond means animals have expectations of care and if owner fails this is unjust
What are the “respect for nature” views?
Species have value, genetic integrity is important, respects inherent, genetically-driven nature of animal. Leave animals as evolution made them.
What is the definition of welfare?
Its state as regards to its attempt to cope with its environment.
What is a problem with the WTO?
Animal welfare legislation can be seen as a restriction to trade
What did the OIE produce standards on in 2002?
Agreed in 2005 on land animal transport, sea transport, stunning and slaughter, killing for disease control.
How are pain thresholds measured?
Use an electric pressure probe and measure the point when the animal feels it as pain by looking at changes in the spinal cord.
How is locomotion scored?
1 - normal, 2 - mildly lame, 3 - moderate lameness, 4 - severe lameness
What is the animal needs index (ANI)?
Need for mobility, social contact, good flooring, good climatic conditions, good quality human care
What is a consequentialist theory?
Animals may be used as a means to an end (eg contractarian, utilitarian, respect for nature)
What is a deontological theory?
That humans have obligations to animals (eg rights, relational)
What is the six-point framework for ethical decision making?
Identify all courses of action, establish interests of affected parties, identify ethical issues involved, establish legal positions of dilemma, choose a course of action, minimise impact of the decision
What should be considered when making an ethical position?
Non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice
WHO definition of Veterinary Public Health
The sum of all contributions to the physical, mental and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science
What does the control of dogs order 1992 say?
Must wear collar with name and address. Even if they have a microchip. But not guide dogs or working dogs.
What does the clean neighbourhoods and environment act 2005 and the anti-social behaviour, crime and policing act 2014 say?
Must follow dog control orders eg “no dogs allowed”. Dog wardens now take dogs.
If you want to retain a dog you’ve found, how long do you have to keep it for?
28 days
What does the dangerous dogs act 1991 and the 1997 amendment say?
Against the law to be dangerously out of control
How long is the prison sentence if your dog is out of control? How long if it injures someone? Kills someone? Injures an assistance dog?
6 months, 5 years, 14 years, 3 years
Which are the banned dog breeds?
American pit bull terriers, fila brasiliero, dogo argentino and japanese tosa
What is the scottish control of dogs act 2010?
“Deed not breed”
What is the road traffic act 1988?
Dogs near roads must be on leads, must give details if you hit a dog
What does the animals act 1971 say?
You are liable for damage caused by your dog
What does the dogs (protection of livestock) act 1953 say?
Dogs shouldn’t worry or chase livestock
What does the animal welfare act 2006 say?
5 freedoms, have to be over 16
What does the dogs act 1871 say?
Dangerous dogs must be under proper control
What does the breeding and sale of dogs (welfare) act 1999 say?
Can’t mate a bitch less than 12 months old, not whelp more than 6 litters, not whelp twice within twelve months, not sell a puppy until 8 weeks old
What does the animal boarding establishments act 1963 say?
Accommodation must be suitable, disease spread must be prevented, may be inspected
How many stray dogs in the UK? How many put to sleep?
107,228 and 9,310
