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Neuronal Communication > Voluntary And Involuntary Muscles > Flashcards

Voluntary And Involuntary Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of muscle?

A
  • smooth
  • skeletal
  • cardiac.
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2
Q

how is cardiac muscle myogenic?

A

it contracts without the need for a nervous stimulus, causing the ehart to beat in a regular rhythm.

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3
Q

what are some features of skeletal muscle?

A
  • fibre appears striated.
  • regularly arranged so muscle contracts in one direction.
  • the contraction speed is rapid.
  • short length of contraction.
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4
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle?

A

muscles showin cross striations are known as striated muscles.

fibres are tubular and multinucleated.

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5
Q

what are some features of cardiac muscle?

A
  • appear to be specialised striated.
  • involuntary muscle
  • arranged wherby cells branch and interconnect resulting in simultaneous contraction.
  • intermediate contraction speed.
  • intermediate length of contraction.
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6
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

cardiac muscle shows striations but they are fainter than skeletal muscle.

fibres are branched and uninucleated.

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7
Q

what are some features of smooth muscle?

A
  • non-striated
  • involuntary
  • they have no regular arrangement so different cells can contract in different directions.

-slow contraction speed.

  • they can remain contracted for a relatively long time.
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8
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

muscles show no cross striations

fibres are spindle shaped and uninucleated.

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9
Q

what are skeletal muscles made up of?

A

bundles of muscle fibres.

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10
Q

what is the name of the plasma membrane that encloses the bundles of muscle fibres called?

A

sarcolemma.

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11
Q

what makes skeletal muscle strong?

A

muscle fibres contain a number of nuclei and are much longer than normal cells. the junction between adjacent cells would have acted as a point of weakness but it isnt present so it’s strong.

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12
Q

what is the sarcoplasm?

A

the shared cytoplasm witin a muscle fibre.

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13
Q

why does the whole fibre recieve the impulse to contract at the same time?

A

parts of the sarcolemma (plasma membrane) fold inwards to help spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)

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14
Q

what is the name of the folds on the sarcolemma?

A

transverse tubules (T tubules.)

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15
Q

what are some adaptations of muscle fibres?

A
  • lots of mitochondria to provide ATP needed for muscle contraction.
  • modified version of endoplasmic reticulum containing calcium ions required for muscle contraction.
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16
Q

what is the name of the modified version of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

17
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

long cylindrical organelles made of protein.

18
Q

what makes myofibrils so powerful?

A

they are lined up in parallel to provide maximum force when they contract together.

19
Q

what are the two types of protein filament that myofibrils are made up of?

A
  • actin
  • myosin
20
Q

what is actin?

A

the thinner protein filament that makes up myofibrils. it consists of two strands twisted around each other.

21
Q

what is myosin?

A

the thicker protein filament. It consists of long rod shaped fibres with bulbous heads that project to one side.

22
Q

what causes the striped look in myofibrils?

A

myofibrils have alternating light (I bands) and dark bands (A bands)

23
Q

what are light bands (I bands) ?

A

they appear light as they are the region wher actin and myosin filaments do not overlap.

24
Q

what are dark bands (A bands) ?

A

these appear dark because of the presence of thick myosin filaments. edges particularly dark as myosin is overlapped with actin.

25
Q

what is the Z-line?

A

the line found at the centre of each light band. sacromere between them.

26
Q

what is a sacromere?

A

the distance between adjacent Z-lines. it is the functional unit of the myofibril. when a muscle contracts, the sacromere shortens.

27
Q

what is the H zone?

A

the lighter region found in the centre of each A band. only myosin filaments are present here. when the muscle contracts, the H zone decreases.

Neuronal Communication (10 decks)

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