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VET632 - Bovine Health > Volume 1 > Flashcards

Volume 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How much lignocaine do we inject into each site for a distal Paravertebral block?

A

10-15ml in a fan shaped infiltration

this will last approximately 90mins

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2
Q

What is the Aetiology, Clinical signs and treatment options for Salmonellosis

A
  • Aetiology
    • Zoonotic
    • Faecal-Oral route (saliva/nasal secretions)
    • Survives for several years enviro
    • Recent stock introductions/stresses
    • Recovered Carrier Animals
    • BVDV
    • Incubation 24-48hrs
    • S.typhimurium / S.dublin most common
  • Clinical Signs
    • Age 6days-2months
    1. Peracute septicaemia - no D+, death 24-48hrs
    2. Acute - pyrexia, sever watery putrid D+, may die
    3. Chronic - Weight Loss, intermittent D+
  • Treatment
    • Treat for shock
      • Corticosteroids
      • Nsaids
    • Fluids
    • AB’s
    • +/- blood fusion
      • ​
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3
Q

What causes cattle to bleed out through their mouth/nose?

A

Lung Abcesses

Actinobacillus pyogenes

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4
Q

Under Good Calf Rearing explain Pre-Calving

A

Pre-Calving

  • Good pre-calving decisions will protect the health and welfare of the calf about to be born.
    • Sire Selection
      • Look at Birth Weights/Calving Easy (low birth weights are good)
    • Heifer Growth - Heifers on Target
    • Vaccination Program
      • Timing cow vaccinations to ensure that peak antibody levels in the blood are available for colostrum production is a good strategy. Colostrum production is last 5 weeks of gestation
    • Transition Program
      • Transition Period = 4 weeks pre and post calving.
        • Avoid negative energy and protein balance
        • Manage dietary cation and anion (DCAD) balance.
        • Use energy dense feeds like concentrates
        • Provide the right amount of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.
    • Environment
      • Clean
      • Observable
      • Drained
        • make sure dairy drain effuent doesnt drain into calving areas
      • Sheltered
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5
Q

Simple Indigestion

Explain the

  • Aetiology
  • Clinical Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment and Prevention
A
  • Aetiology
    • Excessive intake of indigestible roughage, wet grass, frosted or mouldy feeds or sudden introduction of concentrates
  • Clinical Signs
    • Partial or compelte anorexia
    • Mild drop in milk production
    • Reduced and weaker rumen contractions
    • Enlarged doughy rumen
    • +/- moderate rumen tympany
    • Faeces are scarce and dry, followed by malodorous diarrhoea 24-48 hrs later
  • Diagnosis
    • History
    • Clinical Findings
    • Elimination of other causes
    • Rumen pH my change, mild acidosis or alkalosis depending on nature of feed problem
  • DDX
    • Traumatic Reticulo peritonitis, Vagal indigestians, rumen acidosis, hypocalcemia, ketosis, secondary rumen atony due to toxemia
  • Treatement
    • Stimulate appetite and rumen motility
      • Small quantities of good quality hay
      • Magnesium sulphate (stimulates the outflow of the rumen contents from the reticulorumen
      • Rumen transfaunation
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6
Q

How is BVDV transmitted?

A

Virus is tranmitted in

  • Respiratory secretions
  • Uterine fluids
  • Urine
  • Milk
  • Semen
  • Faeces
  • Saliva
  • Abortuses
  • Either inhaled of Ingested
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7
Q

What is the cure rate of the following pathogens of Mastitis

Staph Aureus

Strep agalactiae

Strep uberis

A
  • Staph Aureus
    • Poor during lactation - dry off and cure (abcesses formed)
  • Strep agalactiae
    • Very Good
  • Strep uberis
    • Variable (can be difficult to cure)
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8
Q

What are the benefits of well grown heifers?

A
  • Fertility
    • Liveweight is a better indicator of when heifers commence oestrous activity (cycling) than age, Well grown heifers will cycle earlier than lighter herd mates
    • Well grown heifers start cucling at 9-11months
    • Well Grown heifers are 13-15 mo of age at first joining
  • Production
    • benifit of a higher weight at 1st calving is transmitted to the 2nd and 3rd lactation
  • Longevity
  • Financial
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9
Q

How does nutrition affect reproduction?

A
  • Onset of puberty (Weaners)
  • Endocrine, follicle and foetal development (weaners)
  • Conception rates (Post-Weaning
  • Post partum interval (Post-Calving)
  • Birth and weaning weight (post-weaning)
  • Milk production (post-weaning)
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10
Q

At birth what happens to the umbilical vein?

What is the urachus for? What happens at birth?

A
  • It becomes the Falciform Ligament
  • Foetus urinated through the Urachus while in the womb, after birth this closes and becomes a small scar in the bladder
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11
Q

List some Nematodes of concern to Cattle

A
  • Ostertagia ostertagi
  • Haemonchus spp.
  • Trichostrongylus axei
  • Cooperia oncophora
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12
Q

How do we control BVDV

A
  • Treat each circumstance as unique
  • Eradicate or control?
  • Eradication through PI testing and culling
  • Control through vaccination
    • Vaccinate all breeding cattle
    • 2 doses at elast 4 week before joining
    • Vaccinate Bulls (After Test)
    • Yearly booster
  • In feedlot source backgrounded cattle of vaccinate on induction
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13
Q

When is septicemia likly to occur in a calf?

What organisms could be involved?

How do these bacteria enter the bloodstream

What other organs could be included?

A
  • Likely to occur in the first week of life and is defined as the presence of bacteria and their toxins in the bloodstream.
  • Common Organisms
    • E. coli (Septicemic colibacillosis)
    • Salmonella sp.
    • Mycoplasma bovis
  • These bacteria enter the blood stream by crossing a damaged intestinal wall or through the open navel of the newborn calf.
  • Other organs infected include brain (meningitis), heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, eyes or joints.
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14
Q

Abomasal Displacement

What is the

  • Aetiology
  • Clinical Signs (LDA)
  • Diagnosis test
  • DDX
A
  • Aetiology
    • Abomasal atony (Atony = Muscle lost its strength)
    • Hypocalcaemia (7x more likelly)
    • Endotoxemia (MMM’s)
    • Inadequate effective fiber
      • VFA’s reach abomasum
      • Hypomotility
      • HCL refluxes back into the rumen
      • Systemic metabolic Alkalosis
  • Clinical Signs (LDA)
    • Normal TPR (most cases)
    • Off Feed
    • Down in milk
    • Depressed, dehydrated
    • Ketosis (2nd’ary)
      • Mild to Moderate
    • Scant Stool
      • Firm/Loose
      • Undigested particles
    • Paralumbar fossa:
      • Slab-sided Abdomen
      • Visualize/Palpation P.L.F.
      • Rectal Palpation (Can’t)
      • Mild Colic
      • Mild hypocalcaemia
        • Hypotonic rumen
        • Cold Ears
        • Widely dilated pupils
  • Diagnosis
    • Ascult and Percuss Left Paralumba Fossa
    • Highpitched Ping
    • Ballottment for slpash of fluid
  • DDX
    • Ruminal Atony
    • Pneumoperitonum
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15
Q

What would have caused these changes in the lungs?

What Clinical Signs would you see?

What Tests would you use to Diagnose this?

A
  1. Bovine Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium bovis
  2. Clinical Signs
    • ​​Chronic Cough
    • Progressive loss of condition
    • most reactors are asymptomatic
  3. Diagnosis
    • ​​Intradermal Tuberculin test
      • Caudal Fold Tuberculin test
    • Blood Serum Test
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16
Q

What is a normal Cows temperature?

A

38.0 - 39.3

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17
Q

What is a Toxoid

What is a Bacterin

A
  • Toxiod
    • an inactivated toxin
  • Bacterin
    • an inactivated Bacteria

These are usually in vaccines

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18
Q

Why would you not give a lactating cow a Dry cow Intramammary antibiotic?

A

The Dry Cow Intramammary Antibiotics are long acting antibiotics with long withholding periods.

If you did this you would not be able to use the milk you took from the cow for a long time.

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19
Q

What are the advantages behing using yearling bulls?

A
  • Improve genetics faster
  • Extendedworking life
  • fit, stron and healthy
  • more sensitive to nutrition and parasites
  • easier to handle
  • can mate even the biggest cow
  • Inexperieced but learns fast
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20
Q

What role does Selenium have in the body?

A
  • Immune Function
  • Growth
  • Fertility
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21
Q

How do you diagnose Selenium Deficiency?

How do you treat for Selenium Deficiency?

A
  • Diagnose
    • Clinical Signs/Clinical Response
    • Blood - GPX
    • Liver - reflects selenium ingestion
    • Necropsy
  • Treatment
    • Short Term
      • Pour on Selpor (this is lipaphillic)
      • Oral Drench
    • Long Term
      • Injection
      • Top dressing with prills

Becareful Selenium is also toxic so correct dosing must be applied. Also ensure you wear PPE as being lipaphillic it will enter your body through your skin and it can kill you.

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22
Q

What drugs are banned for use in food producing animals?

A
  • Gentamicin
  • Fluoroquinolone (Enrofloxacin “Baytril”)
  • Metronidazole
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23
Q

Name some Beta-Lactams injections used in Cattle medicine

A
  • Procaine Penicillin
  • Ceftiofur
  • Penethamate (travels to acidic environments like the udder)
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24
Q

What are teh 5 main challenges to successful lactations?

A
  • Rumen Adaption
  • Reduced dry matter intake
  • Higher demands for calcium
  • Impact of lipid mobilisation on liver function
  • demands of the foetus and udder for nutrients
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25
Q

What is the disease commonly known as Woody Tongue?

What pathogen causes it?

What is the Pathophysiology of it?

A
  • Actinobacillosis - Wooden Tongue
  • Actinobacillus lignieresi
  • Pathophsiology
    • ​Organism is commensal in mouth (normal bacteria of the mouth)
    • Disease results when mouth mucosa has been damaged
    • Cattle grazing abrasive material are at risk
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26
Q

List some NSAIDS you would use for Cattle

A

Carprofen

Meloxicam

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27
Q

What are the most important conditions in calves?

A
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28
Q

What is a problem with a herd usually a combination of?

A
  • Environment (Rain, Temp, Soil, Pasture)
  • The type of production system
  • Management
  • Animals - Age, Breed, Sex
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29
Q

What are the Best Practices pf Colostrum Management?

A
  • Test for FTP to ensure your future herd gets the best start in life
  • Feed new-born calves 10-15% of their bodyweight (4 to 6L for a 40kg calf) in “gold” colostrum within the first 6 to 12 hours of life
  • Gold colostrom is the best quality colostrum taken from the first milking after a cow calves
  • Be aware that the calf abomasum has a limited capacity of approximately 1.5 to 2L so you may need to give smaller feeds more frequently
  • If pooling colostrum, select only healthy cows as sick cows and heifers may have poorer colostrum IgG levels (beware pooling increases risk of transfering Johnes and other contagious diseases)
  • Bacterial Contamination of colostrum can occur at any stage of harvestin to storage and feeding.
  • Use hot soapy water to clean all equipment and buckets as this will remove colostrum fatty residues and bacteria.
  • Refrigerate Colostrum at 4oC to supress growth of bacteria and help preserve IgG concentrations
  • Freeze only non-used high quality colostrum
  • Continuing to feed colostrum to calves beyond the initial 24hrs (after git closes) may also have advantages as IgG can bind to infectious agents in the gut, limiting disease prevalence and severity. It is also a highly nutritous feed.
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30
Q

What nerve block is used for dehorning?

A

Cornual Nerve Block

Below the temporal ridge
INject 5-10ml lignocaine 2%

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31
Q

Describe the importance of colostrum

A
  • Calves are born with a poorly developed immune system
  • Calves must abosrb immunoglobulins, from colostrum, across the intestinal wall to obtain immunity until their own immune system becomes functional
  • This is most effective in the first 24 hours after birth and is often referred to as passive transfer
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32
Q

What are some infectious agents which can cause failure to conceive?

A
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Vibriosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • IBR (Pustual Vaginitis
  • BVD

Main clinical signs in beef hereds

  • Low pregnancy rates

Main clinical signs in dairy herds

  • High return to service rates
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33
Q

What is the target weight of a heifer at first calving?

A

85% of mature live weight

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34
Q

What are the consequences of scours

A
  • Dehydration
    • Loss of water through diarrhoea and along with it loss of glucose, sodium, potassium and chloride
  • Acidoses
    • Loss of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in faeces
    • Decreased renal excretion of Hydrogen ions associated with dehydration and decreased renal blood flow
    • The presence of unidentified organic acids in plasma
  • Hypoglycaemia
    • Give Dextrose 50% piggybacked into IV line as a CRI (or added to fluid mix)
  • Hypothermia
    • Fluid Therapy needs to ahve fluds warmed at time of iv infusion.
  • Septicemia
    • Calves with neonatal diarrhoea often have increased numbers of Coliform Bacteria in their small intestine
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35
Q

Primary Bloat (Frothy)

  • What is it, how do cattle get it?
  • Clinical Signs?
  • Diagnosis?
  • Treatment
  • Prevention and Control
A
  • Bloat is caused by excessive production and entrapment of rumen gases in a stable, persistent foam. Intraruminal pressure increases because eructation cannot occur.
    • It is associated iwth feeding lush, immature, rapidly growing pasture especially legumes (Clover, Lucerne)
    • Also may be associated with feeding finely ground grain (feedlot bloat)
    • Cattle can begin to bloat within 1hr of moving onto danger pasture.
  • Clinical Signs
    • Distension of the left paralumbar fossa (increase intraruminal pressure)
    • Uncomfortable/Abdominal Pain
    • Progression to sever respiratory distress
      • mouth breathing
      • Salivation
      • Protrusion of the tongue
      • Expelling Faeces/Vomiting frothy rumen contents
      • Recumbency and death from asphyxiation
  • Diagnosis
    • Based on History and Clinical Exam
    • One animal affected - probably Gaseous Bloat
    • Multiply affected may be frothy bloat
    • Pass a stomach tube to determine difference
  • Treatment
    • Animals in mild distress (non life threatening)
      • Walk to yards
      • drench with Bloat oil drench or mixutre of mineral oil (500ml)
      • Pass stomach tube to releave bloat
    • Trocar/Rumenotomy
  • Prevention/Control
    • Pasture Management
      • Avoid fast growning clover dominant (>30% clover)
      • Sow a mixture of pasture species
      • Supplement with good quality fibre source
    • Hay Treatment with antifoaming agents
      • Antifoaming agents can be added to molasses and oil to help spraying on hayand palatability
    • Anti Bloat Capsules
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36
Q

Where would we have issues with Phosphorus Deficiency? And why?

  • Phosphorus is the 2nd most abundant mineral in the body, (80% in bone, 20% in soft tissues). What is Phosphorus required for in the body?
  • How is deficiency compensated?
A
  • Northern Australian Cattle suffer from Phosphorus Deficiency.
  • Southern Properties have used fertalisers to improve the pastures these fertalises contain phosphorus
  • Required for :-
    • ​Energy for cell metabolism
    • Soft tissue & Bone Structure
    • Rumen micro-organism function
    • Buffering Blood & Body Fluids
  • High amounts are Excreated in Milk
  • Compensated
    • through reabsorbtion of bone

Affects

  • Production
  • Reproduction
  • Skeletal System
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37
Q

What is the other name for Campylobacteriosis?

What is the pathogen involved?

How is it spread?

What are some Risk factors in beef herds?

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Treatment and Control

A
  1. Vibriosis
  2. Campylobacter foetus venerealis (Gram -ve)
  3. Transmitted by Bulls during mating
  4. Risk Factors Beef Herd
    • using mixed age bulls
    • using hired, cull or shared bulls
    • mixing mobs of cows at mating
    • long breeding season
  5. Clinical Signs
    • mild purulent discharge
    • enbryonic death
  6. Diagnosis
    • Bulls
      • Preputial scrapings
      • quick transport to lab for culture
    • Cows
      • Antibodies in vaginal mucous - Camp ELISA test
      • Not so useful in mixed sheep/beef enterprises
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38
Q

What are the clinical signs for Septicemia?

How do you treat Septicemia?

What are the complications seen with septicemia?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Depressed
    • Weak
    • State of Toxic Shock
    • May die within 12hrs of onset of clincal signs
  • Treatment
    • Antibiotics
      • Ceftiofur
      • TMS
    • Fluids
    • NSAID’s
      • Meloxicam
      • Flunixin
  • Complications
    • Septic arthritis that is difficuld to treat, Mycoplasma bovis can cause pneumonia, swollen joints and inner ear infections in calves.
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39
Q

What is the mnemonic used for differential diagnosis in Bovine Health?

A

MINUTE MaN PHYSICAL GEN

Management

Infectious agents (Bacterial, Viral, Fungal)

Nutritional

Unknown

Toxic / Traumatic

Environment

Metabolic

a

Neoplasia

Physical/parasitic

Genetic

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40
Q

What are the clinical signs for Bovine Respiratory disease?

What Prevention is there for BRD?

What Vaccination are available to control BRD?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • ​Depression and loss of interest in surroundings
    • pyrexia
    • lethargy and unwillingness to move
    • extended head
    • droopy ears
    • conjunctivitis
    • mucopurulent nasal discharge
    • Coughing
    • rapid shallow breathing
    • reduced weight gain
  • Prevention
    • ​Purchasing feeder cattle direct from breeders
    • purchasing feeder cattle from producers who yard wean calves
    • backgrounding cattle in groups prior to entry to feedlots
    • vaccinating against respiratory pathogens during backgrounding
    • avoiding sudden food and water changes or restrictiosn
    • minimising pen add-ons and movements
    • regularly monitoring cattle for early signs of BRD
    • Pulling suspect cattle early and moving them to a hospital pen for treatment
  • Vaccination
    • ​BVDV - Pestigard
    • Herpes Virus - Rhinoguard
    • Mannheimia haemolytica - Bovilis MH
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41
Q

If cattle has gotten into Urea fertaliser what clinical signs would you see and how do you treat it?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Salivation
    • Abdominal Pain
    • Muscle Tremors
    • Incoordination
    • Convulsions
    • Collapse
    • Death
  • Treatment
    • 3-6L of Vinegar
    • 5% Acetic Acid (Orally)
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42
Q
  • What are Beta-Lactams?
  • How do they work?
  • How are they administrated
  • What should we remember about these and the Rumen?
A
  • Antibiotic
  • Target the cell wall of Bacteria, however only work on the replicating bacteria. They are a time dependant Bactercidal
  • Mainly Injectables or Intramammary, however Oral are available
  • Do not give Oral Beta-Lactams to adult cows will kill the microbes - this is bad. You can give PO to calves
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43
Q

What is Omphalophlebitis?

A

Infected unbilical vein

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44
Q

What are the three most important conditions related to Sudden Death Syndrome?

A
  1. in the Rumen - Bloat and grain overload
  2. Clostridial myositis - Blackleg and Malignant Oedema
  3. Anthrax
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45
Q

What is the role of :-

  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Fibre
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
A
  • Energy
    • for growth and functions like breathing, walking, grazing (13-14 MJ ME/kg dry matter)
  • Protein
    • for all basic metabolic processes and growth (minimum 18% crude protein on a dry matter basis)
  • Fibre
    • for rumen function and to ensure cud chewing (no more than 10% hay or roughage in the pre weaning ration, optimum fibre length is 1-2cm)
  • Vitamins
    • for metabolic processes, bone formation and disease resistance
  • Minerals
    • for carbohydrate metabolism, cartilage and muscle function
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46
Q

Name some Bacterial infections that cattle can get for the following systems.

  • Reproductive
  • Urinary
  • Udder
  • Feet
  • Enteric
  • Lower Respiratory System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Mouth
  • Eye
  • Nervous System
  • Skin
A
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47
Q

What must a cow do to be profitable?

A

a cow must produce 1 calf per year to be profitable

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48
Q

What are the 4 viral causative agents for BRD?

What are the 3 Bacterial causative agents for BRD?

A
  • Viral
    • Bovine Herpesvirus type-1 (BVDV) causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
    • Pestivirus / Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus
    • Bovine Respiratory Syncytail Virus
    • Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus (PI3)
  • Bacterial
    • Mannheimia Haemolytica (Pasteurella Haemolytica)
    • Pasteurella multocida
    • Histophilus somni
  • Other
    • Mycoplasma Bovis
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49
Q

What are the indications for Right Paralumbar Fossa laparotomy?

A
  • LDA, RDA, abomasal torsion - omentopexy
  • Exploratory Laparotomy
    • Cecum, Small Intestine, Small Colon, Right Kidney, Bladder
    • Liver
    • Right Ovary
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50
Q

What animal would we use the 5 in 1 vaccine for?

What do they contain/cover?

A
  • Beef Cattle and Sheep
  • Toxoid
    • Clostridium tetani, Cl.perfringens type D, Cl.novyi, Cl.septicum
  • Bacterin
    • Cl.chauvoei
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51
Q

Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax

Clinical signs of Anthrax

Diagnosis and Necropsy

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • peracute in cattle usually found dead
    • course of disease <72hrs
    • depression
    • Respiratory Destress
    • Mucous membrane haemorrage
    • pyrexia
  • Diagnosis and Necropsy
    • Dark Bloody discharge from body orifices
    • rapid decomposition
    • Bloating
    • Diffuse ecchymotic haemorrhage
    • Bloody fliud in body cavities
    • grossly enlarged friable spleen
    • air dried smear for diagnosis
    • Culture
  • Control
    • Quarantine and Vaccination
    • Burn carcasses
    • no stock movements 42 days
    • 3 year vaccination
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52
Q

What does Moraxella Bovis Cause?

What type of bacteria is it?

What are the virulence factors called?

What do they secrete?

A
  • IBK/Pinkeye
  • Gram-Negative Coccobacillus
  • pili
  • Secrete haemolysin/cytolysin (adhere to cornea and melt it)
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53
Q
  • What drug would you not give to a Stud Stallion?
  • And why not?
A
  • Acepromazine (ACP, ACE)
  • Risk of prolapsed penis
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54
Q

What are the common calfhood disease

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Pneumonia
  • Septicemia
  • Navil and Joint Disease
  • Bloat an Abomasal ulcers
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55
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Diarrhoea in calves

A
  • Hypersecretory
    • increase secretion of fluid from gut cells
    • Fluid loss in the small intestine is greater than fluid reabosrption in the colon
  • Malabsorptive
    • Loss of intestinal integrit resuls in reduced ability to absorb
    • Fluid reabsorption in the colon is less than fluid loss int he small intestine
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56
Q

Describe the restraint procedures for treatment of eye disease in cattle.

A
  • Physical
    • ​Halters
    • Nose Grips
    • Metal Halter
  • Chemical
    • ​Xylazine20 - 0.04mg/kg
    • Acetyl promazine10 - 0.1mg/kg
  • Anaesthesia

Be careful as pressing on the eye you will get a vagal response. HR will decrease, BP will decrease and the cow will collapse, best to use ACP

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57
Q

Explain the difference between Haemaglobinuria and Haematuria

A

Haemaglobinuria

  • Wont seperate when you spin it down
  • Dark Red

Haematuria

  • RBC will seperate from urine when spun down
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58
Q

What is the transition Period?

A

The transition to lactation - 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after calving.

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59
Q

During the Transition Period what are the adaptive hormaonal changed seen in a cow?

A
  • Increased Lipolysis (breakdown of Fats)
  • Decreased lipogenesis (fat synthesis)
  • Increased gluconeogenesis (Glucose synthesis)
  • Increased glycogenolysis (Breakdown of glycogen to provide energy)
  • Increased use of lipids and decreased glucose use as an energy source
  • Increased mobolistaon of protein reserves
  • Increased absorption of mineral and mobilisation of mineral reserves
  • Increased food consumption and increased absorptive capacity for nutrients
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60
Q

What are the indications to do a Rumenotomy?

A
  • TRP - Hardware Disease
  • Vagal Ingigestion - Abscess, adhesions, BF
  • Grain Overload
  • Removal of FB ot Toxic materials
  • Impaction
  • Transfunation
  • Rumen Fistulation
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61
Q

What pathogen causes Pasteurellosis?

What is the predisposing factors for Shipping Fever (Pasteurellosis)

A
  • Mannheimia (Pasteurella) Haemolytica
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Predisposing factors
    • ​Viral infection
    • transport
    • poor nutrition
    • cold, we and windy weather
    • high levels of ammonia in the environment
    • dusty environments
    • mixing of groups of cattle
    • poor ventilation
    • overstocking
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62
Q

Describe the reasons behind the dicesion to cull a bull

A
  • Cull at the end of the 7th year or retain good quality bulls based on BBSE
  • avoid mating daughters
  • many aged bulls have poor fertility through
    • poor semen quality
    • low serving capacity
    • foot faults and stifle damage
    • arthritis
    • failure of erection
    • disease persistence
  • Cull for temperament - older bulls harder to handle
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63
Q

What are the key constituents of colostrum?

A
  • Antibodies - IgG, IgM and IgA
  • White Blood Cells
  • Anti-Microbial Factors
  • Mutrients
  • Growth Factors
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64
Q

Where do you inject for the Auriculopalpebral nerve block?

What does this desensitize?

A
  • Above the zygomatic process behind the orbit, 5cm behind the supraorbital process along the dorsal arch
  • 5-10ml
  • Desensitize and paralyse the muscles of the lower eyelid
  • A line block is needed for the upper eye lid
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65
Q

What treatment would you provide for a cow with a Type 1 Rectal prolapse?

A
  • Physical Exam (assess cows condition)
  • Sedate
  • Epidural
  • Carefully Palpate and evaluate
  • Clean and/or debride mucosa

TYPE 1

  1. Reduce prolapse
  2. purse string suture around anus
  3. Long acting Epidural (Bupivacaine)
  4. Topical emollient and AI
  • If the mucosa only is compromised of torn, it can be resected and sutured
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66
Q

If ou have a sick calf that is dehydrated when do you know you have to give IV fluids over Oral Fluids

A
  • Check Sucking reflex if no sucking reflex IV fluids
  • If the calf wont get up ou need IV fluids
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67
Q

What nerve block is used when ablation of the eye?

A
  • Peterson Block or
  • Auriculpalpebral Block and
  • Retrobulbar 4 point block
  • 10-15mls in each location
  • Remember this does not do the eye lids they need to be done seperatly
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68
Q

There are 2 ways to approach a Physical Exam of a cow, what are they and explain them.

A
  • System by System
  • Region by Region
    • Tail - Blood, Urine, Rectal temp, MM,
    • Left side - Abdomen, Chest, Heart, Rumen sounds, Balot, Listen for Ping.
    • Right Side - as above
    • Head
    • Tail Revisited - Milk, Rectal, Udder, Vagina
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69
Q

What are some risk factors for rumen acidosis?

A
  • Ingestion of large amounts of highly soluble CHO
  • Low Fibre Diets
  • Wheat, Triticale and barley are high risk
  • Hi starch by products (Potatoes, bread, fruit)
  • High levels of molasses
  • Lush improved pastures, high soluble sugars and low in effective fibre eg Legume pastures
  • Maize silage diets with insufficient buffering
  • Sudden stop in feeding of rumen buffers/Modifiers/Abx on high starch diets
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70
Q

Cobalt Deficiency

  • What is Co required for?
  • What are the clinical signes for Co deficiency?
  • How do we diagnose Cobalt deficiency?
  • How do you treat Co deficiency?
A
  • Co required by microbes to synthesis Vit B12
    • Need a constatn supply from pasture, fast growing spring pastures are deficient
  • Clinical Signs
    • ​ill-thrift
    • diarrhoea
    • rough coat
    • coat colour change
    • anaemia
    • reproductive failure
    • immunosuppression
    • Occasionally PEM
    • Reduced intake/appetite
    • on PM
      • pale, fatty liver
      • haemosiderinised (Dark) Spleen
  • Measure MMA (Methylmalonyl-COA) if you have a high reading you are likely to have Co deficiency
  • Treatment
    • Co sulfate added to pasture - Long Term
    • B12 injections - short acting (3 months)
    • Co in drench or water
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71
Q

Discuss year round bull management

Vaccination

Condition

etc

A
  • Vaccinations
    • 5in1
    • leptospirosis
    • vibriosis (campylobacter)
    • Pestivirus (BVDV)
    • Ephemeral Fever (Location specific)
  • Mate in BSC 3
  • Drench - Macrocyclic Lactone
  • Use younger bulls if possible
  • check each year prior to mating
  • Feed well after mating
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72
Q
  1. If you have a dehydrated calf and you decide you need to calculate a replacement fluid amount. what is the calculation to do this?
  2. What % is the maintence rate for calves?
  3. What is the ideal rate (range) to replace fluids at?
  4. What is the maximum rate for replacing fluids in a calf
A
  1. Replacement Fluid (L) = (Maintenance % x Dehydration % x Ongoing losses %) x Body Weight kg
  2. Maintence = 5% of body weight
  3. 30-50mL/kg/hr - avoids overhydration and pulmonary oedema
  4. 80mL/kg/hr
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73
Q

We need to be aware of the preperation of Lignocaine we use.

This one contains adrenaline, what adverse effects would we get with this.

And when would we not want to use this?

A
  • Adrenaline - causes vasoconstriction
  • Avoid using this for teat surgeries
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74
Q

What causes Blue Green Algal blooms?

Clinical Signs

A
  • High concentrations of N or P fertalisers, shallow water and high temperatures
  • Clinical Signs
    • Fast Death Factor (Neurotoxins)
      • Dyspnoea
      • Staggers
      • Diarrhoea
      • Muscle Tremors
    • Slow Death Factor (Hepatotoxicosis)
  • Treatment and Control
    • Activated Charcoal
    • Restrict access
    • Treat Damn with Copper Sulphate
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75
Q

Describe how to perform a rumenotomy

A
  • 22cm long incision on mid paralumbar fossa
  • Incise skin and muscle layers in the same direction
  • Incise transverse and peritoneum together
  • Explore abdomen from caudal to cranial
  • Do not disturb adhesions
  • Locate rumen & Palpate
    • Decompress
  • Grasp dorsal sac and pull to incision
    • Ample to exteriorize
  • Secure remen
    • Suture to skin with continuous horizontal mattress
  • Perform rumenotomy in avascular area
  • Wound ring/shround/impervious drape
  • Empty Fluid and Ingest
  • Through exploration
  • Perform any treatments
  • Closure
    • Tranfaunate
    • Place magnet in reticulum
    • Lavage rumen
    • Double inverting layer (Connell/Cushing)
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76
Q

What is the causes of Scours in Calves?

A
  1. Nurtitional
    • Overfeeding
    • Sudden change in feed
    • Incorrect mixing
    • Inappropriate milk replace
  2. Infectious
    • Bacteria
      • E.Coli
      • Salmonella
    • Virus
      • Rotavirus
      • Coronavirus
    • Parasites
      • Cryptosporidium parvum
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77
Q

What is the treatment for Anaplasmosis?

What prevention methods are there for Anaplasmosis?

A
  • Treatment
    • Effective during febrile phase
    • Oxytetracycline LA 20mg/kg
    • Imidocarb injected once subcutaneously 3mg/kg
  • Prevention
    • Immunity often develops in young animals
    • Vaccination for A.centrale prior to moving cattle to infected areas
    • Outbreaks when ticks controlled
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78
Q

What is Bovine Theileriosis?

What is the most deadliest form of Theileria? And what country is it located?

What is the supspecies that is found in Australia?

A
  1. A tick borne disease of cattle caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Theileria
    * Usually restricted to tropical and subtropical regions where suitable tick vectors occur.
  2. Theileria parva parva - East Coast Fever (East Africa)
  3. Theileria orientalis (Spread by Haemaphysalis longicornis)
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79
Q

Leptospirosis

  1. What is the Pathophysiology of Lepto
  2. What are the clinical signs
  3. What would you see at Necropsy
  4. How would you diagnose
  5. What Treatment is available?
  6. What control methods are available
A
  1. Pathophysiology
    • ​Pathogen penetrates moucous membraned bacteraemia followed by haemolysis
  2. Clinical Signs
    • ​​Peracute in calves
    • Pyrexia
    • Depression
    • Haemoglobinuria
    • Anaemia
    • Jaundice
    • Death
    • Abortion
  3. Necropsy
    • ​​Hepatomegaly
    • Petechia
    • Dark kidneys
    • Nephritis
  4. Diagnosis
    • ​​Clinical Signs
    • Serology - MIcro-aggulation test MAT (will be positive after vaccines
  5. Treatment
    • ​Control infection before becomes renal or hepatic
    • Oxytetracycline
  6. Control
    • ​​Bivalent vaccine
    • Prevent environmental comtamination
    • Hygine
    • Control Feral Animals
    • Ensure good passive transfer
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80
Q

What is a transiently infected animal regarding BVDV

A
  • Transmitted from animal to animal,though body fluids
  • Short incubation period and then the virus replicates, Viraemia
  • sheds after 4-15days
  • neutralised by the imune system
  • Flu like symptoms and mild diarrhoea (type 1)
  • Bovine Viral Diarrhoea
  • Type 2 transient infection can lead to more serious disase - fatal haemorrhagic diarrhoea (Exotic)
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81
Q

What are some causes of production problems in Australia?

A
  • management/nutrition/metabolic diseases
  • Environmental Factors
  • Trace Element Deficiencies
  • Internal Parasites
  • Toxins
  • Infectious Agents
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82
Q

What would be some physical/clinical signs or respiratory disease in calves?

A
  • Poor general condition
  • Decreased appetite
  • Depressed, dull
  • Posture:recumbent, elbows abducted, neck extended, head lowered, ears drooping
  • Tongue protuded, mouth breathing
  • Breathing: Laboured, Shallow, increased depth, predominantly thoracis or abdominal breathing
  • Lower respiratory sounds
    • increased/decreased
    • inspiratory/expiratory
    • Crackles, Wheezes
  • Coughing
  • Pale or Cyanotic Mucous Membranes
  • Nasal and Ocular discharge
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83
Q

If you saw an animal bleeding (Black tarry not clotting) from all orifices what could it be and what would you do and not do?

A
  • Could be Anthrax
  • Do not open the animal up
  • PPE
  • Notifiable Disease
  • Zoonotic!!!
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84
Q

What do we need to remember about

  1. Tilmicosin?
  2. Oxytetracycline
  3. Cephalosporins
  4. Beta Lactams
  5. Fluroquinolones
  6. Aminoglycosides
A
  1. Tilmicosin
  • Only for non-dairy cattle use
  • Never IV
  • Becareful as self injection can kill you. (Binds to Calcium and stops the heart)
  1. Oxytetracycline
    1. Can cause sterile abscessation from IM injections. Beware of use near slaughter
  2. Cephalosporins
    1. Dont use if brown
  3. Beta Lactams
    1. Keep refrigerate
    2. Nothing white goes into a vein
  4. Fluroquinolones
    1. Eg. Enrofloxacin (Baytril)
    2. Not to be used in Cattle!
    3. Nationwide ban in all Australian food-producing species (Not just cattle)
  5. Aminoglycosides
    1. Eg. gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin
    2. Should not be used in cattle.
    3. Injectables are prohibited in food-producing species
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85
Q

BVDV is the cattle equilivant to what in

Sheep

Pigs

A
  • Sheep - Border Disease
  • Pigs - Clasic Swine Fever
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86
Q

What is Bloat?

What are the 2 types of bloat

A
  • Bloat is abnormal distension of the rumen and reticulum with fermentation gasses (CO2 and CH4)
  • Two types of Bloat
    • Primary (frothy)
    • Secondary (Free Gas)
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87
Q

What are the two types of weaning available?

A
  • Abrupt - More stressful and more likely to lose weight post weaning
  • Gradual - Typically over 10-28days
    • Pro - makes a smoother transition, less stressful
    • Con - May lose weight pre weaning, requires more attention to detail
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88
Q

Why is it important to stimulate lean body growth from weaning to 9months of age?

What growth rate is expected for Holsteins and Jerseys?

A
  • Lean Body Growth and not deposit excessive amounts of fat, LBG-Muscle and Skeletal growth-results in increased frame size while maintaining a consistent body condition score
  • Holsteins 0.7kg/day
  • Jerseys 0.5kg/day
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89
Q

What is Imidocarb?

What is Imidocarb a treatment for?

What can you use Imidocarb as a prophylaxis for?

When is Imidocarb toxic?

Clinical signs of toxicicity

A

Imidocarb

  1. Anti-protpzoal - damages the protozoal DNA
  2. Treatment of Anaplasmosis
  3. Prophylaxix for Babesiosis
  4. Toxic if
    1. Injected IV
    2. Repeated accidently
  5. ​Clinical signs of toxicicity
    1. Dyspnoea
    2. Depression
    3. Collapse
    4. Death
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90
Q

What is the Aetiology, Clinical signs and treatment options for Rotavirus

A
  • Aetiology
    • Destruction of the absorptive villous epithelial cells, compensatory hyperplasia of the crypt cells - digestive secretions continue
    • MOST COMMON cause of D+ in calves
    • Infection short lived
    • Antibodis in colostrum give protection for 48-72 hrs
    • Stable in faeces and effluent for long periords - remains on calving pads year to year
    • Transmitted by cats, dogs, feral animals (deer, pig, fox, rabbit)
  • Clinical Signs
    • Age affected 4-14 days
    • Depression
    • Decreased suckle reflex
    • watery-yellow D+ (mixed infections different colours)
    • Dehydration worse inyounger calves.
  • Differentiate between Rotavirus and Coronavirus by PCR
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91
Q

What is the pathogen that causes Bovine Tuberculosis?

What is important to note about this disease?

A
  • Mycobacterium bovis
  • Zoonotic - Notifiable disease
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92
Q

Traumatic Reticuloperitonits - Hardware disease

Aetiology?

Clinical signs?

Diagnosis

DDX

Treatment

A
  • Causes by penetration of the reticular wall by a sharp FB due to muscular contractions of the reticulum.
    • Result - Local peritonitis, pericarditis, mycarditis, vagal indigestion
  • Clinical Signs
    • Acute Stage
      • Anorexia
      • Severe drop in milk production
      • Obvious gas cap, rumen sounds absent
      • Reluctance to move
      • Arched back (Grunting)
      • Pyrexia (40 - 40.5oC)
      • Respiratory shallow
      • +/- constipation
    • Chronic Stage
      • Temp variable (may be normal)
      • HR usually elevated (>100bpm)
      • Adbominal pain may be present
      • Foreign body may penetrate reticular wall, cause reticuloperitonitis then fall back inot the reticulum (may see recovery and relapse - pericarditis
  • Diagnosis
    • Grunt test
    • Pathology
      • Elevated WBC (neutrophillia with left shift)
      • Reticular Radiography
      • Ultrasound (pockets of fluid/abscesses
  • DDX
    • Primary Hepatic Abscess
    • Acute pyelonephritis
    • Abomasal unlcer
    • Endocarditis
    • Pericarditis
    • Pneumonia/Pleuritis
  • Treatment
    • Systemic Broad Spectrum Antibiotics (Oxytet)
    • Confine to small pen (elevation of front end)
    • Administer a magnet orally
    • Surgery
      • Left paralumber fossa Ex lap
      • Rumenotomy & remove FB
  • Sequelae
    • Diffuse peritonitis
    • Liver Abscesses
    • Traumatic pericarditis
    • Vagus Indigestion
    • Pneumonia
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93
Q

What is Infectiorus Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis also known as?

What pathogen is responsible for it?

How is it spread?

Its a multifactoral Disease what does this mean?

A
  • Pinkeye or IBK
  • Moraxella bovis (M.bovoculi, Mycoplama sp)
  • Highly Contagious (Spread by dust and flies)
  • Need to have both Damage to the cornea and the Bacteria
    • Roll out round bales to reduce chance of cornea damage
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94
Q

List the differentials for weaner ill-thrift syndrome

A
  • Nutritional - not enough energy or protein to grow
  • Management - Drenching, Vaccination, Supplementation
  • Infectious - BVD, pinkeye
  • Parasitic - Cooperia, Ostertagia, lungworm, Fasciola
  • Environmental - Unseasonable Weather
  • Genetic
  • Toxic - Staggers syndromes, Chronic bracken fern toxicity
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95
Q

What are the Causative agents of Bovine Respiratory Disease?

Viral

Bacterial

Other

Which ones have vaccines available?

A
  • Viral
    • Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1) causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
    • Pestivirus/Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus
    • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
    • Parainfluenza Type-3 virus (PI3)
  • Bacterial
    • Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica)
    • Pasteurella multocida
    • Histophilus somni (formerly Haemophilus somnus)
  • Other
    • ​Mycoplasma bovis

There are vaccines available for BHV1, Pestivirus, Mannheimia haemolytica

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96
Q

What are the reginal blocks used for Bovine Abdominal Surgery?

What Nerves are being blocked with these blocks?

What are the Local Anaesthesia blocks used in Abdominal Surgery?

A
  • Paravertebral block
    • Cornell Method (Distal Method)
    • Farquarson Method (Proximal method)
  • T13N, L1N, L2N
  • Local Anaesthesia
    • Inverted L block
    • Line Block
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97
Q

How would you diagnose Theileria

What are some Differential Diagnosis for Theileria?

What is the treatment for Theileria?

Control and Prevention?

A
  • Epidemology - Presence of ticks other tick-borne disease
  • History - new animals to the area
  • Disease incubation period 1-3 weeks
  • Clinical Signs
  • Necropsy Findings
  • Laboratory findings
    • CBC - Lymphopenia
    • Blood smears - Piroplasims
    • Lymphnode Smears - Koch’s Blue Bodies (KBB’s)
    • PCR - Strains
  • DDX
    • ​Other tick borne diseases - Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Heartwater
    • Malignant Catarrhal Fever
    • CBPP
    • Trypanosmosis
  • Treatment
    • ​Antitheileria drugs
      • Buparvoquone
      • Parvaqune
      • Imidoclap dipropionate
    • Supportive Therapy (A Must)
      • Antihistamines
      • Steriods
      • Blood Transfusion
      • Other antimicrobials
      • Fluids
  • Control and Prevention
    • Oxytetracyclines to cover for other parasitic diseases
      • Immunize
      • Tick control
      • Screening of animals
      • Treatment of dogs, donkeys and other animals
      • Fencing in cases of wildlife
      • Know the strain in the area

Haemaphysalis ticks are found on the east coast and southern WA

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98
Q

What is the correct name for Tick fever or Redwater?

A

Babesiosis

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99
Q

List the Common Causes of Eye Disease in Cattle

A
  • Infectious
    • IBK (Infectious Bovine Keratoconjuctivitis/Pinkeye)
    • IBR, BMC, BVDV
  • Nutritional
    • Hypovitaminosis A
    • PEM
  • Toxic
    • Snake Bite
  • Neoplasia
    • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Genetic
    • Colobomata
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100
Q

What is the major difference between Selenium deficiency and other trace element deficiency’s?

A

Animals can die when deficient of Selenium where other trace elements they do not.

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101
Q

How do you approach a Sudden Death Syndrom situation on farm?

A
  • Knowledge of the Area
    • History of Clostridial disease
    • Toxic Plants (Heartleaf)
    • Pasture types (Bloat)
  • History
    • Always Visit the farm
    • Time on pasture
    • vaccine status
    • management changes
    • supplementation
  • Necropsy
    • Vital for diagnosis - ASAP
    • Take multiple fresh and fixed samples
    • sample the lesion is there is one
    • always collect brain
    • take photos
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102
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  1. Where do cattle get SCC’s, what age animals are susceptible?
  2. What breeds have a predisposion for SCC?
  3. What are the Clinical Signs
  4. How would you diagnose SCC?
  5. What treatment would you give?
  6. What prevention is avaialble?
A
  1. Cancer of the eye (most common cattle tumour), thrid eyelid, medial canthus, lower eyelid margin, lateral limbus, globe. Start out as pre-sancerous plaques. Animals of 5 years +
  2. Herefords, Simmental, Friesen have a predisposition as well as white faced or non-pigmented eye animals.
  3. Clinical Signs
    • ​​Start with plaques, progress to growths, ultimately become invasive
    • Blepharospasm (involuntary movements of the eyelids)
    • Discharge
    • Blindness
  4. Treatment
    • Depends on severity
    • Surgical excision - eyelids, eyes
    • Ionising radiation - strontium-90 probes
    • Cryotherapy - Good for eyeballs
    • Immunotherapy - autologous vaccine
    • Must use appropriate anaesthesia
  5. Prevention
    • Select for pigmented faces
    • Early detection and treatment
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103
Q

Cl.botulinum - Botulisim

How do cattle get Botulism?

Clinical signs of Botulism?

Diagnosis

Control

A
  • How to cattle get it
    • Ingestion of preformed toxin
      • Low pH Silage
      • Broiler litter used as manure on pasture
      • animal protein contaminated hay/silage/water
      • Chewing on bones in phosphorus deficient areas
      • Ingestion of toxin from feed/water that has decomposing animal matter in it
    • Wound Contamination
    • In temperate Aust more common among feedlot or dairy
  • Clinical Signs
    • Down cows or Sudden death
    • peracute - ingested toxin and sudden death
    • Acute
      • Ascending paralysis
      • Jaw and tongue muscles, hindquaters, forequarters
        • Recumbency
        • Bradycardia
        • Respiratory or Cardiac paralysis
  • Diagnosis
    • ELISA for C and D toxin
  • Control
    • Careful fodder making
    • Vaccination
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104
Q

What is the Aetiology, Clinical signs and treatment options for Coronavirus

A
  • Aetiology
    • Causes destruction of cells in Colon (signs of colitis)
    • Virus particals secreted by adult cattle
    • Shedding can persist in recovered animals
  • Clinical Signs
    • Affects calves aged 1-3weeks
    • Acute Severe Diarrhoea & Colitis
    • D+ can persist for more than 1 week
    • Dehydration
    • +/- mild interstitial pneumonia
  • Treatment
    • Differentiate between Coronavirus and rotavirus via PCR
    • Vaccinate mother before calf is born
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105
Q

DDX of BVDV

A
  • Any cause of low pregnancy rates in cattle
  • Any cause of infertility
  • Any Cause of oral lesions
  • Any cuse of foetal malformation or late term abortion
  • any cause of illl thrift
  • any caus of respiratory disease
106
Q

What is a WHP and what do we need to understand about WHP’s

A

WHP = The withholdign period is the time between drug administration and whent he food item is considered safe to eat. (its the time it takes for the drug to fall beneath the Maximum residue limit (MRL).

Remember WHP is not the period of time until ther eis no drug residue left in the food.

ESI = Export Slaughter Interval - is sometime longer than WHP to accommodate for stricter regulations in countries of our trading partners.

107
Q

Explain Type I Ostertegiasis

Who does it affect, When is it likely to infect,

Clinical Signs it causes

How do you diagnose it

A
  • Ostertegiasis Type I
    • Effects most of the animals
    • Mainly young cattle - weaners
    • Accumulation of massive infection in early winter
    • Rapid development into adults (3-4 weeks)
    • Clinical Signs
      • Malabsorption
      • Hypoproteinaemia
      • Ventral Oedema
      • Weight Loss
      • Scouring
      • Failure to thrive
      • Poor Growth Rate
    • Egg Count
108
Q

What is the difference between

Oestrus

&

Oestrous

A

Oestrus

  • The phase when Ovulation occurs, Animals are receptive to mating (HEAT)

Oestrous

  • The actual cycle
109
Q

Leptospirosis

Who is the Maintenace Host for Leptospira?

What is important to remember when talking Lepto?

A
  • Pigs, Cattle are an accidental host whom severe disease happens in.
  • Leptospirosis is Zoonotic
  • Urine is important in Leptospirosis transmission
  • Infected cows shed for years (persistence of pathogen in the interstitial tissue of the kidneys
110
Q

Why dont we use NSAIDs in pregnant animals near full term? (Especially Flunixin)?

A

NSAIDs can cause an early closure of the ductus arteriosus in the foetus

111
Q

What are the reasons Bloat may happen in a Calf?

What may happen if the bloat is severe?

How do you release the gas?

A
  • Accumulation of Gas due to
    • Failure to Eructate
    • Over production of Gas
    • Failure to flactuate
  • Bloat can interfere with the calves ability to breath resulting in sudden death. You may need to release the gas using a stomach tube, trocar or large needle.
112
Q

Describe the

  • Aetiology
  • Clinical Signs
  • Treatment
  • Management

for Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw)

A
  • Aetiology
    • Actinomyces bovis Gram + bacteria
    • Normal inhabitant of the mouth
    • Invade soft mouth tissue and bone (Mandible) through cuts and punctures
    • Results in a swollen/lumpy jaw
  • Diagnosis
    • Hard, immovable painless mass on mandible
    • Draining tracts may develop
      • containing 1-3mm sulphur-like granules
      • place a granule on a slide add 10% sodium hydroxide and gently crush under coverslip
    • Gram stain
    • Culture
  • DDX
    • Tooth Root Abscess
    • Fracture
    • Tumour
    • Osteomyelitis
  • Treatment
    • Sodium iodine
    • ABx (Oxytet, florfenicol)
    • NSAIDS
    • Treatment will prevent further enlargement but wont resolve deformity already present
113
Q

What are the causative agents for Nitrite Poisoning?

Clinical Signs

Treatment

A
  • Causative
    • CapeWeed
    • Ceral Oats
    • Brassicas
    • Heavy use of N fertilisers
  • Clinical Signs
    • Dyspnoea
    • Staggering and collapse
    • Mucosal Cyanosis
    • Fast Weak Pulse
    • Brown Blood that clots poorly
  • Treatment
    • IV Methylene Blue 1-2mg/kg
114
Q

When thinking about the Calving Environment what should we keep in mind?

A
  • Inclused the type of housing, space available, the quality of the air and surfaces with which the animal comes into contact with.
  • Calves are surrounded by disease producing organisms in their environment and if present in large enough numbers they will cause illness.
  • Always keep in ming the following
    • Ventilation
    • Control Drafts
    • Temperature and Humidity
    • Shade
    • Housing
115
Q

What are some advantages and Disadvantages to Toggle Pin abomasopexy for LDA?

A
  • Advantages
    • Quick
    • Easy
    • Inexpensive
    • minimal equipment or facilities required
  • Disadvantages
    • Incorrect viscus
    • Abomasal fistula (may get continuous leakage from the abomasum)
    • Peritonitis
    • Pyloric obstruction
    • Recurrence of displacement (sutres break or pull out)
    • Imprecise fixation of abomasum
116
Q

What is the lay name for Trematodes?

Where do they infest?

A

Trematodes = Flukes

Liver and Rumen

117
Q

What is the correct name for Johnes Disease?

What is the bacteria that is involved?

When would cattle infected with Johnes shed the bacteria?

A
  • Paratuberculosis
  • Chronic infectious wasting disease of ruminantes
  • Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
  • Can last in environment for long periods
  • Infection is vertical and horizontal
  • Viral infection more common in older diseased animals.
  • Shed bacteria after about 4 years of age
118
Q

What is the pathogen involved with Trichomoniasis?

How is it transmitted?

What cattle is it seen in more commonly

What does it cause?

Why is it so bad for bulls?

how do you control it?

A
  • Trichomonas foetus
  • Sexually transmitted from Bull to Cow or vice versa.
  • Rare in Dairy Cattle more common in Beef.
  • Causes low grade endometritis and death of the embryo, abortion within 120days
  • Bulls are life long carriers, Culture from vaginal or preputial mucous
  • Control
    • Cull infertile breeders
    • Test new Bulls - Dont borrow bulls
    • Use controlled mating
    • Vaccine
119
Q

What is this?

What can cause of this?

How do you diagnose this?

What are the types?

A
  • Rectal Prolapse
  • Common occurence
    • 2o to tenesmus arising from
      • Diarrhoea (Coccidiosis, Colitis)
      • Dystocia during parturition
      • Stranguria (cystitis urolithiasis)
      • Chronic Coughing (BRD)
      • Neuropathy
      • Obesity
  • Diagnosis
    • On Clinical Signs
  • Type 1 - Prolapse of mucosa only
  • Type 2 - Prolapse of all layers of rectum
  • Type 3 - Type @ prolapse with addition of prolapse of the large colon (intussusception of the large colon into the rectum)
  • Type 4 - Type 3 prolapse exceptcausing constriction of the recum and colon (intussusception of rectum and colon through anus)
120
Q

How is Leptospirosis spread

Clinical Signs

Treated

Controlled?

A
  • Highly Infectious, spread in urine
  • Clinical Signs
    • Pyrexia
    • Abortion
  • ​Treated with oxtetracycline
  • Best Controlled with Vaccines
121
Q

What causitive agents of BRD can you vaccinate against?

A
  • Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1)
  • Pestivirus / Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)
  • Mannheimia Haemolytica
122
Q

What is passive transfer?

What is Failure of Passive transfer (FTP)?

A

Its where immunoglobulins are transferred in Colostrum from mother to calf.

If the calfs blood immunoglobulin concentration is less than 10mg/ml after 24hours of life.

123
Q

In relation to Calf management and Housing what is the ideal temperature and humidity for calves?

A
  • Ideal temperature for calves is 17 degrees
  • Relative Humidity 65%
124
Q

What pathogen causes these RBC abnormalities?

A
  1. Babesia bovis
  2. Babesia bigemina
125
Q

Mastitis

Aetiology

Significance

Risk Factos

Pathogenesis

Clinical Signs

Pathology

Diagnosis

Treatment

A

Mastitis

  • Inflammation of the udder
  • Almost always infectious and caled by bacteria, however
  • non-infectious causes (Trauma, chemical Injury)
  • Infectious mastitis pathological changes on the glandular tissue causes physical and chemical changes to milk
  • Aetiology
    • Bacteria
    • Fungi
    • Viruses
    • Mycoplasmas
    • Yeasts
    • Algae
  • Significance
    • Costs
      • ​Withholding Milk from Vat
      • Reduction in Milk production
      • Loss of BCS
      • Inferior milk quality - reduced paymen
      • Loss of cattle to disease
      • Cost of preventative measures
  • Risk Factors
    • ​Age
    • Stage of lactaion (first month/Dry period)
    • Teat conformation (wide teat canal
    • Teat Condition - Lesions
    • Production - high production
    • Herd prevalance
  • Pathogenesis
    • ​Contagious Pathogens
      • Staph aureus
      • Strep agalactiae
      • Mycoplasma
    • Environmental Pathogens
      • Strep uberis
      • E.coli
      • Strep dysgalactiae
      • Pseudomonas
  • Clinical Signs
    • ​Udder Changes
      • Heat
      • Oedema
      • Swelling
      • Gangrene
      • Abscess
      • Pain (Lameness)
    • Changes in Milk
      • Clots
      • Wateriness
      • Blood
      • Serum
      • Gas
      • Odour
    • Systemic Reactions
      • Pyrexia
      • Anorexia
      • Absence of GIT sounds
      • Depression
      • Recumbent
      • Shock
  • Pathology
  • Diagnosis
    • ​Milk culture
    • RMT
    • Conductivity
    • ICCC
    • BMCC
  • Treatment
    • ​Frequent Stripping
    • ABx
    • NSAID’s
    • IV Fluids
    • Oral Fluids
126
Q

Secondary Bloat - Free Gas

Acute form is assoiciated with?

Chronic /intermittent bloat associated with?

A
  • Acute associated with physical obstruction of the oesophagus (Choke)
  • Chronic/intermittent bloat
    • associated with lesions affecting cardia, reticulum or oesophageal groove
    • Actinobacillosis
    • Abscess formation
    • Vagal indigestion
  • Clinical Signs
    • Similar to primary bloat
    • Tympany develops over time and is often less severe
    • Passing a stomach tube is diagnostic - allows rapid decompression of the rumen
    • Death from gaseous bloat is less common than from frothy
  • Treatment
    • Passing a stomach tube will almost always relieve the gas accumulation
    • If obstructed insert a trocar and cannula
127
Q

Why would you not give Xyalizine to a cow in its last trimester?

A
  • It would cause an abortion
128
Q

What can cause cows to abort?

A
  • Malnutrition
  • BVDV
  • Brucella abortus (Exotic/Notifiable/Zoonotic)
  • Leptospira interroganspomona/hardjobovis
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Listeriosis
  • Babesia bovis
  • Neospora caninum
  • BHV 1.1 (exotic)
129
Q

What is Pneumonia in the calf?

What is the most like cause?

When is it commonly seen in the calf?

A
  • Pneumonia is inflammation and damage to the calfs lungs
  • Mostly caused by bacteria and viruses (infectious)
  • Commonly occurs around 4-5 weeks of age.
130
Q

What are the differentials for diseases causing anaemia and jaundice?

A

DDX

  • Nutritional
    • Copper/Cobalt deficiency
    • Copper Toxicity
    • Post-parturient haemoglobinuria
  • Parasitic
    • Anaplasma
    • Babesia
    • Theileria
  • Bacterial
    • Leptospirosis
  • Toxic
    • Braken Fern Toxicity
131
Q

What type of cattle are going to be more at risk of Phosphorus Deficiency (Not talking about Northern Cattle over Southern Cattle)

A
  • Lactating Cows
  • Young Growning animals
  • Young Breeder
  • Bulls
132
Q

Salmonellosis

WHat is important to remember about this disease, How is it transmitted, What are the clinical signs, What treatment and prevention is there?

A
  • Salmonellosis
    • Zoonotic
    • Most common cause of diarrhoea in adult cows
    • Gram -ve, motile, anaerobic, spore forming rods.
    • Disease in Australia caused by
      • S.enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium
      • S.enterica subsp enterica serovar Dublin
  • Transmission
    • Clinical affected or carrier animals
    • spread in uring, faeces and milk
    • animal - animal, fomites, animals and birds
  • Clinical Signs
    • acute enteritis (Painful)
    • sudden drop in milk yeild
    • Pyrexia
    • Foul-smelling diarrhoea
    • Weight loss
    • anorexia
    • dehydration
    • Increased HR/RR
  • Treatment
    • ​early treatment with broad-spectrum ABx
    • TMS, ceftiofur, Oxytetracycline
    • Fluids - Oral/IV
    • NSAIDS
  • Prevention
    • Caution buying ne animals
    • Biosecurity
    • Vaccination
    • Isolate clinically affected animals
    • dont use manure on pasture if Salmonella is present
    • Rodent Control and bird control
133
Q

How do we prevent hypocalcemia?

A

Reduce Calcium intake before calving or

DCAD =

Reduce the potassium content of the diet by feeding hay that has not had potassium based fertalisers or give Anionic Saltds

134
Q

What are some clinical signs of Selenium Deficiency?

A
  • Ill-thrift
  • Anaemia
  • Reduced Fertility
  • Retained Foetal Membranes (RFM)
  • White Muscle Disease
135
Q

Whats the advantage of single sire mating?

A
  • Less fighting
  • Safer
  • Better for yealings
  • fewer injuries

BUT

  • need closer observation
  • rotate bulls often during season
  • need more land
  • lower Male to Femal ratio
136
Q

How can you differentiate between Ostertegiasis type I and Type II

A

Type I

  • Affects Young Cattle/Weaners
  • Most will be affected
  • Poor Growth rates/Failure to thrive
  • Hypoproteinaemia
  • Ventral Oedema
  • Scouring

Type II

  • Affects 2-4 year old called suddenly
  • Only a few individual animals effected
  • Sever disease and sometimes death
  • Early Autum/winter
  • FEC >1000eggs/gram

Treatment

  • Anthelmintics
    • Benzimadazoles
    • Pyrimidines
    • Macrocyclic lactones - Moxidectin (Cydectin)
137
Q

What is the causative agent for Cyanide Poisoning

Clinical Signs

Treatement

A
  • Causative Agent
    • Hungry Cattle
    • Ingestion of cyanogenetic glycosides
    • Gums, Sorhums, Acacia (wattle)
  • Clinical Signs
    • Dyspnoea
    • Restlessnes, Recumbency, Death
    • Bright Red Blood
    • Depressed, Staggers, tremors
    • weak pulse and dilated pupils
  • Treatment
    • Sodium Thiosulphate
138
Q

How does a PI come about?

A
  • Infection of a Naive dam between 18 and 125days of gestation
  • Foetal immune system not competent at this time
  • become immunotolerant to BVDB
  • are antibody negative except (in three circumstances)
  • Will either
    • die soon after birth due to ill-thrift
    • surive to be persistent shedders of virus
    • Develop Mucosal Disease and die aged 6-21months
139
Q

What is the Colostrum best management practices? 3Q’s?

A
  • Quality
    • High Immunoglobulin Concentration >/= 50mg/mL IgG
    • Reduce presence of Contaminants (Bacteria and Blood)
  • Quantity
    • Calves must ingest a minimum mass of 100g of immunoglobulin to ensure passive immunity. Calves should be fed 10-15% of thier bodyweight of high quality colostrum within 6-12hrs
  • Quick
    • Newborn calf’s intestine begines to lose its ability to absorb large antibody molecules within 1 hour after birth, @ 9hrs its reduced to 50% and gut closure is complete by 24hrs of age. It is critical that the first feeding occurs as soon as possible after birth in order to maximise absorbtion
140
Q

Of the Clostridial disease can you name the lay terms for the following

  1. Cl.chauvoei
  2. Cl.septicum
  3. Cl.novyi
  4. Cl.tetani
  5. Cl.botulinum
  6. Cl.perfringens
A
  1. Cl.chauvoei - Black Leg Disease
  2. Cl.septicum - Malignant Oedema
  3. Cl.novyi - Black Disease
  4. Cl.tetani - Tetanus
  5. Cl.botulinum - Botulism
  6. Cl.perfringens - Entertoxaemia
141
Q

What nutritional deficiencies cause sudden death?

A
  • Hypomagnesaemia - Grass Tetany
  • Vit E/Selinium Dificiency
  • Chronic, Severe Copper Deficiency - Falling Disease
142
Q

If during the PE of a cow I detected a prominent Jugular Pulsation what could this indicate/is this a clinical sign of?

A

Hardware Disease

143
Q

What are the clinical signs of Phosphorus Deficiency?

A
  • Deficiency
    • ​Poor body condition
    • Sunken eyes
    • Dull, Woolly Coats
    • Low Growth Rates
    • Low Milk Yield
    • Low Pregnancy Rates
    • High incidence of broken bones (Backs and limbs broken easily in the race or crush)
    • Shifting Lameness, Stiff Gate, Arched Back
    • Chewing Bones
144
Q

What are the 6 concepts related to good calf rearing?

A
  1. Pre-Calving care
  2. Clean and confortable environment
  3. Colostrum management
  4. Good Nutrition
  5. Weaning Management
  6. Health Management
145
Q

What are the Vesicular Diseases?

A
  • Foot and Mouth Disease
  • Vesicular Stomatitis
  • Bovine Papular Stomatitis
146
Q

What is the treatment for Ketosis?

What else can this treatment be used for?

A

Propylene Glycol.

Fatty Liver Syndrome

147
Q

What are the clinical signs for Mucosal Disease?

A
  • Depression,
  • anorexia,
  • pyrexia,
  • increased HR
  • Increased RR
  • Watery diarrhoea with blood and protein
  • Oral Cavity lesions
  • Erosions on feet, vulva, udder
  • death in 3-7 days
  • Erosions through GI tract
  • inflamed and necrotic Peyers Patches
  • Horizontal excoriations
  • Chronic MD - all of the above except death
148
Q
  • What can you reverse Xylazine with?
A
  • Atipamezole (Antisedan) - works better
  • Yohibine (Reverzine)

Dont forget xylazine in the last trimester can cause abortion.

There is also decreased temperature regulation so if its hot use it on an animal in the shade.

149
Q

What treatment would you give a calf with BRD

A
  • Fluid Therapy
  • Antibiotic Therapy
  • NSAID’s
  • Tender Loving Care
150
Q

What are the clincal signs of Theileria?

What findings would you expect to see on Necropsy?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Enlarged Lymphnodes
    • Pyrexia
    • Anaemia
    • Lacrimation and Corneal Opacity
    • Dyspnea
    • Oral Lesion (East Coast Fever Only)
    • Lethargy
    • Inappetence
    • Jaundice
    • Abortion
    • Death
    • NO Haemoglobinuria
  • Necropsy Findings
    • Pulmonary Emphysema and edema
    • Enlarged Lymph Node - diffusely pale and containing petechiae
    • Lymphoid infiltrates (pale foci) on the cortical surface of the kidney
151
Q

How do you diferentiate an umbilical abscess from an unbilical hernia?

A
  • Check to see if it is reducible (Reducible = Hernia)
  • Check for Pain (Pain = infection)
  • US
  • FNA
152
Q

What is the Aetiology, Clinical signs and treatment options for Coccidiosis

A
  • Aetiology
    • Eimeria sp
    • Ingestion of oocytes from faecal contamination of pasture, drinking water, feed bins etc
    • Immunity from same species of Eimeria after recovery
  • Clinical Signs
    • Age Effected >3weeks, common at weaning
    • Loose faeces (pea soup)
    • Faecal Staining
    • Tail Swishing
    • Straining +/- tenesmus
    • Poor BCS, growth
    • Hairy coat
    • Whole pen usually affected
  • Treatment
    • Coccidiostat PO
    • Fluids
    • Blood transfusion if severe
    • Epidural for tenesmus
153
Q

When performing anesthesia of the distal limb how much lignocaine do you use?

Where do you put the lignocaine?

How do you keep the lignocaine there?

A
  • 20-30ml of lignocain injected IV
  • into lateral digital vein, radial vein, lateral planter digital vein
  • Use a torniquet above or below the hock depending if fore or hind limb
154
Q

What types of problems can Internal parasites cause?

A
  • Reside in gut lumen and absorb nutrients
  • Destroy mucosal cells - Malabsorption
  • Feed on gut mucosa - Enteritis
  • Suck Blood - Anaemia (Haemonchus contortus - Barber’s Pole Worm)
  • Obstruct Gut
  • Damage other tissues - Larval migration
  • Activate hypersensitivity
155
Q

What weight should a Fresian heifer be at joining and calving?

A
  • 15months Joining 330-360kg
  • 24months - Calving 520-550kg
156
Q

What are some parasitic causes of Anaemia and Jaundice?

A
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Babesiosis
  • Theileria
157
Q

There are Surgical and non-surgical technique’s to rectify LDA, RDA and RTA’s when do you know if you need to perform surgery or not.

And what Surgery options do you have?

How can you ensure Surgical Success?

Prevention and Management

A
  • LDA
    • Quality of Cow
      • Upper 25% of your herd - Cut them
      • Middle 50% of herd - Tack them (Roll and Toggle)
      • Lower 25% of Herd - Cull them
    • Non-Surgical Technique
      • Cast Cow with ropes into right lateral recumbency, Roll onto back and extend legs. roll back and forth for 3mins ending in lateral recumbency. Sternal and stand. >50% redisplace
      • NOT FOR RDA, RTA
    • Surgical
      • Roll and Toggle
        • Simple, quiock, inexpensive
        • 60-80% success rate
        • +/- Tranquilization or Sedation
      • Left flank Abomasopexy
      • Right Flank Omentopexy
  • Surgical Success
    • The Three T’s
      • Time - how long was the procedure?
      • Trash - How clean was the surgical site?
      • Trauma - Are tissues Damaged?
  • Prevention and Management
    • Understand the cause
      • Metabolic
      • Environmental
      • Management
      • Nutritional
158
Q

How does BVDV affect a Dairy?

A
  • Reduced herd fertility
  • increased average calving interval
  • Decreased milk production
  • Increased incidence of post partum disease
  • Herd Screen BMT (Bult Milk Tank ELIZA test)
    • if suggestive of recent exposure - identify PI and Culll
159
Q

What are the common Respiratory DDX’s

What is the most common form seen in BRD of young dairy calves?

What is it associated with (Pathogen)?

A
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Calf Diphtheria
  • Enzootic pneumonia
  • Interstitial pneumonia
  • Lung Abscess
  • Undifferentiated BRD
  • Verminous pneumonia
  • Bronchopneumonia Supprative
  • Pasturella multocida
  • Bilateral, cranioventrally distributed and moderately firm
160
Q

What is a Cestode?

Where do these infest?

Give an example of a Cestode

A
  • Cestode = Tapeworm
  • Cestodes infest the Intestines
  • Echinococcosis
161
Q

What does a 9-15month old heifer need compared to a weaner to 9mo heifer in regards to diet.

A
  • Weaner - 9mo - Diet High in protein and energy (Rumen capacity is limited)
  • 9-15mo - Diet lower in protein and energy density than younger heifers however they need mroe food!
162
Q

What are the clincial signs of a Navel Infection?

What treatment would you give?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Swelling,
    • Pain
    • Fever
    • Wet Navel
  • Treatment
    • Procaine Penicillin G
    • Ceftiofur
163
Q

What is the Aetiology, Clinical signs and treatment options for Cryptosporidium

A
  • Aetiology
    • ZOONOTIC
    • C.parvum
    • Invasion and villous atrophy of sm intestine = Malabsorption and 2ndry milk fermention
    • High Morbidity, Low Mortality
    • Resistant to disinfectants
  • Clinical Signs
    • Effects ages 4d - 4weeks
    • Diarrhoea up to 7 days
    • Dehydration
    • Anorexia
    • Often cures then relapses
  • Treatment
    • Fluids
    • Halofuginone lactate (decreases oocyte secretion)
    • ABx if mixed infection
164
Q
  • Why are weaners particularly suseptible to malnutrition?
  • How much Energy does Growing Weaner Cattle need? (MJ/ME/kg dry matter)
  • How much crude protein do they need? (%)
  • What is the expected Growth rate of weaner cattle per day?
A
  • Because they have an increased nutrition requirement due to increased growth rate.
  • 12-14 MJ/ME/ dry matter
  • 12-15%
  • Growth rate > 1kg/head/day
165
Q

When does a cow become profitable?

A

After 3.5 years (half way through the second lactation)

166
Q

What would this blood smear indicate?

A

Anaplasmosis

167
Q
  • What is a cows normal Respiratory Rate?
  • Where do you listen to the lungs?
  • What are we listening for?
A
  • 15-30 breaths per minute
  • From the point of the shoulder, to the 11th-12th rib space
  • Listening for Crackles or Wheezers, Vesicular (V), Bronchiolar Sounds (CH)
168
Q

If a calf has ETEC E.Coli and Scours with dysentry what NSAID would be beneficial?

169
Q

Cl. Chauvoei (Black Leg)

How does it get into the animal and where does if infect?

What does it cause?

What is a DDX for Blackleg?

A
  • Spores enter through the gut and then migrate into the muscles. Causing a gas-gangrene.
  • Activated by trauma and brusing
  • Severe toxaemia and death (true sudden death)
  • DDX
    • Malignant Oedema Cl.septicum
170
Q

The most common herd problems in temperate Australia are influenced by what factors (in general order of importance?

A
  1. Management
  2. Nutrition
  3. Metabolic Diseases
  4. Trace-element deficiencies in young cattle
  5. Environment (Rainfall, Soil type, Ambient temperature)
  6. Internal Parasites
  7. Infectious Agents
171
Q

What are the indications for Left Paralumbar Fossa (Flank) laparotomy?

A
  • Rumenotomy and/or rumen fistulation
  • C-Section
  • Abdominal Exploration - rumen, reticulum, left kidney
  • LDA
  • Left ovary - Ovariectomy
  • Bladder
172
Q

IBK

  1. What is the Pathophysiology of IBK?
  2. What are the Clinical Signs
  3. How would you diagnose IBK?
  4. What treatment would you give?
  5. What prevention is avaialble?
A
  1. Pathophysiology
    • ​​Corneal damage
    • Pili adherence
    • Cytolysin leads to corneal ulcer
    • neutrophil migration
    • conjunctivitis
    • corneal opacity (oedema secondary to inflammation)
    • Pain
    • Ocular Discharge
    • Neovascularisation (Blood vessels migrating to damaged part of eye{Active Healing})
    • Scarring
    • Possible eye rupture or Blindness
  2. Clinical Signs
    • ​​Inappetence
    • Weight Loss
    • Blepharospasm
    • Photophobia
    • Copious Purulent Discharge
    • Blindess/Globe Rupture
  3. Diagnosis
    • ​​Ocular secretions inoculated onto culture media
    • Rule out IBR, FB etc
  4. Treatment
    • ​​Local or topical antibiotic
      • Cloxacillin (Opticox) 5 doses 24hrs apart
      • Sub palperbral or bulbar injection of 2ml procain penicillin and 1ml dexamethasone
    • Oxytetracycline 20mg/kg
    • NSAID (Meloxicam 72hrs, Flunixion 8hrs)
    • Eye patch
    • Tarsorrhaphy (Stitching the eyelids together)
  5. Prevention
    • ​​Piligard (pinkeye vaccine for cattle) (use 6 weeks before pinkeye season)
173
Q

What are some consequences of Phosphorus Deficiency

A
  • Production
    • Weight loss/decreased growth
      • Due to reduced feed intake
      • Reduced protein & ATP synthesis
    • Reduced Milk Production
      • Due to Milk Phosphorus is always maintained at 0.95g/L. Available Phosphorus limits milk production
    • Reduced Calf Growth Rate
      • Due to Reduced Milk intake (Lower energy intake)
  • Reproduciton
    • Low Conception Rate
    • Decreased ovarian activity
    • Irregular Oestrus periods
    • Anoestrus
    • Delayed Puberty
    • Infertility
174
Q

Describe the

  • Aetiology
  • Clinical Signs
  • Treatment
  • Management

for Actinobacillosis - wooden tongue

A
  • Aetiology
    • Actinobacillus lignieresi
      • ​Gram neg rods (normal inhabitant of mouth and rumen) entering the tongue through a break in the mucosa
      • Causes an acute granulomatous reaction in the tongue
  • Clinical Signs
    • Sudden onset of inability to eat and excessive drooling from the mouth
    • Attempts to prehend and chew food but unable to do so
    • Oral Exam
      • Firm swollen painful tongue
    • Rapid Weight Loss
  • DDX
    • Dental disease
    • Pharyngeal Trauma
    • Oral Foreign Body
    • Actinomycosis
  • Treatment
    • Sodium Iodide IV
    • Repeat 7-14days after initial treatment
    • Observe dor iodine toxicity (Dandruff, anorexia, coughing)
    • Systemic ABx (oxytet, TMS, Florfenicol)
  • Management
    • Remove predisposing environmental factors
      • Change pasture or feed source
      • Isolate or removal.
175
Q

What are the 2 elements of a clinical exam?

A
  • The Animal
  • The Environment
176
Q

Explain negative energy balance and its effect on transition cow production and health

A

Just before calving all the way through the high lactation period the cow cannot eat enough to provide for its calf so it uses what body stores the cow has. If there is a severe or poor responce to tie negative energy balance this can affect immune function.

Reduced function of neutrophils and lymphocytes –>Increased disease susceptibility like

  • Mastitis
  • Retained Placenta (immune cells are the ones that seperate the placentoms)
  • Uterine infections (metritis/endometritis)
177
Q

Cl.novyi - Black Disease

What can it cause?

Where is it found?

What are the clinical signs of Black Disease?

What are some DDX’s

A
  • Pereacute fatal toxaemia
  • Confined to areas with endemic liver fluke
  • Clinical Signs
    • Sudden death
    • rapid putrification of carcuss
    • bloody frothy discharge from nose after death
    • venous congestion
    • skin hyperaemia
    • epitaxis
    • abdominal pain
    • muffled heart sounds
    • reluctance to move
  • DDX
    • Blackleg
    • Malignant Oedema
  • Treatment
    • Penicillin
    • Vaccination
    • Control Liver Fluke
178
Q

Desribe how to place a toggle bar suture for treatment for LDA

A
  • Sedate Cow Xyalzine20 0.5-1.0mg/kg
  • Dorsal recumbency, ballot abdomen
  • Confirm ventral ping
  • Clip and sterile prepare surgery site
  • Toggle Pinning
    • Insert first trocar/cannula 10-15cms caudalto the xyphoid and 5-7cms to RHS of Midline
    • Aspirate fluid and check pH (2-4 should always be acidic)
    • Insert suture bar into cannula and tag
    • Place second cannula 4-7cm cranial to first & repeat
    • Tie the sutures together
179
Q

What are the 4 types of abomasal Ulceration?

What is Abomasal Ulcerations Aetiology in Adult vs Calves.

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

A
  • Abomasal Ulceration types
    • Type 1 - Erosions and non perforating ulcers
    • Type 2 - Ulcers with profuce intraluminal haemorrhage
    • Type 3 - Perforated ulcers with local peritonitis
    • Perforated Ulcers with diffuse peritonitis
  • Aetiology - Common in high producing mature dairy cows within the first 6 weeks after parturition
    • Adult Dairy Cattle
      • Sysetmic Disease, increased Silage or concentrated, stress of parturition and early lactation
    • Calves
      • Milk fed calves after they have consumed milk of milk replacer for 4-12weeks
  • Clinical Signs
    • Type 1 - Subclinical, many will heal
    • Type 2,3,4
      • Insidious onset immediately post parturient
      • Impaired appetite and rumen function
      • Decreased milk production
      • Decreased body condition
      • Intermittent diarrhoea and ketosis
      • Increasig and loud HR
      • Low Temp
      • Pale MM
      • Black tarry faeces
  • Diagnosis
    • Check for melaena using faecal occult blood test
    • PCV
    • Test >5yr cattle for EBL
  • Treatment
    • Change diet
    • Reduce stress
    • ABx
    • Antacids/Gut protectants
180
Q

Cl.tetani - Tetanus

How does the bacteria get into the the body?

What clinical signs does the neurotoxin cause?

DDX?

Treatment and Control?

A
  • Triggered by an injury secondary to wound infection
  • Clinical Signs
    • Muscle stiffness
    • Mild Bloat
    • Protrusion of the 3rd eye lid
    • Muscular tetany (muscular spasms)
    • Respiratory Paralysis
    • Death
  • DDX
    • PEM
  • Treatment and Control
    • Mortality rate of untreated cattle 60%
    • tetanus antitoxin
    • Penicillin
    • Supportive therapy
    • Vaccination
181
Q

How does an animal get Mucosal Disease (MD)?

A
  • Must be a PI
  • Non-cytopathic strain changes to Cytopathic strain >6month of age
  • Acute
  • Virus attacks mucous membranes and epithelial tissue in GI, Resp tract and integument
182
Q

List some aetiologies for Respirator Disease

A
  • Infectious
  • Allergic Reactions
  • Toxins
  • Parasites
183
Q

What clinical signs would you expect with Pasteurellosis?

What Treatment would you give for Pasteurellosis?

A
  • Clinical Signs and Necropsy
    • Severe dyspnoea
    • Pyrexia
    • Depression
    • Abnormal Stance
    • Mucopurulent Discharge
    • Dorsal Caudal Consolidation of the lungs with adhesions
  • Treatment
    • ​Must be early to ahve any chance of success
    • Remove affected animals
    • Use broad-spectrum bacteriostatic AB’s
      • Oxytetracucline
      • Ceftiofur
      • tilmicosin
      • florfenicol
      • tulathromycin
    • NSAID’s
      • Flunixil
      • Carprofen
      • Tolfenamic Acid
      • Meloxicam
      • Ketoprofen
184
Q

How do you diagnose Babesia?

A
  • Geimsa stained blood smears
  • organ smears
  • low PCV
  • enlarged spleen
  • brain smear for cerebral babesiosis
  • dark, thivk granular bile
  • jaundiced tissue
  • hepatomegaly
185
Q

What is the vector for Babesiosis (Red Water/Tick Fever)?

What signalment would cattle have who are affected by this? Why does it not start earlier?

A
  • Boophilus microplus (Cattle Tick)
  • 9 months - 3 years
    • Maternal immunity lasts 9 months
186
Q

What are the steps in investigating respiratory disease?

A
  • Area Knowledge
    • ​Type of industry - extensive/intensive
    • Local Toxins
    • Environmental conditions
  • ​History
    • Open of closed herd
    • Vaccination status
    • Signalment
  • Clinical Exam
    • ​Careful auscultation
    • collect samples
    • necropsy
187
Q

A score of 5 or more may ba a positive for what?

A

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)

188
Q

Explain how to select a sound and productive bull

A
  • Use Breedplan selection tool
  • Estimated Breeding Value
    • Calving East
    • Birth Weight
    • Growth Rates
  • Semen Evaluation
    • Motility -50%
    • Morphology >70% normal
  • BullCheck (VBBSE)
    • PE including conformation and Upper reproductive tract
    • Examination of testes and measurement of scrotal size
    • Serving ability Test
    • Collection
189
Q

There are three types of Pneumonia, what are they and their aetiologies?

A
  • Bronchopneumonia
    • pathogens invade through the pulomanry tree
    • Cx
      • Pyrexia
      • depression
      • Toxaemia
      • abnormal lung sounds
      • cranioventral lesions
    • End-stage Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)
  • Intistitial pneumonia
    • Usually non-infectious
    • response to inhaled or ingested toxin or allergen
    • difuse abnormal sounds
    • Can cause loung consolidation
  • Embolic pneumonia
    • ​Septic Emboli - usually liver
    • Caused by Acidosis
190
Q

For teat surgery what kind of anaesthesia would I use?

A

Ring block with 4-6ml of lignocaine

191
Q

What is wrong with this calving pen?

A

The Bedding is the same as the food on offer, calves wil see this and start eating the stuff on the ground exposing them to ingesting faeces and other pathogens

192
Q

Explain Ostertegiasis Type II

A
  • Only affects a few individuals, often fatal
  • Arrested development/hypobiosis of larvae
  • Caused by massive adult burdens or a strenghening immune system
  • 2-4 year old cattle - sudden synchronous larval matuation
  • Severe disease and sometimes death
  • Usuall early autumn/winter
  • Diagnosis
    • By stomach glangular enzymes
      • Plasma pepsinogen >3iu/ml reflects tissue damage
      • Faecal Egg Count > 1000eggs/gram
193
Q

What is the bacteria that causes Tick Fever/Redwater?

A
  • Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina
194
Q

What is the

Distribution

Clincial Signs

Diagnosis
Treatment

for Foot an Mouth Disease

A

Foot and Mouth Disease

  • Distribution
    • Exotic to Australia
    • South America, Africa, Asia, and the middle east
  • Aetiology
    • Virus - Apthovirus
    • Affects all cloven hoofed animals
    • Outbreaks Rapid
    • Virus present in Breath, saliva, faeces, urine, milk and semen.
    • High mobidity, Low Mortality
  • Clinical Signs
    • Lesions
      • Location: Oral mucosa and narea, inter digital space, heels, coronary bands and teats
      • Characteristic: Vesicles filled with clear, straw coloured fluid
    • Pyrexia
    • Depression
    • Drooling
    • Dysphagia
    • Lameness
    • Nasal Discharge
195
Q

What is the major difference between Vesicular Stomatitis and FMD?

A
  • FMD if Cloven hooved animals
  • Vesicular Stomatitis - affects Horses and humans aswell.
196
Q

Of the following Antibiotic classes give :-

  • Examples of each class
  • Their Spectrum of Activity (what type of bacteria they work on
  • Distribution around the body (Where or how well does it cover the body?)
  • Is it’s activity in acidic or other environments?
  • Is there much resistance to these drugs?
  • Beta Lactams (3)
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
  • TMS (Trimethoprimsulphadiazine)
197
Q

What are the three main causes of errors in Diagnosis in Bovine Health?

A
  1. Premature Closure or inadequate hypothesis generation - failure to include all possible aetiologies in different list.
  2. Inattention or misinterpretation of clinical signs or clues
  3. Inexperience
198
Q

What does this cause?
What are the clinical signs you would see?

A
  • Ergotism - Rye grass infected with Claviceps purpurea
  • Clincial Signs
    • ​Very high morbidity
    • Hyperthermia >41o C
    • Laminitis
    • Clear Nasal Discharge
    • Panting
    • Necrosis of extremities (as causes peripheral vasoconstriction)
  • Treatment
    • ​remove contaminated feed
    • NSAIDS
199
Q

When listening to the abdomen how many rumen sounds should I hear per minute?

A

1-2 per min

200
Q

What could have caused this?

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

201
Q

If we test a PI for BVDV what results will we see?

What other animals would have these results?

If we got these results what do we do?

A

Antibody -ve

Antigen +ve

  • Animals who have just been infected and are seroconverting
  • Retest in a couple of weeks
202
Q

How do you Diagnose Phosphorus Deficiency

A
  • Diagnosis
  • Heavily based on
    • Clinical Signs
    • Good History
    • Knowledge of Local Area
  • Chemical analysis of rib bone (Gold Standard)
  • Blood Sampling
    • Normal Serum P concentration = 1.4-28mmol/L
    • Serum P concentration with noticable lameness = 0.5-1.2mmol/L
    • Not definitive
  • Post Mortem
    • Soft Rib bones
    • Bone fractures
    • Articular erosions
    • pale skeletal muscles
  • Treatment
  • Mineral Supplementation
  • Mineral Licks - Blocks and Loose licks
  • High Phosphorus feed mix
  • Rumen Bullets
  • Oral Drenches
203
Q

Anaplasmosis

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasmosis?

What signs would you see at Necropsy?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Clinical signs are mild in young cattle
    • Persistent anaemia and jaundice
    • No Haemaglobinuria
    • ill-thrift
    • pyrexia
    • tachypnoea
    • death in advanced cases
    • Constipation (Possibly)
  • Necropsy
    • Blood smear shows organism
    • Geimsa stain
    • Pallor in tissues
    • Jaundice
204
Q

What are the indications for ventral laparotomies?

A
  • Right ventral paramedian laparotomy
    • Abomasopexy (If Omentalpexy failed)
    • Reticulum (eg adhesions
    • Liver Abscess
  • Ventral midline laparotomy
    • C-Section (Beef Cows)
  • Paracostal Laparotomy
    • C-Section for emphysematous fetus (LHS)
    • Small intestinal Surgery (RHS)
205
Q

How do we test for BVDV

A
  • Antibody - Blood
    • Agal-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) herd screening
    • Virus neutralisation test (VNT)
    • ELISA - Bulk Milk Tank test
  • Antigen - Blood/Tissue
    • Blood virus isolation - gold standard
    • REverse transcript PCR
    • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) epithelial tissue (ear nothc)
    • Andigen capture ELISA - Tissue blood (IDEXX BVD Snap)
206
Q

What are some clinical signs or Copper deficiency? and Who is most susceptible?

A
  • Young are most susceptible
  • Clinical Signs
    • ill-thrift
    • diarrhoea
    • rough coat
    • coat colour change
    • anaemis
    • reproductive failure
    • immunosuppression
207
Q

List the common External Parasites of Cattle in Australia

A
  • Cattle Tick - Boophilus microplus
  • Lice - Anaplura (Sucking), Mallophaga (Biting)
    • Bovicola bovis
    • Haematopinus sp
    • Solenoptes sp
  • Buffalo Fly - Haematobia irritans exigua
  • Stable Fly
  • Screw Worm Fly
208
Q

How does nutrition affect reproduction

A
  • Delays
    • onset of puberty
    • endocrine, follicle and foetal development
    • conceptions rates
    • post partum interval
    • borth and weaning weights
    • milk production
      *
209
Q

Post-Parturient Haemoglobinuria

Give the

  • Signalment
  • Cause
  • Clinical Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Management

Of PPH

A
  • Post Parturient haemoglobinuria
  • Signalment
    • High producing dairy cows, 2 weeks after calving (3rd Lactation)
    • Highly Fatal
  • Cause
    • Phosphorous deficiency (RBC Change shape)
    • Ingestion of lush legume pasture
  • Clinical Signs
    • Due to harmolytic anaemia
    • Intravascular haemolysis
    • Jaundice/haemaglobinuria
    • anaemia
    • tachcardia
    • death in 3-5 days
  • Diagnosis
    • Clincial signs and signalment
    • Blood and Urine
    • Low serum P
    • Swollen fatty liver
    • diffuse jaundice
  • Management
    • Blood transfusion
    • IntraVenous Phosphorus
    • Treat keytosis
    • IV fluids
210
Q

What are the 4 aims of a good cow transition diet

A
  • Reduce ruminal disruption
  • Minimise Macromineral deficiencies (conditioned or otherwise)
  • Minimise Lipid mobilisation disorders
  • Avoid Immune suppression
211
Q

YOur cow has a nasal laceration or you want to put a bull ring in what nerve block would ou do?

A
  • Infraorbital nerve block
  • 20-30mls of lignocaine each side
212
Q

If you had a calf with infectious scours at age 3days what would you suspect it to be?

213
Q

How would you define Weaner Ill-Thrift syndrome

A
  • Failure to thrive
  • Poor Growth Rates
  • Low BCS (Body Condition Score)
  • Poor Coat
  • Reduced reproductive potential
  • Death?
214
Q

What are the DDX for this picture?

A

Anthrax

Clostridium Noyvi

215
Q

How does Tetracyclines, Macrolides and Florenicol work and what are they?

A
  • They inhibit the syntesis of bacterial proteins, stoping them from replicating but does not kill the bacteria, they rely on the host animals immune system to kill the bacteria
  • They are a bacteriostatic
216
Q

Describe the

  • Causes
  • Clinical Signs
  • Treatment
  • Management

for Choke

A
  • Causes
    • Oesophagal Obstruction
      • Corn Cobs, Potatoes, Tumors
      • Common places are proximal cervical oesophagus, thoracic inlet or heart base
  • Clinical Signs
    • Standing with neck extended may resent palpation of ventral neck area
    • Dysphagia or anorexia - partial obstruction
    • Bloat (Free gas) Complete obstruction
    • Anxiety, excessive salivation
    • Swing of head
    • Attempts to swallow, staggering
  • Treatment
    • Sedation & Smooth muscle relaxant (Buscopan)
    • Remove obstruction by hand (mouth gag)
    • Attempt to pass a semi rigid stomach tube
    • in unable to remove
      • leave insitu to macerate for several days, supply fluid and bocarb through trocar
    • Once removed provide a soft diet, systemic antiinflamatory +/- broad spectrum ABx
217
Q

List some sources of information about drugs used in Veterinary Medicine.

A
  • Drug Label
  • Online
    • APVMA & TGA
    • PubCris
  • Colleagues
  • Text Books
    • Plumb’s
    • Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs
    • MIMS
    • TARGET
218
Q

What do we give to cattle with Hypocalcemia??

A

1g / 45kg of calcium

Calcium Borogluconate

219
Q

What is the optimal temperature for optimal growth in calves?

A

Thermal Neutral Zone - 15-25oC

220
Q

What animals do we use 7 in 1 on and what does it cover/contain

A
  • Dairy Cattle
  • Toxoid
    • Clostridium tetani, Cl.perfringens type D, Cl.novyi, Cl.septicum
  • Bacterin
    • Cl.chauvoei
  • Leptospira interrogens serovar pomona & L.borgpetersonii serovar hardjo
221
Q

What does an Epidemiological Exam relate to?

A
  • Focussed on the herd/flock
  • Aimed at establishing risk factors increasing or reducing the risk
  • There is no dependency on a diagnosis
  • Describes the disease process and determining differences and similarities between diseased and non-diseased animals
  • This allows early intervention and control of an outbreak even in the absence of disease
222
Q

If a niave pregnant dam is infected with BVDV at the following times what would be the results?

Infection from conception to 45days

Infecton between 18-120days

Infection between 100-150 days?

A
  1. Conception - 45days
    1. early embryo loss
    2. development of malformed foetuses
    3. long and irregular interservice intervals
  2. 18-120days
    1. Usually become immunotolerant and are PI
    2. May reabsorb, becom mummified ot abort
  3. 100-150 days
    1. may develop a series of birth defecs
    2. late term abortion
    3. perinatal illness and death
223
Q

What does Actinobacillus pyogenes cause?

What is a major clinical sign?

A
  • Lung Abscess’s
  • Epitaxis
224
Q

List the infectious diseases that can be responsibile for Sudden Death

  1. Primary manifestation in sudden death
  2. May manifest as sudden death
A
  1. Primary manifestation in sudden death
    • Some Clostridial disease
    • Anthrax
  2. May manifest as sudden death
    • peracute Salmonellosis
    • Malignant Catarrhal Fever
    • Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome
    • Mucosal Disease
225
Q

What nutritional Poisonings cause sudden death in cattle?

A
  • Arsenic Poisoning
  • Nitrite
  • Cyanide
  • Urea
  • Lead
  • Blue Green Algae
  • Organophosphates
226
Q

Name the Gram +ve and Gram -ve Obligate Anaerobe

These are really the only anaerobes everything else comes under the Aerobes

227
Q

What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillosis - Actinobacillus lignieresi

How do you diagnose Wooden Tongue?

What treatment options are there?

A
  • Actinobacillosis
    • Clinical Signs
      • ​Granulomatous reaction in tongue or sub-mandibular tissues
      • spread to deeper lymph nodes possible (DDX TB)
      • Dysphagia
    • Diagnosis
      • ​Clinical Signs
      • Swab
      • Must rule out TB
    • Treatment
      • Long acting antibiotics (Oxytetracycline)
      • Sodium iodide (500mg/ml) 70mg/kg - dilute 1/1 with water, given IV once a week for 4 weeks
      • Repeat after 10 days
      • Surgical lancing and flushing of abscesses
228
Q

Copper Deficiency

  • How would you Diagnose it?
  • What treatment would you give?
A

Diagnosis

  • Liver biopsy (Best)
  • Blood - caeruloplasmin
  • feed analysis
  • soil (not a great diagnosis)

Treatment

  • Dietry supplementation
  • Top dressing pasture with CuSO4 (simplest and best)
  • Copper oxide rumen bullets
  • CuSO4 in water - trough block (not great)
  • Cu injection (use with caution)
229
Q

What clinical signs would you see with Babesia?

A
  • Tick infested areas
  • Pyrexia - 42oC
  • Intravascular haemolysis
  • Anaemia
  • Jaundice
  • Haemaglobinuria
  • Crerbral signs - Aggression
  • Death
  • Babesia bovis infection lasts for years
  • Babesia bigemina lasts a few months
  • Recovered animals are carriers
  • Infertility in Bulls
230
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nutritional Haemaglobinuria?

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Weakenss and pallor
    • anaemia
    • Jaundice
    • Haemaglobinuria
    • Regenerative Anaemia
  • Treatment
    • Remove from Source
231
Q

What is the most significant disease in feedlots in Australia?

A

Bovine Respiratroy Disease

232
Q

What are the components of Infertility Syndromes?

A
  • Failure to Conceive (anoestrus or Oestrus without conception)
    • Cow Factors
    • Bull Factors
    • AI Factors
  • Embryonic loss
    • Early <21days
    • Late 21-42 days
  • Abortion >42 days
  • Peri and Postnatal calf death
233
Q

When investigating Weaner Ill-Thrift Syndrome what steps would you take?

A
  • Get a good History
  • Consider
    • Local knowledge
    • time of year
    • environment
    • soil type
    • pasture deficit period (Starts in Jan through to July)
    • signalment
    • supplementation
    • management
  • Do a full Clinical exam
    • examine several animals
    • Body condition and live weight records
    • necropsy if required
    • Samples
      • Feed
      • Blood
      • Faeces
      • Tissue
        *
234
Q
  • Where do you listen to the heart on a cow?
  • What is the normal Heart rate of a cow?
A
  • Between the 4th and 5th intercostal space
  • 60-80bpm
235
Q
  1. Where in the cow would Nematode infestations?
  2. What do we know Nematodes as?
A
  • Found in
    • Abomasum
    • Small Intestine
    • Lungs
  • Nematodes = Roundworm
236
Q

Abomasal Displacement

What is the

  • Clinical Signs (RDA/RTA)
  • Diagnosis test
  • DDX
A
  • Clinical Signs RDA/RTA
    • General Similar to LDA
    • Acute abdominal pain
    • Increased HR (upto 140BPM)
    • Peripheral circulatory failure (dehydrated 10%, cold, pale mm)
    • Right abdominal distension
    • RTA
      • Autolysed blood in feces
      • Poor prognosos 180o to 270o
      • Sx. Abomasum is discoloured, oedematous and atonic or very fluid filled
  • DDX (RDA)
    • Primary Ketosis
    • Peritoneum
    • Colon/Rectum
    • Ceccum
    • Off Feed Ping
237
Q

What s the 10 point plan for Control of mastitis

A
  1. Establishment of Udder Health Goals
  2. Monitoring udder health status
  3. Good Record keeping
  4. Maintenance of a clean, dry and comfortable environment for the cows
  5. Proper milking procedures
  6. Maintenance of milking equipment
  7. Appropriate management of clinical mastitis
  8. Effective dry cow management
  9. Maintenance of biosecurity for contagious pathogens and chronic infections
  10. Review of mastitis control programs
238
Q

What is the Aetiology, Clinical signs and treatment options for

E.Coli (Colibacillosis)

A
  • Aetiology
    • Invasion through navel, intestine, mucous membranes, septicaemia results
  • Clinical Signs
    • 1-14days of age
    • Rapid <24 Septicaemia
    • Shock
    • Diarrhoea (only in terminal cases)
  • Treatment
    • Usually unsuccessful
    • IV fluids
    • Ab’s
    • NSAIDs
    • Blood Transfusion
239
Q

What are the Differential Diagnosis for Babesia?

What treatment would you provide for animals with Babesia?

What prevention is there?

A
  • Post Partritionent Haemoglobinuria
  • BEF
  • Copper Toxicity
  • Anaplasmosis
  • Treatment
    • Diminazene IM 3.5mg/kg 2.4weeks
    • Imidocarb SC 3mg/kg 4/8 weeks
    • Imidocarb SC 1.2mg/kg treatment
    • Imidocarb has a 28day WHP in cattle and restrictions to its use in lactating dairy cattle in Aust.
  • Prevention
    • Live attenuated Vaccination
    • Natural immunity in frequently exposed cattle
    • Also vaccinate against ticks - Tickgard
240
Q

If your cattle has a foreign body in its eye what is the rule of thumb for sale?

A
  • Smaller then 5cent coin, clean and not flyblown the animal can be sold through a saleyard for slaughter only;
  • Size bewteen 5 and 20 cent coin, clean and not flyblown the animal can be sold directly to an abattoir only
  • Bleeding, purulent (infected), flyblown of larger than a 20c coin the animal should be immediately disposed of on farm.
241
Q

What are some reasons for conducting a Bovine clinical exam

A
  • Treatment of Sick Animals
  • On Healthy Animals
    • Pre-Purchase purposes
    • Insurance and Certification
    • Herd Health Programs
    • Export
242
Q

Lactic Acidosis

What is it caused by, What pathogens take over the rumen? What pH does the lactic acid reduce the rumen to?

What are the Clinical Signs?

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

A
  • Caused by rapid fermentation of excess amounts of carbohydrates
    • Streptococcus bovis & Lactobacilli
    • Lactic Acid reduces the rumen pH to below 5, rumen contents become hypertonic and fluid is drawn into the rumen –> dehydration. Metabolic acidosis results
  • Clinical Signs (Acute)
    • MIld to severe
    • Depression, anorexia, grinding teeth
    • Stilted gait (lameness/laminitis)
    • Scouring (grey to green, bubbly and watery)
    • Ruminal stasis
    • Dehydration, HR > 120bpm, temp subnormal
    • Recumbency
    • Death in less than 24hrs
  • Clinical Signs (Sub-Clinical)
    • Usually greater evonomic importance than clinical disease
    • Lower feed conversion - Weight loss, ill thrift
    • Lower milk production
    • Low milk F:P ratio (<1.15:1)
    • Laminitis/lameness
    • Scouring/Low fecal scores
    • DA’s
    • Reduced rumenation
    • Faecal Changes
  • Diagnosis
    • Rumin Fluid
      • pH<5.0 (often 4.5)
      • No active protozoa
      • Fast sedimentation rate
      • Milk grey with lactic acid smell
      • increase in Gram +ve bacteria
    • Post mortem
      • Rumenitis with necrosis of papillae
      • Low rumen pH
      • Liver Abscess with chronic disease
  • Treatment
    • Withhold grain/feed hay (fibre source)
    • Oral antacids (eg sodium bocarbonate) (not if ph <5.0)
    • Lavage rumen with wide bore stomach tube/transfaunation
    • Systemic abx
    • NSAIDS (endotoxaemia)
    • Thiamine (PEM)
  • Prevention
    • Adaption of grain diets (Slowly)
    • Prevent engorgement
    • Provide adeguate effective fiber
      • NDF >25%; peNDF >22% DM
    • Buffers/neutralising agents
      • Sodium Bicarb, Magnesium Oxide, Calcium Carbonate

*

243
Q

What are the nutritional causes of eye disease in cattle?

A
  • Hypovitaminosis A
    • Insufficient dietary supply of dietary vitamin A
    • Cx
      • Calves
        • Tremors
        • anorexia
        • diarrhoea
        • Dilated Pupils
        • Ataxia - from spinal cord compression
      • Adults
        • Night Blindness
        • Weight loss
        • Infertility
        • RFM (Retained Foetal Membranes
        • Degeneration of seminiferous tubules
    • Dx
      • Vitamin A in serum or Liver
    • Tx
      • Early treatment successful
      • Injection 400iu/kg
      • Add to Total Mixed Ration
    • DDX
      • PEM
      • Lead toxicity
      • Salt poisoning
  • ​Lead Poisoning
  • ​Polioencephelomalacia
    • Hx
      • ​Cerebrocortical necrosis
      • Young Cattle
      • Thiamine deficiency (B1)
      • Rumen thiaminase
    • Cx
      • Ataxia and proprio receptive deficiets
      • Opisthotonos
      • Strabismus (eyes pointing in different directions)
    • Tx
      • IV Thiamin 10-15mg/kg every 12 hours
      • Prognisis poor for acute cases
    • Control
      • Predisposing cause control
        • excess sulphur
        • plant source
        • dietary management
  • Colobomata
    • ​Inherited in Charolais Cattle
244
Q

What is Anaplasmosis

Where is this disease found?

How is Anaplasmosis transmitted?

What type of cattle are suspect to get it?

A
  • Intracellular Parasite (Anaplasma marginale) - this is a tick born disease
  • Tropical areas world wide
  • Transmitted by Boophilus microplus (Ticks) and by bloody instruments
  • Clinical disease in older Naive cattle, calves have maternal immunity
245
Q

Where would you find BVDV Type 1 and Type 2?

A
  • BVDV
    • Type 1 - World Wide
    • Type 2 - USA & Europe
  • Each Genotype contains 2 Biotypes
    • Cytopathic - Cannot be Transmitted to another animal
    • Non-Cytopathic
246
Q

Outline the steps and drugs used to control cattle tick

A
  • Cattle above the tick line in Australia must be Bos Indicus breeds as they are tick resistant

Control

  • Tick Vaccine - Tick Guard
  • Acaricides/Growth inhibitors (Fluazuron)
  • Breed or introduce resistant Cattle (Bos indicus)
  • Reduce stock numbers in high tick areas
  • Give the pasture a spell (use the life cycle of the tick to our advantage- has a 21 day life cycle)
  • Chemical Control
    • Acaricides
      • Dips - Instant
      • Sprays - Instant
      • Pour-ons - Take days to work
      • Injections - Take days to work
      • Treat in Autumn - reduces no of over wintering larvae
      • treat in spring to prevent new generation build up over summer
247
Q

What are some factors to why there would be a failure to conceive? Anoestrus

A
  • Herd Factors
    • Nutrition - protein/energy
    • BCS 2.5 or less
    • Weather - cold snap
    • Lactation and Suckling effect
  • INdividual factors
    • Endometritis - rare in beed cows
    • Freemartin
    • mummified foetus
    • pregnancy
    • pyometra
248
Q

When doing a epidural where is the analgesic agent injected?

How much?

What agent do we use?

A
  • Between the first and second coccygeal vertebrae or in the scrococcygeal space.
  • 1.0 ml of 2% lignocain per 100kg bodyweight should produce anaesthesia extending cranially to the middle of the sacrum and ventrally over the perineum to the inner aspect of the thigh without afefcting the hind limb motor coordintaion
  • Tail paralysis within 60-90 seconds, analgesia persists for about 60mins
249
Q

What could cause

Osmotic Diarrhoea

Exudative diarrhoea

Secretory diarrhoea

Abnormal Motility

A
  • Osmotic Diarrhoea
    • intraluminal substances increase osmotic pressure
    • grain overload
  • Exudative diarrhoea
    • Inflammation or necrosis of intestinal wall
    • Enteritis (usually an infectious cause)
  • Secretory diarrhoea
    • Net increase in fluid secretion
    • Enterotoxigenic E.coli
  • Abnormal Motility
    • Some toxins
250
Q
  • What are some drug rules about corticosteriods?
  • Name some Corticosteroids
A
  1. Never use corticosteriods on a pregnant animal - I will cause abortion or Inducement.
  2. Never use Corticosteroids with NSAIDS - Side Effects
  3. Never put Corticosteroids onto an eye ulcer
  • Dexamethasone
  • Cortisone
  • Prednisolone
251
Q

What pathogen causes Anthrax?

How long can the spores live in the ground?

What season is it more active?

How does it get into the body?

When are the animals infectious?

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • 50 years
  • Warmer months after wet winter
  • Spores are ingested or contaminate wounds
  • Not until they die
  • Can be spread by insects and other vectors
252
Q

Describe the umbilical anatomy of a neonatal calf.

253
Q

What cattle are at most risk of Abomasal displacement?

What history would you expect to hear?

A
  • Dairy Cattle
  • Hx Decreased Milk production and Decresed feed intake
  • Displacements can be Left sided or Right side or Right sided with Torsion
254
Q

How does the body know its ready to start cycling? Puberty!

A

Insulin like growth factor 1 - detected by the hypothalamus, leptin - Made by white adipose tissue - Detected by the hypothalamas, then GnRH is released

255
Q

What age of a heifer is the optimal age for calving

A

23-24months

256
Q

What is the lamen name for Actinobacillosis?

A

Wooden Tongue

257
Q

What treatment/medication would you put a calf on who had Diarrhoea, pyrexia, anorexia and depression who are at the risk of bacteraemia and/or septicaemia

A
  • Broad Spectrum Beta-Lactams
    • Ceftiofur
    • Amoxicillin
    • Ampicillin
  • Potentiated Suphonamides
258
Q

Paratuberculosis (Johnes Disease)

What are the clinical signs

Stages

Diagnosis

Control

A
  • Clinical Signs
    • Progressive Weight Loss
    • Decreaseing Milk Yeild
    • Profuce watery diarrhoea without straining “Pipestream”
    • No other symptoms until near death
  • Stages of infection
    • Stage 1 Silent infection
      • Calves, heifers and young stock <2yrs, infected but no clinical signs
    • Stage 2 Subclinical disease
      • Infected adult cattle with no clinical signs of disease - may be prone to other diseases such as infertility and mastitis
    • Stage 3 Clinical Disease
      • After long incubation period infected cattle develop gradual weight loss, chronic, intermittent diarrhoea and decreased milk production
    • Stage 4 Advanced clinical disease
      • For every Stage 4 there is likely to be 15-25 infected animals
  • Diagnosis
    • Clinical Signs
    • Area Knowledge
    • positive faecal culture
    • serum antibodies - ELIZA (Clinical JD)
    • Negative serology doe not rule out JD
    • Acid fast bacteria in faeces 0 rectal scraping
    • Biopsy via laparotomy
    • gamma IFN
  • Control
    • Closed herd (in disease free herds)
    • protect young stock
    • clean calving area
    • use milk replacers
    • Vaccination - Silirum given in first month
259
Q

Why if you over feed a heifer on first lactation will their milk production suffer?

A

Fat will accumilate in the Udder reducing the area available for milk production.

260
Q

What disease causes this in a 2-3 month old calf. It ahs an acute onset and the calf may die withing 2-5days?

A

Calf Diphtheria - Oral necrobacillosis - Fusobacterium necrophorum

261
Q

There are two types of Braken Fern Toxicity (BEH) what signalment do the different types effect and give clinical signs for them?

What are the DDX for red urine?

A
  • Braken Fern Toxicity
    • Weaners
    • Undernourishted cattle
    • exposure for over 2 weeks
  • Type 1 (Acute Disease)
    • Affects young cows
    • ill thrift
    • pyrexia - 42oC
    • Melena
    • Ecchymosis on MM
    • Haematuria
    • Laryngeal Oedema (Calves)
    • Haematomas from Trauma
    • anaemia
    • Impares the bone marrow - pancytopaenia
    • Toxic effects last for weeks
  • Type 2 (Chronic)
    • Adults
    • Long term exposure
    • Red urine
    • Persistent haematuria
    • Bladder tumors(Neoplasia)
    • non-regenerative anaemia
    • Haematuria - clots
    • Loss of condition
    • Secondary Infection
  • DDX
    • Lepto
    • Brassica Anaemia
    • Acute pyelonephritis
    • Acute nephritis
    • Acute glomerulonephritis
    • Renal infarction (Embolic nephritis)
    • Contagious Bovine pyelonephritis
    • Cystitis
    • Urolithiasis
    • Neoplasms of the Kidney
    • Trauma to urethra
262
Q

Hypomagnesemia is aslso called?

What causes it?

What do we give to cure it

A

Grass Tetany

  • Being on lush grass pastures or green cereal which are low in Magnesium.
    • Magnesium absorption is reduced when potassium and nitrogen intake is high.
  • 400ml of Calcium boroglucanate and 50ml of Mg sulphate Slow IV.
    • Remaining Mg SubCut

VET632 - Bovine Health (1 decks)

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