Volume 1 Flashcards

Question

What is the disease commonly known as Woody Tongue? What pathogen causes it? What is the Pathophysiology of it?

Answer 1

* Actinobacillosis - Wooden Tongue * *Actinobacillus lignieresi* * **Pathophsiology** * ****Organism is commensal in mouth (normal bacteria of the mouth) * Disease results when mouth mucosa has been damaged * Cattle grazing abrasive material are at risk

Answer 2

Carprofen Meloxicam

Answer 3

* Environment (Rain, Temp, Soil, Pasture) * The type of production system * Management * Animals - Age, Breed, Sex

Answer 4

* **Test for FTP** to ensure your future herd gets the best start in life * Feed new-born calves **10-15% of their bodyweight** (4 to 6L for a 40kg calf) in "gold" colostrum within the first 6 to 12 hours of life * Gold colostrom is the best quality colostrum taken from the **first milking** after a cow calves * Be aware that the calf abomasum has a limited capacity of **approximately 1.5 to 2L** so you may need to give smaller feeds more frequently * If **pooling colostrum**, select only healthy cows as sick cows and heifers may have poorer colostrum IgG levels (beware pooling increases risk of transfering Johnes and other contagious diseases) * **Bacterial Contamination** of colostrum can occur at any stage of harvestin to storage and feeding. * Use hot soapy water to clean all equipment and buckets as this will remove colostrum fatty residues and bacteria. * Refrigerate Colostrum at **4^oC** to supress growth of bacteria and help preserve IgG concentrations * **Freeze only** non-used high quality colostrum * **Continuing to feed colostrum** to calves beyond the initial 24hrs (after git closes) may also have advantages as IgG can bind to infectious agents in the gut, limiting disease prevalence and severity. It is also a highly nutritous feed.

Answer 5

Cornual Nerve Block Below the temporal ridge INject 5-10ml lignocaine 2%

Answer 6

* Calves are born with a poorly developed immune system * Calves must abosrb **immunoglobulins**, from colostrum, across the intestinal wall to obtain immunity until their own immune system becomes functional * This is most effective in the first 24 hours after birth and is often referred to as passive transfer

Answer 7

* Trichomoniasis * Vibriosis * Leptospirosis * IBR (Pustual Vaginitis * BVD Main clinical signs in beef hereds * Low pregnancy rates Main clinical signs in dairy herds * High return to service rates

Answer 8

85% of mature live weight

Answer 9

* Dehydration * Loss of water through diarrhoea and along with it loss of glucose, sodium, potassium and chloride * Acidoses * Loss of bicarbonate ions (HCO₃^-) in faeces * Decreased renal excretion of Hydrogen ions associated with dehydration and decreased renal blood flow * The presence of unidentified organic acids in plasma * Hypoglycaemia * Give Dextrose 50% piggybacked into IV line as a CRI (or added to fluid mix) * Hypothermia * Fluid Therapy needs to ahve fluds warmed at time of iv infusion. * Septicemia * Calves with neonatal diarrhoea often have increased numbers of Coliform Bacteria in their small intestine

Answer 10

* Bloat is caused by excessive production and entrapment of rumen gases in a stable, persistent foam. Intraruminal pressure increases because eructation cannot occur. * It is associated iwth feeding lush, immature, rapidly growing pasture especially legumes (Clover, Lucerne) * Also may be associated with feeding finely ground grain (feedlot bloat) * Cattle can begin to bloat within 1hr of moving onto danger pasture. * **Clinical Signs** * Distension of the left paralumbar fossa (increase intraruminal pressure) * Uncomfortable/Abdominal Pain * Progression to sever respiratory distress * mouth breathing * Salivation * Protrusion of the tongue * Expelling Faeces/Vomiting frothy rumen contents * Recumbency and death from asphyxiation * **Diagnosis** * Based on History and Clinical Exam * One animal affected - probably Gaseous Bloat * Multiply affected may be frothy bloat * Pass a stomach tube to determine difference * **Treatment** * Animals in mild distress (non life threatening) * Walk to yards * drench with Bloat oil drench or mixutre of mineral oil (500ml) * Pass stomach tube to releave bloat * Trocar/Rumenotomy * **Prevention/Control** * Pasture Management * Avoid fast growning clover dominant (\>30% clover) * Sow a mixture of pasture species * Supplement with good quality fibre source * Hay Treatment with antifoaming agents * Antifoaming agents can be added to molasses and oil to help spraying on hayand palatability * Anti Bloat Capsules

Answer 11

* Northern Australian Cattle suffer from Phosphorus Deficiency. * Southern Properties have used fertalisers to improve the pastures these fertalises contain phosphorus * **Required for :-** * ****Energy for cell metabolism * Soft tissue & Bone Structure * Rumen micro-organism function * Buffering Blood & Body Fluids * High amounts are Excreated in Milk * **Compensated** * through reabsorbtion of bone Affects * Production * Reproduction * Skeletal System

Answer 12

1. Vibriosis 2. *Campylobacter foetus venerealis* (Gram -ve) 3. Transmitted by Bulls during mating 4. Risk Factors Beef Herd * using mixed age bulls * using hired, cull or shared bulls * mixing mobs of cows at mating * long breeding season 5. Clinical Signs * mild purulent discharge * enbryonic death 6. Diagnosis * Bulls * Preputial scrapings * quick transport to lab for culture * Cows * Antibodies in vaginal mucous - Camp ELISA test * Not so useful in mixed sheep/beef enterprises

Answer 13

* **Clinical Signs** * Depressed * Weak * State of Toxic Shock * May die within 12hrs of onset of clincal signs * Treatment * Antibiotics * Ceftiofur * TMS * Fluids * NSAID's * Meloxicam * Flunixin * Complications * Septic arthritis that is difficuld to treat, *Mycoplasma bovis* can cause pneumonia, swollen joints and inner ear infections in calves.

Answer 14

MINUTE MaN PHYSICAL GEN ## Footnote **M**anagement **I**nfectious agents (Bacterial, Viral, Fungal) **N**utritional **U**nknown **T**oxic / Traumatic **E**nvironment **M**etabolic a **N**eoplasia **P**hysical/parasitic **G**enetic

Answer 15

* **Clinical Signs** * Depression and loss of interest in surroundings * pyrexia * lethargy and unwillingness to move * extended head * droopy ears * conjunctivitis * mucopurulent nasal discharge * Coughing * rapid shallow breathing * reduced weight gain * **Prevention** * ****Purchasing feeder cattle direct from breeders * purchasing feeder cattle from producers who yard wean calves * backgrounding cattle in groups prior to entry to feedlots * vaccinating against respiratory pathogens during backgrounding * avoiding sudden food and water changes or restrictiosn * minimising pen add-ons and movements * regularly monitoring cattle for early signs of BRD * Pulling suspect cattle early and moving them to a hospital pen for treatment * **Vaccination** * ****BVDV - Pestigard * Herpes Virus - Rhinoguard * *Mannheimia haemolytica - Bovilis MH*

Answer 16

* Clinical Signs * Salivation * Abdominal Pain * Muscle Tremors * Incoordination * Convulsions * Collapse * Death * Treatment * 3-6L of Vinegar * 5% Acetic Acid (Orally)

Answer 17

* Antibiotic * Target the cell wall of Bacteria, however only work on the replicating bacteria. They are a time dependant Bactercidal * Mainly Injectables or Intramammary, however Oral are available * Do not give Oral Beta-Lactams to adult cows will kill the microbes - this is bad. You can give PO to calves

Answer 18

Infected unbilical vein

Answer 19

1. in the Rumen - Bloat and grain overload 2. *Clostridial myositis* - Blackleg and Malignant Oedema 3. Anthrax

Answer 20

* Energy * for growth and functions like breathing, walking, grazing (13-14 MJ ME/kg dry matter) * Protein * for all basic metabolic processes and growth (minimum 18% crude protein on a dry matter basis) * Fibre * for rumen function and to ensure cud chewing (no more than 10% hay or roughage in the pre weaning ration, optimum fibre length is 1-2cm) * Vitamins * for metabolic processes, bone formation and disease resistance * Minerals * for carbohydrate metabolism, cartilage and muscle function

Answer 21

a cow must produce 1 calf per year to be profitable

Answer 22

* **Viral** * Bovine Herpesvirus type-1 (BVDV) causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) * Pestivirus / Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus * Bovine Respiratory Syncytail Virus * Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus (PI3) * **Bacterial** * *Mannheimia Haemolytica (Pasteurella Haemolytica*) * *Pasteurella multocida* * *Histophilus somni* * **Other** * *Mycoplasma Bovis*

Answer 23

* LDA, RDA, abomasal torsion - omentopexy * Exploratory Laparotomy * Cecum, Small Intestine, Small Colon, Right Kidney, Bladder * Liver * Right Ovary

Answer 24

* Beef Cattle and Sheep * Toxoid * *Clostridium tetani, Cl.perfringens* type D, *Cl.novyi, Cl.septicum* * Bacterin * *Cl.chauvoei*

Answer 25

* Clinical Signs * peracute in cattle usually found dead * course of disease \<72hrs * depression * Respiratory Destress * Mucous membrane haemorrage * pyrexia * Diagnosis and Necropsy * Dark Bloody discharge from body orifices * rapid decomposition * Bloating * Diffuse ecchymotic haemorrhage * Bloody fliud in body cavities * grossly enlarged friable spleen * air dried smear for diagnosis * Culture * Control * Quarantine and Vaccination * Burn carcasses * no stock movements 42 days * 3 year vaccination

Answer 26

* IBK/Pinkeye * Gram-Negative Coccobacillus * pili * Secrete haemolysin/cytolysin (adhere to cornea and melt it)

Answer 27

* Acepromazine (ACP, ACE) * Risk of prolapsed penis

Answer 28

* Diarrhoea * Pneumonia * Septicemia * Navil and Joint Disease * Bloat an Abomasal ulcers

Answer 29

* Hypersecretory * increase secretion of fluid from gut cells * Fluid loss in the small intestine is greater than fluid reabosrption in the colon * Malabsorptive * Loss of intestinal integrit resuls in reduced ability to absorb * Fluid reabsorption in the colon is less than fluid loss int he small intestine

Answer 30

* **Physical** * ****Halters * Nose Grips * Metal Halter * **Chemical** * ****Xylazine²⁰ - 0.04mg/kg * Acetyl promazine¹⁰ - 0.1mg/kg * **Anaesthesia** Be careful as pressing on the eye you will get a vagal response. HR will decrease, BP will decrease and the cow will collapse, best to use ACP

Answer 31

**Haemaglobinuria** * Wont seperate when you spin it down * Dark Red **Haematuria** * RBC will seperate from urine when spun down

Answer 32

The transition to lactation - 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after calving.

Answer 33

* Increased Lipolysis (breakdown of Fats) * Decreased lipogenesis (fat synthesis) * Increased gluconeogenesis (Glucose synthesis) * Increased glycogenolysis (Breakdown of glycogen to provide energy) * Increased use of lipids and decreased glucose use as an energy source * Increased mobolistaon of protein reserves * Increased absorption of mineral and mobilisation of mineral reserves * Increased food consumption and increased absorptive capacity for nutrients

Answer 34

* TRP - Hardware Disease * Vagal Ingigestion - Abscess, adhesions, BF * Grain Overload * Removal of FB ot Toxic materials * Impaction * Transfunation * Rumen Fistulation

Answer 35

* *Mannheimia (Pasteurella) Haemolytica* * *Pasteurella multocida* * **Predisposing factors** * Viral infection * transport * poor nutrition * cold, we and windy weather * high levels of ammonia in the environment * dusty environments * mixing of groups of cattle * poor ventilation * overstocking

Answer 36

* Cull at the end of the 7th year or retain good quality bulls based on BBSE * avoid mating daughters * many aged bulls have poor fertility through * poor semen quality * low serving capacity * foot faults and stifle damage * arthritis * failure of erection * disease persistence * Cull for temperament - older bulls harder to handle

Answer 37

* Antibodies - IgG, IgM and IgA * White Blood Cells * Anti-Microbial Factors * Mutrients * Growth Factors

Answer 38

* Above the zygomatic process behind the orbit, 5cm behind the supraorbital process along the dorsal arch * 5-10ml * Desensitize and paralyse the muscles of the lower eyelid * A line block is needed for the upper eye lid

Answer 39

* Physical Exam (assess cows condition) * Sedate * Epidural * Carefully Palpate and evaluate * Clean and/or debride mucosa TYPE 1 1. Reduce prolapse 2. purse string suture around anus 3. Long acting Epidural (Bupivacaine) 4. Topical emollient and AI * If the mucosa only is compromised of torn, it can be resected and sutured

Answer 40

* Check Sucking reflex if no sucking reflex IV fluids * If the calf wont get up ou need IV fluids

Answer 41

* Peterson Block or * Auriculpalpebral Block and * Retrobulbar 4 point block * 10-15mls in each location * Remember this does not do the eye lids they need to be done seperatly

Answer 42

* System by System * Region by Region * Tail - Blood, Urine, Rectal temp, MM, * Left side - Abdomen, Chest, Heart, Rumen sounds, Balot, Listen for Ping. * Right Side - as above * Head * Tail Revisited - Milk, Rectal, Udder, Vagina

Answer 43

* Ingestion of large amounts of highly soluble CHO * Low Fibre Diets * Wheat, Triticale and barley are high risk * Hi starch by products (Potatoes, bread, fruit) * High levels of molasses * Lush improved pastures, high soluble sugars and low in effective fibre eg Legume pastures * Maize silage diets with insufficient buffering * Sudden stop in feeding of rumen buffers/Modifiers/Abx on high starch diets

Answer 44

* Co required by microbes to synthesis Vit B12 * Need a constatn supply from pasture, fast growing spring pastures are deficient * **Clinical Signs** * ****ill-thrift * diarrhoea * rough coat * coat colour change * anaemia * reproductive failure * immunosuppression * Occasionally PEM * Reduced intake/appetite * on PM * pale, fatty liver * haemosiderinised (Dark) Spleen * Measure MMA (Methylmalonyl-COA) if you have a high reading you are likely to have Co deficiency * Treatment * Co sulfate added to pasture - Long Term * B12 injections - short acting (3 months) * Co in drench or water

Answer 45

* Vaccinations * 5in1 * leptospirosis * vibriosis (campylobacter) * Pestivirus (BVDV) * Ephemeral Fever (Location specific) * Mate in BSC 3 * Drench - Macrocyclic Lactone * Use younger bulls if possible * check each year prior to mating * Feed well after mating

Answer 46

1. Replacement Fluid (L) = (Maintenance % x Dehydration % x Ongoing losses %) x Body Weight kg 2. Maintence = 5% of body weight 3. 30-50mL/kg/hr - avoids overhydration and pulmonary oedema 4. 80mL/kg/hr

Answer 47

* Adrenaline - causes vasoconstriction * Avoid using this for teat surgeries

Answer 48

* High concentrations of N or P fertalisers, shallow water and high temperatures * Clinical Signs * Fast Death Factor (Neurotoxins) * Dyspnoea * Staggers * Diarrhoea * Muscle Tremors * Slow Death Factor (Hepatotoxicosis) * Treatment and Control * Activated Charcoal * Restrict access * Treat Damn with Copper Sulphate

Answer 49

* 22cm long incision on mid paralumbar fossa * Incise skin and muscle layers in the same direction * Incise transverse and peritoneum together * Explore abdomen from caudal to cranial * Do not disturb adhesions * Locate rumen & Palpate * Decompress * Grasp dorsal sac and pull to incision * Ample to exteriorize * Secure remen * Suture to skin with continuous horizontal mattress * Perform rumenotomy in avascular area * Wound ring/shround/impervious drape * Empty Fluid and Ingest * Through exploration * Perform any treatments * Closure * Tranfaunate * Place magnet in reticulum * Lavage rumen * Double inverting layer (Connell/Cushing)

Answer 50

1. Nurtitional * Overfeeding * Sudden change in feed * Incorrect mixing * Inappropriate milk replace 2. Infectious * Bacteria * *E*.*Coli* * *Salmonella* * Virus * *Rotavirus* * *Coronavirus* * Parasites * *Cryptosporidium parvum*

Answer 51

* Treatment * Effective during febrile phase * Oxytetracycline LA 20mg/kg * Imidocarb injected once subcutaneously 3mg/kg * Prevention * Immunity often develops in young animals * Vaccination for *A.centrale* prior to moving cattle to infected areas * Outbreaks when ticks controlled

Answer 52

1. A tick borne disease of cattle caused by protozoan parasites of the genus *Theileria* * Usually restricted to tropical and subtropical regions where suitable tick vectors occur. 1. *Theileria parva parva* - East Coast Fever (East Africa) 2. *Theileria orientalis* (Spread by *Haemaphysalis longicornis)*

Answer 53

1. **Pathophysiology** * ****Pathogen penetrates moucous membraned bacteraemia followed by haemolysis 2. **Clinical Signs** * ****Peracute in calves * Pyrexia * Depression * Haemoglobinuria * Anaemia * Jaundice * Death * Abortion 3. **Necropsy** * ****Hepatomegaly * Petechia * Dark kidneys * Nephritis 4. **Diagnosis** * ****Clinical Signs * Serology - MIcro-aggulation test MAT (will be positive after vaccines 5. **Treatment** * ****Control infection before becomes renal or hepatic * Oxytetracycline 6. **Control** * ****Bivalent vaccine * Prevent environmental comtamination * Hygine * Control Feral Animals * Ensure good passive transfer

Answer 54

* Transmitted from animal to animal,though body fluids * Short incubation period and then the virus replicates, Viraemia * sheds after 4-15days * neutralised by the imune system * Flu like symptoms and mild diarrhoea (type 1) * Bovine Viral Diarrhoea * Type 2 transient infection can lead to more serious disase - fatal haemorrhagic diarrhoea (Exotic)

Answer 55

* management/nutrition/metabolic diseases * Environmental Factors * Trace Element Deficiencies * Internal Parasites * Toxins * Infectious Agents

Answer 56

* Poor general condition * Decreased appetite * Depressed, dull * Posture:recumbent, elbows abducted, neck extended, head lowered, ears drooping * Tongue protuded, mouth breathing * Breathing: Laboured, Shallow, increased depth, predominantly thoracis or abdominal breathing * Lower respiratory sounds * increased/decreased * inspiratory/expiratory * Crackles, Wheezes * Coughing * Pale or Cyanotic Mucous Membranes * Nasal and Ocular discharge

Answer 57

* Could be Anthrax * Do not open the animal up * PPE * Notifiable Disease * Zoonotic!!!

Answer 58

1. Tilmicosin * Only for non-dairy cattle use * Never IV * Becareful as self injection can kill you. (Binds to Calcium and stops the heart) 1. Oxytetracycline 1. Can cause sterile abscessation from IM injections. Beware of use near slaughter 2. Cephalosporins 1. Dont use if brown 3. Beta Lactams 1. Keep refrigerate 2. Nothing white goes into a vein 4. Fluroquinolones 1. Eg. Enrofloxacin (Baytril) 2. Not to be used in Cattle! 3. Nationwide ban in all Australian food-producing species (Not just cattle) 5. Aminoglycosides 1. Eg. gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin 2. Should not be used in cattle. 3. Injectables are prohibited in food-producing species

Answer 59

* Sheep - Border Disease * Pigs - Clasic Swine Fever

Answer 60

* Bloat is abnormal distension of the rumen and reticulum with fermentation gasses (CO2 and CH4) * Two types of Bloat * Primary (frothy) * Secondary (Free Gas)

Answer 61

* Abrupt - More stressful and more likely to lose weight post weaning * Gradual - Typically over 10-28days * Pro - makes a smoother transition, less stressful * Con - May lose weight pre weaning, requires more attention to detail

Answer 62

* Lean Body Growth and not deposit excessive amounts of fat, LBG-Muscle and Skeletal growth-results in increased frame size while maintaining a consistent body condition score * Holsteins 0.7kg/day * Jerseys 0.5kg/day

Answer 63

**Imidocarb** 1. Anti-protpzoal - damages the protozoal DNA 2. Treatment of *Anaplasmosis* 3. Prophylaxix for *Babesiosis* 4. Toxic if 1. Injected IV 2. Repeated accidently 5. Clinical signs of toxicicity 1. Dyspnoea 2. Depression 3. Collapse 4. Death

Answer 64

* Aetiology * Destruction of the absorptive villous epithelial cells, compensatory hyperplasia of the crypt cells - digestive secretions continue * MOST COMMON cause of D+ in calves * Infection short lived * Antibodis in colostrum give protection for 48-72 hrs * Stable in faeces and effluent for long periords - remains on calving pads year to year * Transmitted by cats, dogs, feral animals (deer, pig, fox, rabbit) * Clinical Signs * Age affected 4-14 days * Depression * Decreased suckle reflex * watery-yellow D+ (mixed infections different colours) * Dehydration worse inyounger calves. * Differentiate between Rotavirus and Coronavirus by PCR

Answer 65

* *Mycobacterium bovis* * Zoonotic - Notifiable disease

Answer 66

* Causes by penetration of the reticular wall by a sharp FB due to muscular contractions of the reticulum. * Result - Local peritonitis, pericarditis, mycarditis, vagal indigestion * Clinical Signs * Acute Stage * Anorexia * Severe drop in milk production * Obvious gas cap, rumen sounds absent * Reluctance to move * Arched back (Grunting) * Pyrexia (40 - 40.5^oC) * Respiratory shallow * +/- constipation * Chronic Stage * Temp variable (may be normal) * HR usually elevated (\>100bpm) * Adbominal pain may be present * Foreign body may penetrate reticular wall, cause reticuloperitonitis then fall back inot the reticulum (may see recovery and relapse - pericarditis * Diagnosis * Grunt test * Pathology * Elevated WBC (neutrophillia with left shift) * Reticular Radiography * Ultrasound (pockets of fluid/abscesses * DDX * Primary Hepatic Abscess * Acute pyelonephritis * Abomasal unlcer * Endocarditis * Pericarditis * Pneumonia/Pleuritis * Treatment * Systemic Broad Spectrum Antibiotics (Oxytet) * Confine to small pen (elevation of front end) * Administer a magnet orally * Surgery * Left paralumber fossa Ex lap * Rumenotomy & remove FB * Sequelae * Diffuse peritonitis * Liver Abscesses * Traumatic pericarditis * Vagus Indigestion * Pneumonia

Answer 67

* Pinkeye or IBK * *Moraxella bovis (M.bovoculi, Mycoplama sp)* * Highly Contagious (Spread by dust and flies) * Need to have both Damage to the cornea and the Bacteria * Roll out round bales to reduce chance of cornea damage

Answer 68

* Nutritional - not enough energy or protein to grow * Management - Drenching, Vaccination, Supplementation * Infectious - BVD, pinkeye * Parasitic - *Cooperia, Ostertagia,* lungworm, *Fasciola* * Environmental - Unseasonable Weather * Genetic * Toxic - Staggers syndromes, Chronic bracken fern toxicity

Answer 69

* **Viral** * Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1) causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) * Pestivirus/Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus * Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) * Parainfluenza Type-3 virus (PI3) * **Bacterial** * *Mannheimia haemolytica* (formerly *Pasteurella haemolytica)* * *Pasteurella multocida* * *Histophilus somni* (formerly *Haemophilus somnus*) * **Other** * *****Mycoplasma bovis* There are vaccines available for BHV1, Pestivirus, *Mannheimia haemolytica*

Answer 70

* Paravertebral block * Cornell Method (Distal Method) * Farquarson Method (Proximal method) * T13N, L1N, L2N * Local Anaesthesia * Inverted L block * Line Block

Answer 71

* Epidemology - Presence of ticks other tick-borne disease * History - new animals to the area * Disease incubation period 1-3 weeks * Clinical Signs * Necropsy Findings * Laboratory findings * CBC - Lymphopenia * Blood smears - Piroplasims * Lymphnode Smears - Koch's Blue Bodies (KBB's) * PCR - Strains * **DDX** * ****Other tick borne diseases - Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Heartwater * Malignant Catarrhal Fever * CBPP * Trypanosmosis * **Treatment** * Antitheileria drugs * Buparvoquone * Parvaqune * Imidoclap dipropionate * Supportive Therapy (A Must) * Antihistamines * Steriods * Blood Transfusion * Other antimicrobials * Fluids * **Control and Prevention** * * Oxytetracyclines to cover for other parasitic diseases * Immunize * Tick control * Screening of animals * Treatment of dogs, donkeys and other animals * Fencing in cases of wildlife * Know the strain in the area Haemaphysalis ticks are found on the east coast and southern WA

Answer 72

Babesiosis

Answer 73

* **Infectious** * IBK (Infectious Bovine Keratoconjuctivitis/Pinkeye) * IBR, BMC, BVDV * **Nutritional** * Hypovitaminosis A * PEM * **Toxic** * Snake Bite * **Neoplasia** * Squamous Cell Carcinoma * **Genetic** * Colobomata

Answer 74

Animals can die when deficient of Selenium where other trace elements they do not.

Answer 75

* Knowledge of the Area * History of Clostridial disease * Toxic Plants (Heartleaf) * Pasture types (Bloat) * History * Always Visit the farm * Time on pasture * vaccine status * management changes * supplementation * Necropsy * Vital for diagnosis - ASAP * Take multiple fresh and fixed samples * sample the lesion is there is one * always collect brain * take photos

Answer 76

1. Cancer of the eye (most common cattle tumour), thrid eyelid, medial canthus, lower eyelid margin, lateral limbus, globe. Start out as pre-sancerous plaques. Animals of 5 years + 2. Herefords, Simmental, Friesen have a predisposition as well as white faced or non-pigmented eye animals. 3. **Clinical Signs** * ****Start with plaques, progress to growths, ultimately become invasive * Blepharospasm (involuntary movements of the eyelids) * Discharge * Blindness 4. **Treatment** * Depends on severity * Surgical excision - eyelids, eyes * Ionising radiation - strontium-90 probes * Cryotherapy - Good for eyeballs * Immunotherapy - autologous vaccine * Must use appropriate anaesthesia 5. **Prevention** * Select for pigmented faces * Early detection and treatment

Answer 77

* How to cattle get it * Ingestion of preformed toxin * Low pH Silage * Broiler litter used as manure on pasture * animal protein contaminated hay/silage/water * Chewing on bones in phosphorus deficient areas * Ingestion of toxin from feed/water that has decomposing animal matter in it * Wound Contamination * In temperate Aust more common among feedlot or dairy * Clinical Signs * Down cows or Sudden death * peracute - ingested toxin and sudden death * Acute * Ascending paralysis * Jaw and tongue muscles, hindquaters, forequarters * Recumbency * Bradycardia * Respiratory or Cardiac paralysis * Diagnosis * ELISA for C and D toxin * Control * Careful fodder making * Vaccination

Answer 78

* Aetiology * Causes destruction of cells in Colon (signs of colitis) * Virus particals secreted by adult cattle * Shedding can persist in recovered animals * Clinical Signs * Affects calves aged 1-3weeks * Acute Severe Diarrhoea & Colitis * D+ can persist for more than 1 week * Dehydration * +/- mild interstitial pneumonia * Treatment * Differentiate between Coronavirus and rotavirus via PCR * Vaccinate mother before calf is born

Answer 79

* Any cause of low pregnancy rates in cattle * Any cause of infertility * Any Cause of oral lesions * Any cuse of foetal malformation or late term abortion * any cause of illl thrift * any caus of respiratory disease

Answer 80

WHP = The withholdign period is the time between drug administration and whent he food item is considered safe to eat. (its the time it takes for the drug to fall beneath the Maximum residue limit (MRL). Remember WHP is not the period of time until ther eis no drug residue left in the food. ESI = Export Slaughter Interval - is sometime longer than WHP to accommodate for stricter regulations in countries of our trading partners.

Answer 81

* Ostertegiasis Type I * Effects most of the animals * Mainly young cattle - weaners * Accumulation of massive infection in early winter * Rapid development into adults (3-4 weeks) * Clinical Signs * Malabsorption * Hypoproteinaemia * Ventral Oedema * Weight Loss * Scouring * Failure to thrive * Poor Growth Rate * Egg Count

Answer 82

**Oestrus** * The phase when Ovulation occurs, Animals are receptive to mating (HEAT) **Oestrous** * The actual cycle

Answer 83

* Pigs, Cattle are an accidental host whom severe disease happens in. * Leptospirosis is **Zoonotic** * Urine is important in Leptospirosis transmission * Infected cows shed for years (persistence of pathogen in the interstitial tissue of the kidneys

Answer 84

NSAIDs can cause an early closure of the ductus arteriosus in the foetus

Answer 85

* Accumulation of Gas due to * Failure to Eructate * Over production of Gas * Failure to flactuate * Bloat can interfere with the calves ability to breath resulting in sudden death. You may need to release the gas using a stomach tube, trocar or large needle.

Answer 86

* Aetiology * *Actinomyces bovis* Gram + bacteria * Normal inhabitant of the mouth * Invade soft mouth tissue and bone (Mandible) through cuts and punctures * Results in a swollen/lumpy jaw * Diagnosis * Hard, immovable painless mass on mandible * Draining tracts may develop * containing 1-3mm sulphur-like granules * place a granule on a slide add 10% sodium hydroxide and gently crush under coverslip * Gram stain * Culture * DDX * Tooth Root Abscess * Fracture * Tumour * Osteomyelitis * Treatment * Sodium iodine * ABx (Oxytet, florfenicol) * NSAIDS * Treatment will prevent further enlargement but wont resolve deformity already present

Answer 87

* Causative * CapeWeed * Ceral Oats * Brassicas * Heavy use of N fertilisers * Clinical Signs * Dyspnoea * Staggering and collapse * Mucosal Cyanosis * Fast Weak Pulse * Brown Blood that clots poorly * Treatment * IV Methylene Blue 1-2mg/kg

Answer 88

* Inclused the type of housing, space available, the quality of the air and surfaces with which the animal comes into contact with. * Calves are surrounded by disease producing organisms in their environment and if present in large enough numbers they will cause illness. * Always keep in ming the following * Ventilation * Control Drafts * Temperature and Humidity * Shade * Housing

Answer 89

* Advantages * Quick * Easy * Inexpensive * minimal equipment or facilities required * Disadvantages * Incorrect viscus * Abomasal fistula (may get continuous leakage from the abomasum) * Peritonitis * Pyloric obstruction * Recurrence of displacement (sutres break or pull out) * Imprecise fixation of abomasum

Answer 90

Trematodes = Flukes Liver and Rumen

Answer 91

* Paratuberculosis * Chronic infectious wasting disease of ruminantes * *Mycobacterium avium* subsp *paratuberculosis* * Can last in environment for long periods * Infection is vertical and horizontal * Viral infection more common in older diseased animals. * Shed bacteria after about 4 years of age

Answer 92

* *Trichomonas foetus* * Sexually transmitted from Bull to Cow or vice versa. * Rare in Dairy Cattle more common in Beef. * Causes low grade endometritis and death of the embryo, abortion within 120days * Bulls are life long carriers, Culture from vaginal or preputial mucous * Control * Cull infertile breeders * Test new Bulls - Dont borrow bulls * Use controlled mating * Vaccine

Answer 93

* Rectal Prolapse * Common occurence * 2^o to tenesmus arising from * Diarrhoea (Coccidiosis, Colitis) * Dystocia during parturition * Stranguria (cystitis urolithiasis) * Chronic Coughing (BRD) * Neuropathy * Obesity * Diagnosis * On Clinical Signs * Type 1 - Prolapse of mucosa only * Type 2 - Prolapse of all layers of rectum * Type 3 - Type @ prolapse with addition of prolapse of the large colon (intussusception of the large colon into the rectum) * Type 4 - Type 3 prolapse exceptcausing constriction of the recum and colon (intussusception of rectum and colon through anus)

Answer 94

* Highly Infectious, spread in urine * Clinical Signs * Pyrexia * Abortion * Treated with oxtetracycline * Best Controlled with Vaccines

Answer 95

* Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1) * Pestivirus / Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) * *Mannheimia Haemolytica*

Answer 96

Its where immunoglobulins are transferred in Colostrum from mother to calf. If the calfs blood immunoglobulin concentration is less than 10mg/ml after 24hours of life.

Answer 97

* Ideal temperature for calves is 17 degrees * Relative Humidity 65%

Answer 98

1. *Babesia bovis* 2. *Babesia bigemina*

Answer 99

Mastitis * Inflammation of the udder * Almost always infectious and caled by bacteria, however * non-infectious causes (Trauma, chemical Injury) * Infectious mastitis pathological changes on the glandular tissue causes physical and chemical changes to milk * **Aetiology** * Bacteria * Fungi * Viruses * Mycoplasmas * Yeasts * Algae * **Significance** * Costs * Withholding Milk from Vat * Reduction in Milk production * Loss of BCS * Inferior milk quality - reduced paymen * Loss of cattle to disease * Cost of preventative measures * **Risk Factors** * ****Age * Stage of lactaion (first month/Dry period) * Teat conformation (wide teat canal * Teat Condition - Lesions * Production - high production * Herd prevalance * **Pathogenesis** * Contagious Pathogens * Staph aureus * Strep agalactiae * Mycoplasma * Environmental Pathogens * Strep uberis * E.coli * Strep dysgalactiae * Pseudomonas * **Clinical Signs** * ****Udder Changes * Heat * Oedema * Swelling * Gangrene * Abscess * Pain (Lameness) * Changes in Milk * Clots * Wateriness * Blood * Serum * Gas * Odour * Systemic Reactions * Pyrexia * Anorexia * Absence of GIT sounds * Depression * Recumbent * Shock * **Pathology** * **Diagnosis** * ****Milk culture * RMT * Conductivity * ICCC * BMCC * **Treatment** * ****Frequent Stripping * ABx * NSAID's * IV Fluids * Oral Fluids

Answer 100

* Acute associated with physical obstruction of the oesophagus (Choke) * Chronic/intermittent bloat * associated with lesions affecting cardia, reticulum or oesophageal groove * Actinobacillosis * Abscess formation * Vagal indigestion * Clinical Signs * Similar to primary bloat * Tympany develops over time and is often less severe * Passing a stomach tube is diagnostic - allows rapid decompression of the rumen * Death from gaseous bloat is less common than from frothy * Treatment * Passing a stomach tube will almost always relieve the gas accumulation * If obstructed insert a trocar and cannula

Answer 101

* It would cause an abortion

Answer 102

* Malnutrition * BVDV * *Brucella abortus (*Exotic/Notifiable/Zoonotic) * *Leptospira interroganspomona/hardjobovis* * *Salmonella spp.* * Listeriosis * *Babesia bovis* * *Neospora caninum* * BHV 1.1 (exotic)

Answer 103

* Pneumonia is inflammation and damage to the calfs lungs * Mostly caused by bacteria and viruses (infectious) * Commonly occurs around 4-5 weeks of age.

Answer 104

**DDX** * **Nutritional** * Copper/Cobalt deficiency * Copper Toxicity * Post-parturient haemoglobinuria * **Parasitic** * Anaplasma * Babesia * Theileria * **Bacterial** * Leptospirosis * **Toxic** * Braken Fern Toxicity

Answer 105

* Lactating Cows * Young Growning animals * Young Breeder * Bulls

Answer 106

* Salmonellosis * Zoonotic * Most common cause of diarrhoea in adult cows * Gram -ve, motile, anaerobic, spore forming rods. * Disease in Australia caused by * *S.enterica* subsp *enterica* serovar *Typhimurium* * *S.enterica* subsp *enterica* serovar *Dublin* * Transmission * Clinical affected or carrier animals * spread in uring, faeces and milk * animal - animal, fomites, animals and birds * Clinical Signs * acute enteritis (Painful) * sudden drop in milk yeild * Pyrexia * Foul-smelling diarrhoea * Weight loss * anorexia * dehydration * Increased HR/RR * Treatment * early treatment with broad-spectrum ABx * TMS, ceftiofur, Oxytetracycline * Fluids - Oral/IV * NSAIDS * Prevention * Caution buying ne animals * Biosecurity * Vaccination * Isolate clinically affected animals * dont use manure on pasture if Salmonella is present * Rodent Control and bird control

Answer 107

Reduce Calcium intake before calving or DCAD = Reduce the potassium content of the diet by feeding hay that has not had potassium based fertalisers or give Anionic Saltds

Answer 108

* Ill-thrift * Anaemia * Reduced Fertility * Retained Foetal Membranes (RFM) * White Muscle Disease

Answer 109

* Less fighting * Safer * Better for yealings * fewer injuries BUT * need closer observation * rotate bulls often during season * need more land * lower Male to Femal ratio

Answer 110

**Type I** * Affects Young Cattle/Weaners * Most will be affected * Poor Growth rates/Failure to thrive * Hypoproteinaemia * Ventral Oedema * Scouring **Type II** * Affects 2-4 year old called suddenly * Only a few individual animals effected * Sever disease and sometimes death * Early Autum/winter * FEC \>1000eggs/gram **Treatment** * Anthelmintics * Benzimadazoles * Pyrimidines * Macrocyclic lactones - Moxidectin (Cydectin)

Answer 111

* Causative Agent * Hungry Cattle * Ingestion of cyanogenetic glycosides * Gums, Sorhums, Acacia (wattle) * Clinical Signs * Dyspnoea * Restlessnes, Recumbency, Death * Bright Red Blood * Depressed, Staggers, tremors * weak pulse and dilated pupils * Treatment * Sodium Thiosulphate

Answer 112

* Infection of a Naive dam between 18 and 125days of gestation * Foetal immune system not competent at this time * become immunotolerant to BVDB * are antibody negative except (in three circumstances) * Will either * die soon after birth due to ill-thrift * surive to be persistent shedders of virus * Develop Mucosal Disease and die aged 6-21months

Answer 113

* **_Quality_** * **High Immunoglobulin Concentration** \>/= 50mg/mL IgG * **Reduce presence of Contaminants** (Bacteria and Blood) * **_Quantity_** * Calves must ingest a minimum mass of **100g of immunoglobulin** to ensure passive immunity. Calves should be fed **10-15%** of thier **bodyweight** of high quality colostrum within **6-12hrs** * **_Quick_** * Newborn calf's intestine begines to lose its ability to absorb large antibody molecules within 1 hour after birth, @ 9hrs its reduced to 50% and gut closure is complete by 24hrs of age. It is critical that the first feeding occurs as soon as possible after birth in order to maximise absorbtion

Answer 114

1. Cl.chauvoei - Black Leg Disease 2. *Cl.septicum -* Malignant Oedema 3. *Cl.novyi -* Black Disease 4. *Cl.tetani -* Tetanus 5. *Cl.botulinum -* Botulism 6. *Cl.perfringens -* Entertoxaemia

Answer 115

* Hypomagnesaemia - Grass Tetany * Vit E/Selinium Dificiency * Chronic, Severe Copper Deficiency - Falling Disease

Answer 116

Hardware Disease

Answer 117

* **Deficiency** * ****Poor body condition * Sunken eyes * Dull, Woolly Coats * Low Growth Rates * Low Milk Yield * Low Pregnancy Rates * High incidence of broken bones (Backs and limbs broken easily in the race or crush) * Shifting Lameness, Stiff Gate, Arched Back * Chewing Bones

Answer 118

1. Pre-Calving care 2. Clean and confortable environment 3. Colostrum management 4. Good Nutrition 5. Weaning Management 6. Health Management

Answer 119

* Foot and Mouth Disease * Vesicular Stomatitis * Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Answer 120

Propylene Glycol. Fatty Liver Syndrome

Answer 121

* Depression, * anorexia, * pyrexia, * increased HR * Increased RR * Watery diarrhoea with blood and protein * Oral Cavity lesions * Erosions on feet, vulva, udder * death in 3-7 days * Erosions through GI tract * inflamed and necrotic Peyers Patches * Horizontal excoriations * Chronic MD - all of the above except death

Answer 122

* Atipamezole (Antisedan) - works better * Yohibine (Reverzine) Dont forget xylazine in the last trimester can cause abortion. There is also decreased temperature regulation so if its hot use it on an animal in the shade.

Answer 123

* Fluid Therapy * Antibiotic Therapy * NSAID's * Tender Loving Care

Answer 124

* Clinical Signs * Enlarged Lymphnodes * Pyrexia * Anaemia * Lacrimation and Corneal Opacity * Dyspnea * Oral Lesion (East Coast Fever Only) * Lethargy * Inappetence * Jaundice * Abortion * Death * **NO Haemoglobinuria** * Necropsy Findings * Pulmonary Emphysema and edema * Enlarged Lymph Node - diffusely pale and containing petechiae * Lymphoid infiltrates (pale foci) on the cortical surface of the kidney

Answer 125

* Check to see if it is reducible (Reducible = Hernia) * Check for Pain (Pain = infection) * US * FNA

Answer 126

* Aetiology * *Eimeria* sp * Ingestion of oocytes from faecal contamination of pasture, drinking water, feed bins etc * Immunity from same species of *Eimeria* after recovery * Clinical Signs * Age Effected \>3weeks, common at weaning * Loose faeces (pea soup) * Faecal Staining * Tail Swishing * Straining +/- tenesmus * Poor BCS, growth * Hairy coat * Whole pen usually affected * Treatment * Coccidiostat PO * Fluids * Blood transfusion if severe * Epidural for tenesmus

Answer 127

* 20-30ml of lignocain injected IV * into lateral digital vein, radial vein, lateral planter digital vein * Use a torniquet above or below the hock depending if fore or hind limb

Answer 128

* Reside in gut lumen and absorb nutrients * Destroy mucosal cells - Malabsorption * Feed on gut mucosa - Enteritis * Suck Blood - Anaemia (Haemonchus contortus - Barber's Pole Worm) * Obstruct Gut * Damage other tissues - Larval migration * Activate hypersensitivity

Answer 129

* 15months Joining 330-360kg * 24months - Calving 520-550kg

Answer 130

* Anaplasmosis * Babesiosis * Theileria

Answer 131

* LDA * Quality of Cow * Upper 25% of your herd - Cut them * Middle 50% of herd - Tack them (Roll and Toggle) * Lower 25% of Herd - Cull them * Non-Surgical Technique * Cast Cow with ropes into right lateral recumbency, Roll onto back and extend legs. roll back and forth for 3mins ending in lateral recumbency. Sternal and stand. \>50% redisplace * **NOT FOR RDA, RTA** * Surgical * Roll and Toggle * Simple, quiock, inexpensive * 60-80% success rate * +/- Tranquilization or Sedation * Left flank Abomasopexy * Right Flank Omentopexy * Surgical Success * The Three T's * Time - how long was the procedure? * Trash - How clean was the surgical site? * Trauma - Are tissues Damaged? * Prevention and Management * Understand the cause * Metabolic * Environmental * Management * Nutritional

Answer 132

* Reduced herd fertility * increased average calving interval * Decreased milk production * Increased incidence of post partum disease * Herd Screen BMT (Bult Milk Tank ELIZA test) * if suggestive of recent exposure - identify PI and Culll

Answer 133

* Aspiration pneumonia * Bronchopneumonia * Calf Diphtheria * Enzootic pneumonia * Interstitial pneumonia * Lung Abscess * Undifferentiated BRD * Verminous pneumonia * Bronchopneumonia Supprative * *Pasturella multocida* * Bilateral, cranioventrally distributed and moderately firm

Answer 134

* Cestode = Tapeworm * Cestodes infest the Intestines * Echinococcosis

Answer 135

* Weaner - 9mo - Diet High in protein and energy (Rumen capacity is limited) * 9-15mo - Diet lower in protein and energy density than younger heifers however they need mroe food!

Answer 136

* Clinical Signs * Swelling, * Pain * Fever * Wet Navel * Treatment * Procaine Penicillin G * Ceftiofur

Answer 137

* Aetiology * ZOONOTIC * *C.parvum* * Invasion and villous atrophy of sm intestine = Malabsorption and 2ndry milk fermention * High Morbidity, Low Mortality * Resistant to disinfectants * Clinical Signs * Effects ages 4d - 4weeks * Diarrhoea up to 7 days * Dehydration * Anorexia * Often cures then relapses * Treatment * Fluids * Halofuginone lactate (decreases oocyte secretion) * ABx if mixed infection

Answer 138

* Because they have an increased nutrition requirement due to increased growth rate. * 12-14 MJ/ME/ dry matter * 12-15% * Growth rate \> 1kg/head/day

Answer 139

After 3.5 years (half way through the second lactation)

Answer 140

Anaplasmosis

Answer 141

* 15-30 breaths per minute * From the point of the shoulder, to the 11th-12th rib space * Listening for Crackles or Wheezers, Vesicular (V), Bronchiolar Sounds (CH)

Answer 142

* Spores enter through the gut and then migrate into the muscles. Causing a gas-gangrene. * Activated by trauma and brusing * Severe toxaemia and death (true sudden death) * DDX * Malignant Oedema *Cl.septicum*

Answer 143

1. Management 2. Nutrition 3. Metabolic Diseases 4. Trace-element deficiencies in young cattle 5. Environment (Rainfall, Soil type, Ambient temperature) 6. Internal Parasites 7. Infectious Agents

Answer 144

* Rumenotomy and/or rumen fistulation * C-Section * Abdominal Exploration - rumen, reticulum, left kidney * LDA * Left ovary - Ovariectomy * Bladder

Answer 145

1. **Pathophysiology** * ****Corneal damage * Pili adherence * Cytolysin leads to corneal ulcer * neutrophil migration * conjunctivitis * corneal opacity (oedema secondary to inflammation) * Pain * Ocular Discharge * Neovascularisation (Blood vessels migrating to damaged part of eye{Active Healing}) * Scarring * Possible eye rupture or Blindness 2. **Clinical Signs** * ****Inappetence * Weight Loss * Blepharospasm * Photophobia * Copious Purulent Discharge * Blindess/Globe Rupture 3. **Diagnosis** * ****Ocular secretions inoculated onto culture media * Rule out IBR, FB etc 4. **Treatment** * ****Local or topical antibiotic * Cloxacillin (Opticox) 5 doses 24hrs apart * Sub palperbral or bulbar injection of 2ml procain penicillin and 1ml dexamethasone * Oxytetracycline 20mg/kg * NSAID (Meloxicam 72hrs, Flunixion 8hrs) * Eye patch * Tarsorrhaphy (Stitching the eyelids together) 5. **Prevention** * ****Piligard (pinkeye vaccine for cattle) (use 6 weeks before pinkeye season)

Answer 146

* Production * Weight loss/decreased growth * Due to reduced feed intake * Reduced protein & ATP synthesis * Reduced Milk Production * Due to Milk Phosphorus is always maintained at 0.95g/L. Available Phosphorus limits milk production * Reduced Calf Growth Rate * Due to Reduced Milk intake (Lower energy intake) * Reproduciton * Low Conception Rate * Decreased ovarian activity * Irregular Oestrus periods * Anoestrus * Delayed Puberty * Infertility

Answer 147

* Aetiology * *Actinobacillus lignieresi* * **Gram neg rods (normal inhabitant of mouth and rumen) entering the tongue through a break in the mucosa * Causes an acute granulomatous reaction in the tongue * Clinical Signs * Sudden onset of inability to eat and excessive drooling from the mouth * Attempts to prehend and chew food but unable to do so * Oral Exam * Firm swollen painful tongue * Rapid Weight Loss * DDX * Dental disease * Pharyngeal Trauma * Oral Foreign Body * Actinomycosis * Treatment * Sodium Iodide IV * Repeat 7-14days after initial treatment * Observe dor iodine toxicity (Dandruff, anorexia, coughing) * Systemic ABx (oxytet, TMS, Florfenicol) * Management * Remove predisposing environmental factors * Change pasture or feed source * Isolate or removal.

Answer 148

* The Animal * The Environment

Answer 149

Just before calving all the way through the high lactation period the cow cannot eat enough to provide for its calf so it uses what body stores the cow has. If there is a severe or poor responce to tie negative energy balance this can affect immune function. Reduced function of neutrophils and lymphocytes --\>Increased disease susceptibility like * Mastitis * Retained Placenta (immune cells are the ones that seperate the placentoms) * Uterine infections (metritis/endometritis)

Answer 150

* Pereacute fatal toxaemia * Confined to areas with endemic liver fluke * Clinical Signs * Sudden death * rapid putrification of carcuss * bloody frothy discharge from nose after death * venous congestion * skin hyperaemia * epitaxis * abdominal pain * muffled heart sounds * reluctance to move * DDX * Blackleg * Malignant Oedema * Treatment * Penicillin * Vaccination * Control Liver Fluke

Answer 151

* Sedate Cow Xyalzine²⁰ 0.5-1.0mg/kg * Dorsal recumbency, ballot abdomen * Confirm ventral ping * Clip and sterile prepare surgery site * Toggle Pinning * Insert first trocar/cannula 10-15cms caudalto the xyphoid and 5-7cms to RHS of Midline * Aspirate fluid and check pH (2-4 should always be acidic) * Insert suture bar into cannula and tag * Place second cannula 4-7cm cranial to first & repeat * Tie the sutures together

Answer 152

* Abomasal Ulceration types * Type 1 - Erosions and non perforating ulcers * Type 2 - Ulcers with profuce intraluminal haemorrhage * Type 3 - Perforated ulcers with local peritonitis * Perforated Ulcers with diffuse peritonitis * Aetiology - Common in high producing mature dairy cows within the first 6 weeks after parturition * Adult Dairy Cattle * Sysetmic Disease, increased Silage or concentrated, stress of parturition and early lactation * Calves * Milk fed calves after they have consumed milk of milk replacer for 4-12weeks * Clinical Signs * Type 1 - Subclinical, many will heal * Type 2,3,4 * Insidious onset immediately post parturient * Impaired appetite and rumen function * Decreased milk production * Decreased body condition * Intermittent diarrhoea and ketosis * Increasig and loud HR * Low Temp * Pale MM * Black tarry faeces * Diagnosis * Check for melaena using faecal occult blood test * PCV * Test \>5yr cattle for EBL * Treatment * Change diet * Reduce stress * ABx * Antacids/Gut protectants

Answer 153

* Triggered by an injury secondary to wound infection * Clinical Signs * Muscle stiffness * Mild Bloat * Protrusion of the 3rd eye lid * Muscular tetany (muscular spasms) * Respiratory Paralysis * Death * DDX * PEM * Treatment and Control * Mortality rate of untreated cattle 60% * tetanus antitoxin * Penicillin * Supportive therapy * Vaccination

Answer 154

* Must be a PI * Non-cytopathic strain changes to Cytopathic strain \>6month of age * Acute * Virus attacks mucous membranes and epithelial tissue in GI, Resp tract and integument

Answer 155

* Infectious * Allergic Reactions * Toxins * Parasites

Answer 156

* **Clinical Signs and Necropsy** * Severe dyspnoea * Pyrexia * Depression * Abnormal Stance * Mucopurulent Discharge * Dorsal Caudal Consolidation of the lungs with adhesions * **Treatment** * ****Must be early to ahve any chance of success * Remove affected animals * Use broad-spectrum bacteriostatic AB's * Oxytetracucline * Ceftiofur * tilmicosin * florfenicol * tulathromycin * NSAID's * Flunixil * Carprofen * Tolfenamic Acid * Meloxicam * Ketoprofen

Answer 157

* Geimsa stained blood smears * organ smears * low PCV * enlarged spleen * brain smear for cerebral babesiosis * dark, thivk granular bile * jaundiced tissue * hepatomegaly

Answer 158

* *Boophilus microplus* (Cattle Tick) * 9 months - 3 years * Maternal immunity lasts 9 months

Answer 159

* **Area Knowledge** * Type of industry - extensive/intensive * Local Toxins * Environmental conditions * **History** * Open of closed herd * Vaccination status * Signalment * **Clinical Exam** * ****Careful auscultation * collect samples * necropsy

Answer 160

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)

Answer 161

* Use Breedplan selection tool * Estimated Breeding Value * Calving East * Birth Weight * Growth Rates * Semen Evaluation * Motility -50% * Morphology \>70% normal * BullCheck (VBBSE) * PE including conformation and Upper reproductive tract * Examination of testes and measurement of scrotal size * Serving ability Test * Collection

Answer 162

* **Bronchopneumonia** * pathogens invade through the pulomanry tree * Cx * Pyrexia * depression * Toxaemia * abnormal lung sounds * cranioventral lesions * End-stage Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) * **Intistitial pneumonia** * Usually non-infectious * response to inhaled or ingested toxin or allergen * difuse abnormal sounds * Can cause loung consolidation * **Embolic pneumonia** * Septic Emboli - usually liver * Caused by Acidosis

Answer 163

Ring block with 4-6ml of lignocaine

Answer 164

The Bedding is the same as the food on offer, calves wil see this and start eating the stuff on the ground exposing them to ingesting faeces and other pathogens

Answer 165

* Only affects a few individuals, often fatal * Arrested development/hypobiosis of larvae * Caused by massive adult burdens or a strenghening immune system * 2-4 year old cattle - sudden synchronous larval matuation * Severe disease and sometimes death * Usuall early autumn/winter * Diagnosis * By stomach glangular enzymes * Plasma pepsinogen \>3iu/ml reflects tissue damage * Faecal Egg Count \> 1000eggs/gram

Answer 166

* *Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina*

Answer 167

Foot and Mouth Disease * Distribution * Exotic to Australia * South America, Africa, Asia, and the middle east * Aetiology * Virus - Apthovirus * Affects all cloven hoofed animals * Outbreaks Rapid * Virus present in Breath, saliva, faeces, urine, milk and semen. * High mobidity, Low Mortality * Clinical Signs * Lesions * Location: Oral mucosa and narea, inter digital space, heels, coronary bands and teats * Characteristic: Vesicles filled with clear, straw coloured fluid * Pyrexia * Depression * Drooling * Dysphagia * Lameness * Nasal Discharge

Answer 168

* FMD if Cloven hooved animals * Vesicular Stomatitis - affects Horses and humans aswell.

Answer 169

1. Premature Closure or inadequate hypothesis generation - failure to include all possible aetiologies in different list. 2. Inattention or misinterpretation of clinical signs or clues 3. Inexperience

Answer 170

* Ergotism - Rye grass infected with *Claviceps purpurea* * **Clincial Signs** * ****Very high morbidity * Hyperthermia \>41^o C * Laminitis * Clear Nasal Discharge * Panting * Necrosis of extremities (as causes peripheral vasoconstriction) * **Treatment** * ****remove contaminated feed * NSAIDS

Answer 171

1-2 per min

Answer 172

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Answer 173

Antibody -ve Antigen +ve * Animals who have just been infected and are seroconverting * Retest in a couple of weeks

Answer 174

* **Diagnosis** * Heavily based on * Clinical Signs * Good History * Knowledge of Local Area * Chemical analysis of rib bone (Gold Standard) * Blood Sampling * Normal Serum P concentration = 1.4-28mmol/L * Serum P concentration with noticable lameness = 0.5-1.2mmol/L * Not definitive * Post Mortem * Soft Rib bones * Bone fractures * Articular erosions * pale skeletal muscles * **Treatment** * Mineral Supplementation * Mineral Licks - Blocks and Loose licks * High Phosphorus feed mix * Rumen Bullets * Oral Drenches

Answer 175

* Clinical Signs * Clinical signs are mild in young cattle * Persistent anaemia and jaundice * **No Haemaglobinuria** * ill-thrift * pyrexia * tachypnoea * death in advanced cases * Constipation (Possibly) * Necropsy * Blood smear shows organism * Geimsa stain * Pallor in tissues * Jaundice

Answer 176

* Right ventral paramedian laparotomy * Abomasopexy (If Omentalpexy failed) * Reticulum (eg adhesions * Liver Abscess * Ventral midline laparotomy * C-Section (Beef Cows) * Paracostal Laparotomy * C-Section for emphysematous fetus (LHS) * Small intestinal Surgery (RHS)

Answer 177

* Antibody - Blood * Agal-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) herd screening * Virus neutralisation test (VNT) * ELISA - Bulk Milk Tank test * Antigen - Blood/Tissue * Blood virus isolation - gold standard * REverse transcript PCR * Immunohistochemistry (IHC) epithelial tissue (ear nothc) * Andigen capture ELISA - Tissue blood (IDEXX BVD Snap)

Answer 178

* Young are most susceptible * Clinical Signs * ill-thrift * diarrhoea * rough coat * coat colour change * anaemis * reproductive failure * immunosuppression

Answer 179

* Cattle Tick - Boophilus microplus * Lice - Anaplura (Sucking), Mallophaga (Biting) * *Bovicola bovis* * *Haematopinus* sp * *Solenoptes* sp * Buffalo Fly - *Haematobia irritans exigua* * Stable Fly * Screw Worm Fly

Answer 180

* Delays * onset of puberty * endocrine, follicle and foetal development * conceptions rates * post partum interval * borth and weaning weights * milk production *

Answer 181

* **Post Parturient haemoglobinuria** * **Signalment** * High producing dairy cows, 2 weeks after calving (3rd Lactation) * Highly Fatal * **Cause** * Phosphorous deficiency (RBC Change shape) * Ingestion of lush legume pasture * **Clinical Signs** * Due to harmolytic anaemia * Intravascular haemolysis * Jaundice/haemaglobinuria * anaemia * tachcardia * death in 3-5 days * **Diagnosis** * Clincial signs and signalment * Blood and Urine * Low serum P * Swollen fatty liver * diffuse jaundice * **Management** * Blood transfusion * IntraVenous Phosphorus * Treat keytosis * IV fluids

Answer 182

* Reduce **ruminal disruption** * Minimise **Macromineral** deficiencies (conditioned or otherwise) * Minimise **Lipid mobilisation** disorders * Avoid **Immune suppression**

Answer 183

* Infraorbital nerve block * 20-30mls of lignocaine each side

Answer 184

* Failure to thrive * Poor Growth Rates * Low BCS (Body Condition Score) * Poor Coat * Reduced reproductive potential * Death?

Answer 185

Anthrax ## Footnote *Clostridium Noyvi*

Answer 186

* They inhibit the syntesis of bacterial proteins, stoping them from replicating but does not kill the bacteria, they rely on the host animals immune system to kill the bacteria * They are a bacteriostatic

Answer 187

* Causes * Oesophagal Obstruction * Corn Cobs, Potatoes, Tumors * Common places are proximal cervical oesophagus, thoracic inlet or heart base * Clinical Signs * Standing with neck extended may resent palpation of ventral neck area * Dysphagia or anorexia - partial obstruction * Bloat (Free gas) Complete obstruction * Anxiety, excessive salivation * Swing of head * Attempts to swallow, staggering * Treatment * Sedation & Smooth muscle relaxant (Buscopan) * Remove obstruction by hand (mouth gag) * Attempt to pass a semi rigid stomach tube * in unable to remove * leave insitu to macerate for several days, supply fluid and bocarb through trocar * Once removed provide a soft diet, systemic antiinflamatory +/- broad spectrum ABx

Answer 188

* Drug Label * Online * APVMA & TGA * PubCris * Colleagues * Text Books * Plumb's * Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs * MIMS * TARGET

Answer 189

1g / 45kg of calcium Calcium Borogluconate

Answer 190

Thermal Neutral Zone - 15-25^oC

Answer 191

* Dairy Cattle * Toxoid * *Clostridium tetani, Cl.perfringens* type D, *Cl.novyi, Cl.septicum* * Bacterin * *Cl.chauvoei* * *Leptospira interrogens* serovar *pomona & L.borgpetersonii* serovar *hardjo*

Answer 192

* Focussed on the herd/flock * Aimed at establishing risk factors increasing or reducing the risk * There is no dependency on a diagnosis * Describes the disease process and determining differences and similarities between diseased and non-diseased animals * This allows early intervention and control of an outbreak even in the absence of disease

Answer 193

1. Conception - 45days 1. early embryo loss 2. development of malformed foetuses 3. long and irregular interservice intervals 2. 18-120days 1. Usually become immunotolerant and are PI 2. May reabsorb, becom mummified ot abort 3. 100-150 days 1. may develop a series of birth defecs 2. late term abortion 3. perinatal illness and death

Answer 194

* Lung Abscess's * Epitaxis

Answer 195

1. Primary manifestation in sudden death * Some Clostridial disease * Anthrax 2. May manifest as sudden death * peracute Salmonellosis * Malignant Catarrhal Fever * Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome * Mucosal Disease

Answer 196

* Arsenic Poisoning * Nitrite * Cyanide * Urea * Lead * Blue Green Algae * Organophosphates

Answer 197

* Actinobacillosis * **Clinical Signs** * ****Granulomatous reaction in tongue or sub-mandibular tissues * spread to deeper lymph nodes possible (DDX TB) * Dysphagia * **Diagnosis** * ****Clinical Signs * Swab * Must rule out TB * **Treatment** * Long acting antibiotics (Oxytetracycline) * Sodium iodide (500mg/ml) 70mg/kg - dilute 1/1 with water, given IV once a week for 4 weeks * Repeat after 10 days * Surgical lancing and flushing of abscesses

Answer 198

**Diagnosis** * Liver biopsy (Best) * Blood - caeruloplasmin * feed analysis * soil (not a great diagnosis) **Treatment** * Dietry supplementation * Top dressing pasture with CuSO₄ (simplest and best) * Copper oxide rumen bullets * CuSO₄ in water - trough block (not great) * Cu injection (use with caution)

Answer 199

* Tick infested areas * Pyrexia - 42^oC * Intravascular haemolysis * Anaemia * Jaundice * Haemaglobinuria * Crerbral signs - Aggression * Death * *Babesia bovis* infection lasts for years * *Babesia bigemina* lasts a few months * Recovered animals are carriers * Infertility in Bulls

Answer 200

* Clinical Signs * Weakenss and pallor * anaemia * Jaundice * Haemaglobinuria * Regenerative Anaemia * Treatment * Remove from Source

Answer 201

Bovine Respiratroy Disease

Answer 202

* Failure to Conceive (anoestrus or Oestrus without conception) * Cow Factors * Bull Factors * AI Factors * Embryonic loss * Early \<21days * Late 21-42 days * Abortion \>42 days * Peri and Postnatal calf death

Answer 203

* Get a good History * Consider * Local knowledge * time of year * environment * soil type * pasture deficit period (Starts in Jan through to July) * signalment * supplementation * management * Do a full Clinical exam * examine several animals * Body condition and live weight records * necropsy if required * Samples * Feed * Blood * Faeces * Tissue *

Answer 204

* Between the 4th and 5th intercostal space * 60-80bpm

Answer 205

* Found in * Abomasum * Small Intestine * Lungs * Nematodes = Roundworm

Answer 206

* Clinical Signs RDA/RTA * General Similar to LDA * Acute abdominal pain * Increased HR (upto 140BPM) * Peripheral circulatory failure (dehydrated 10%, cold, pale mm) * Right abdominal distension * RTA * Autolysed blood in feces * Poor prognosos 180^o to 270^o * Sx. Abomasum is discoloured, oedematous and atonic or very fluid filled * DDX (RDA) * Primary Ketosis * Peritoneum * Colon/Rectum * Ceccum * Off Feed Ping

Answer 207

1. Establishment of Udder Health Goals 2. Monitoring udder health status 3. Good Record keeping 4. Maintenance of a clean, dry and comfortable environment for the cows 5. Proper milking procedures 6. Maintenance of milking equipment 7. Appropriate management of clinical mastitis 8. Effective dry cow management 9. Maintenance of biosecurity for contagious pathogens and chronic infections 10. Review of mastitis control programs

Answer 208

* Aetiology * Invasion through navel, intestine, mucous membranes, septicaemia results * Clinical Signs * 1-14days of age * Rapid \<24 Septicaemia * Shock * Diarrhoea (only in terminal cases) * Treatment * Usually unsuccessful * IV fluids * Ab's * NSAIDs * Blood Transfusion

Answer 209

* Post Partritionent Haemoglobinuria * BEF * Copper Toxicity * Anaplasmosis * Treatment * Diminazene IM 3.5mg/kg 2.4weeks * Imidocarb SC 3mg/kg 4/8 weeks * Imidocarb SC 1.2mg/kg treatment * Imidocarb has a 28day WHP in cattle and restrictions to its use in lactating dairy cattle in Aust. * Prevention * Live attenuated Vaccination * Natural immunity in frequently exposed cattle * Also vaccinate against ticks - Tickgard

Answer 210

* Smaller then 5cent coin, clean and not flyblown the animal can be sold through a saleyard for slaughter only; * Size bewteen 5 and 20 cent coin, clean and not flyblown the animal can be sold directly to an abattoir only * Bleeding, purulent (infected), flyblown of larger than a 20c coin the animal should be immediately disposed of on farm.

Answer 211

* Treatment of Sick Animals * On Healthy Animals * Pre-Purchase purposes * Insurance and Certification * Herd Health Programs * Export

Answer 212

* Caused by rapid fermentation of excess amounts of carbohydrates * *Streptococcus bovis & Lactobacilli* * Lactic Acid reduces the rumen pH to below 5, rumen contents become hypertonic and fluid is drawn into the rumen --\> dehydration. Metabolic acidosis results * Clinical Signs (Acute) * MIld to severe * Depression, anorexia, grinding teeth * Stilted gait (lameness/laminitis) * Scouring (grey to green, bubbly and watery) * Ruminal stasis * Dehydration, HR \> 120bpm, temp subnormal * Recumbency * Death in less than 24hrs * Clinical Signs (Sub-Clinical) * Usually greater evonomic importance than clinical disease * Lower feed conversion - Weight loss, ill thrift * Lower milk production * Low milk F:P ratio (\<1.15:1) * Laminitis/lameness * Scouring/Low fecal scores * DA's * Reduced rumenation * Faecal Changes * Diagnosis * Rumin Fluid * pH\<5.0 (often 4.5) * No active protozoa * Fast sedimentation rate * Milk grey with lactic acid smell * increase in Gram +ve bacteria * Post mortem * Rumenitis with necrosis of papillae * Low rumen pH * Liver Abscess with chronic disease * Treatment * Withhold grain/feed hay (fibre source) * Oral antacids (eg sodium bocarbonate) (not if ph \<5.0) * Lavage rumen with wide bore stomach tube/transfaunation * Systemic abx * NSAIDS (endotoxaemia) * Thiamine (PEM) * Prevention * Adaption of grain diets (Slowly) * Prevent engorgement * Provide adeguate effective fiber * NDF \>25%; peNDF \>22% DM * Buffers/neutralising agents * Sodium Bicarb, Magnesium Oxide, Calcium Carbonate *

Answer 213

* **Hypovitaminosis A** * Insufficient dietary supply of dietary vitamin A * Cx * Calves * Tremors * anorexia * diarrhoea * Dilated Pupils * Ataxia - from spinal cord compression * Adults * Night Blindness * Weight loss * Infertility * RFM (Retained Foetal Membranes * Degeneration of seminiferous tubules * Dx * Vitamin A in serum or Liver * Tx * Early treatment successful * Injection 400iu/kg * Add to Total Mixed Ration * DDX * PEM * Lead toxicity * Salt poisoning * **Lead Poisoning** * ******Polioencephelomalacia** * Hx * Cerebrocortical necrosis * Young Cattle * Thiamine deficiency (B1) * Rumen thiaminase * Cx * Ataxia and proprio receptive deficiets * Opisthotonos * Strabismus (eyes pointing in different directions) * Tx * IV Thiamin 10-15mg/kg every 12 hours * Prognisis poor for acute cases * Control * Predisposing cause control * excess sulphur * plant source * dietary management * **Colobomata** * ****Inherited in Charolais Cattle

Answer 214

* Intracellular Parasite (*Anaplasma marginale) - this is a tick born disease* * Tropical areas world wide * Transmitted by *Boophilus microplus* (Ticks) and by bloody instruments * Clinical disease in older Naive cattle, calves have maternal immunity

Answer 215

* BVDV * Type 1 - World Wide * Type 2 - USA & Europe * Each Genotype contains 2 Biotypes * Cytopathic - Cannot be Transmitted to another animal * Non-Cytopathic

Answer 216

* Cattle above the tick line in Australia must be Bos Indicus breeds as they are tick resistant **Control** * Tick Vaccine - Tick Guard * Acaricides/Growth inhibitors (Fluazuron) * Breed or introduce resistant Cattle (*Bos indicus*) * Reduce stock numbers in high tick areas * Give the pasture a spell (use the life cycle of the tick to our advantage- has a 21 day life cycle) * Chemical Control * Acaricides * Dips - Instant * Sprays - Instant * Pour-ons - Take days to work * Injections - Take days to work * Treat in Autumn - reduces no of over wintering larvae * treat in spring to prevent new generation build up over summer

Answer 217

* Herd Factors * Nutrition - protein/energy * BCS 2.5 or less * Weather - cold snap * Lactation and Suckling effect * INdividual factors * Endometritis - rare in beed cows * Freemartin * mummified foetus * pregnancy * pyometra

Answer 218

* Between the first and second coccygeal vertebrae or in the scrococcygeal space. * 1.0 ml of 2% lignocain per 100kg bodyweight should produce anaesthesia extending cranially to the middle of the sacrum and ventrally over the perineum to the inner aspect of the thigh without afefcting the hind limb motor coordintaion * Tail paralysis within 60-90 seconds, analgesia persists for about 60mins

Answer 219

* Osmotic Diarrhoea * intraluminal substances increase osmotic pressure * grain overload * Exudative diarrhoea * Inflammation or necrosis of intestinal wall * Enteritis (usually an infectious cause) * Secretory diarrhoea * Net increase in fluid secretion * Enterotoxigenic E.coli * Abnormal Motility * Some toxins

Answer 220

1. Never use corticosteriods on a pregnant animal - I will cause abortion or Inducement. 2. Never use Corticosteroids with NSAIDS - Side Effects 3. Never put Corticosteroids onto an eye ulcer * Dexamethasone * Cortisone * Prednisolone

Answer 221

* *Bacillus anthracis* * 50 years * Warmer months after wet winter * Spores are ingested or contaminate wounds * Not until they die * Can be spread by insects and other vectors

Answer 222

* Dairy Cattle * Hx Decreased Milk production and Decresed feed intake * Displacements can be Left sided or Right side or Right sided with Torsion

Answer 223

Insulin like growth factor 1 - detected by the hypothalamus, leptin - Made by white adipose tissue - Detected by the hypothalamas, then GnRH is released

Answer 224

23-24months

Answer 225

Wooden Tongue

Answer 226

* Broad Spectrum Beta-Lactams * Ceftiofur * Amoxicillin * Ampicillin * Potentiated Suphonamides

Answer 227

* Clinical Signs * Progressive Weight Loss * Decreaseing Milk Yeild * Profuce watery diarrhoea without straining "Pipestream" * No other symptoms until near death * Stages of infection * Stage 1 Silent infection * Calves, heifers and young stock \<2yrs, infected but no clinical signs * Stage 2 Subclinical disease * Infected adult cattle with no clinical signs of disease - may be prone to other diseases such as infertility and mastitis * Stage 3 Clinical Disease * After long incubation period infected cattle develop gradual weight loss, chronic, intermittent diarrhoea and decreased milk production * Stage 4 Advanced clinical disease * For every Stage 4 there is likely to be 15-25 infected animals * Diagnosis * Clinical Signs * Area Knowledge * positive faecal culture * serum antibodies - ELIZA (Clinical JD) * Negative serology doe not rule out JD * Acid fast bacteria in faeces 0 rectal scraping * Biopsy via laparotomy * gamma IFN * Control * Closed herd (in disease free herds) * protect young stock * clean calving area * use milk replacers * Vaccination - Silirum given in first month

Answer 228

Fat will accumilate in the Udder reducing the area available for milk production.

Answer 229

Calf Diphtheria - Oral necrobacillosis - *Fusobacterium necrophorum*

Answer 230

* Braken Fern Toxicity * Weaners * Undernourishted cattle * exposure for over 2 weeks * Type 1 (Acute Disease) * Affects young cows * ill thrift * pyrexia - 42^oC * Melena * Ecchymosis on MM * Haematuria * Laryngeal Oedema (Calves) * Haematomas from Trauma * anaemia * Impares the bone marrow - pancytopaenia * Toxic effects last for weeks * Type 2 (Chronic) * Adults * Long term exposure * Red urine * Persistent haematuria * Bladder tumors(Neoplasia) * non-regenerative anaemia * Haematuria - clots * Loss of condition * Secondary Infection * **DDX** * Lepto * Brassica Anaemia * Acute pyelonephritis * Acute nephritis * Acute glomerulonephritis * Renal infarction (Embolic nephritis) * Contagious Bovine pyelonephritis * Cystitis * Urolithiasis * Neoplasms of the Kidney * Trauma to urethra

Answer 231

Grass Tetany * Being on lush grass pastures or green cereal which are low in Magnesium. * Magnesium absorption is reduced when potassium and nitrogen intake is high. * 400ml of Calcium boroglucanate and 50ml of Mg sulphate Slow IV. * Remaining Mg SubCut

Volume 1 Flashcards

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