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Earth Science Vocabulary > Volcanoes Vocabulary > Flashcards

Volcanoes Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

A long crack into the earth’s surface from which lava erupts onto the surface

A

fissure

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2
Q

A fixed region of hot magma that rises through the mantle and creates volcanoes on the earth’s surface.

A

hot spot

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3
Q

A column of very hot rock that rises up through the mantle. Forms a hot spot of the surface is reached.

A

mantle plume

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4
Q

Molten rock that has erupted onto the earth’s surface.

A

lava

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5
Q

Molten rock under the earth’s surface.

A

magma

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6
Q

A volcano that is currently erupting or just about to erupt.

A

active volcano

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7
Q

A volcano that is not currently erupting, but that has erupted in the recorded past

A

dormant volcano

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8
Q

A relatively gentle, non-explosive volcanic eruption.

A

effusive eruption

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9
Q

The release of magma onto the Earth’s surface.

A

eruption

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10
Q

A volcanic eruption that releases large amounts of gas, so that magma is violently thrown up in the air.

A

explosive eruption

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11
Q

A volcano that has not erupted in recorded history and is considered unlikely to erupt again.

A

extinct volcano

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12
Q

A region in the earth surrounded by solid rock and containing magma

A

magma chamber

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13
Q

A rock made up of fragments of volcanic rock thrown into the air by volcanic eruptions

A

pyroclast

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14
Q

The thickness or stickiness of a liquid.

A

viscosity

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15
Q

Circular-shaped geographic features formed from a massive eruption of an ancient volcano and the subsequent collapse of the volcano back into the ground

A

caldera

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16
Q

A smaller volcano that grows rapidly but only erupts over a short period of time. Composed of small rock fragments piled on top of one another. Rarely more than 300m in height.

A

cinder cone or scoria cone

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17
Q

A volcano with a broad base, steep sides, and often a crater at the top. Composed of alternating layers of ash and lava flows. Created by explosive eruptions and viscous lava.

A

composite volcano (also called stratovolcano)

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18
Q

Layers of rock that are similar in composition to one another

A

strata

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19
Q

A massive volcanic eruption that is rare but incredibly powerful. Thousands of cubic kilometers of matter can be ejected, and the dust and ash can cool the world climate for years.

A

supervolcano

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20
Q

A volcano with a very wide base and gentle slopes created by effusive eruptions and low-viscosity lava. Often composed of layers, but not alternating layers of ash and lava.

A

shield volcano

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21
Q

Rocks that solidify below ground

A

intrusive rocks

22
Q

Rocks that solidify above ground

A

extrusive rocks

23
Q

A mound formed by viscous lava, often at the center of a volcanic crater

A

Lava dome

24
Q

A large, flat surface of igneous rock created by less viscous lava flowing over a large area.

A

Lava plateau

25
Q

A rock formation caused by rock solidifying underground.

A

Intrusion

26
Q

An explosion of super-heated water from underground.

A

geyser

27
Q

Lava flow with surfaces of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges and spiny projections.

A

aa flow

28
Q

A large mass of igneous rock that formed when magma was emplaced at depth, crystallized, and subsequently exposed by erosion. By definition, has an exposed surface area greater than 100 square kilometers.

A

batholith (bathos = depth, lithos = stone)

29
Q

A circular tube through which magma moves towards the earth’s surface.

A

conduit or pipe

30
Q

A funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano.

A

crater

31
Q

When confining pressure drops enough to allow melting. (Melting temperature increases with increased pressure.) The kind of melting that forms magma along oceanic ridges.

A

decompression melting

32
Q

Tabular discordant bodies that are produced when magma is injected into fractures

A

dikes

33
Q

Explosive clouds of hot ash and gases that extend thousands of meters into the atmosphere.

A

eruption column

34
Q

Large quantities of low-viscosity baslatic lava flowing from fractures in the crust which do not build cones.

A

fissure eruption

35
Q

A vent which produces only gasses.

A

furmarole

36
Q

A lens-shaped mass of viscous magma intruded between sedimentary layers near the surface. Not much wider than a few kilometers.

A

laccolith

37
Q

A mudflow when volcanic debris is saturated with water and rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes. (Can occur when the volcano is not erupting.)

A

lahar

38
Q

Cave-like voids left behind from lava flows.

A

lava tube

39
Q

The most destructive kind of pyroclastic flow.

A

nuée ardente (glowing avalanche)

40
Q

Flows with smooth surfaces which can be easily walked upon.

A

pahoehoe flow

41
Q

Secondary cones from fissures along the flank or base of a mature volcano.

A

parasitic cone

42
Q

Structures which result from emplacement of igneous material at depth.

A

pluton (named for Pluto, god of the lower world)

43
Q

Hot gasses infused with incandescent ash and larger rock fragments, flowing down a volcano.

A

pyroclastic flow

44
Q

Tabular plutons formed when magma is injected along sedimentary bedding sufaces, displacing the higher layers upward. They form only at shallow depths. Largely concordant. Typically formed from low-viscosity magma.

A

sills

45
Q

The surface opening at the top of a conduit.

A

vent

46
Q

Substances which lower the melting temperature of rock

A

volatiles (like water)

47
Q

A volcanic pipe revealed by erosion of the surrounding (weaker) cone.

A

volcanic neck

48
Q

Plutons exposed by erosion with less than 100 square kilometers.

A

stocks

49
Q

Plutons which cut across existing structures

A

discordant

50
Q

Plutons which form parallel to features such as sedimentary strata

A

concordant

Earth Science Vocabulary (5 decks)

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