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SCIENCE GRADE 10 Q1 > Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Theories > Flashcards

Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Theories Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The rigid outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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2
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The semi-fluid layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere.

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3
Q

True or False: The lithosphere is more rigid than the asthenosphere.

A

True

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4
Q

What is the main difference between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

A

The lithosphere is rigid, while the asthenosphere is semi-fluid.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The lithosphere consists of the crust and ____________.

A

Upper mantle

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6
Q

Which layer of the Earth is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates?

A

Asthenosphere

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7
Q

What is the temperature range of the asthenosphere?

A

Approximately 1300 to 2400 degrees Fahrenheit

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8
Q

True or False: The asthenosphere is located directly below the lithosphere.

A

True

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9
Q

What physical property allows the lithosphere to move on the asthenosphere?

A

Flexibility

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10
Q

What is the approximate thickness of the lithosphere?

A

Approximately 100 kilometers

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11
Q

Which part of the Earth is more likely to experience earthquakes?

A

Lithosphere

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The asthenosphere is a ____________ layer of the mantle.

A

Semi-fluid

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13
Q

What type of rock is the lithosphere predominantly made of?

A

Crystalline rock

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14
Q

True or False: The lithosphere is the same thickness throughout the Earth’s surface.

A

False

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15
Q

How does the lithosphere interact with the asthenosphere?

A

The lithosphere moves on the semi-fluid asthenosphere.

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16
Q

What is the driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates?

A

Convection currents in the asthenosphere

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17
Q

True or False: The lithosphere can be subducted beneath the asthenosphere.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the Latin origin of the word ‘asthenosphere’?

A

From ‘asthenes’ meaning ‘weak’ and ‘sphaira’ meaning ‘sphere’

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19
Q

Which layer of the Earth is hotter, the lithosphere or asthenosphere?

A

Asthenosphere

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The lithosphere is broken into several ____________ plates.

A

Tectonic

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the lithosphere in plate tectonics?

A

To carry the tectonic plates

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22
Q

True or False: The lithosphere is completely solid throughout its entire thickness.

A

False

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23
Q

What is the approximate depth of the asthenosphere?

A

Approximately 100 to 350 kilometers

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24
Q

Which layer of the Earth is more ductile, the lithosphere or asthenosphere?

A

Asthenosphere

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25
Q

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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26
Q

What was the supercontinent called according to the continental drift theory?

A

Pangaea

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27
Q

What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift?

A

Fossil evidence, geological evidence, and paleoclimatic evidence

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28
Q

What is seafloor spreading?

A

The process by which new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then moves away from the mid-ocean ridges

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29
Q

Where does seafloor spreading occur?

A

At mid-ocean ridges

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30
Q

What is the name of the underwater mountain range where seafloor spreading occurs?

A

Mid-ocean ridge

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31
Q

What drives the movement of the tectonic plates in seafloor spreading?

A

Convection currents in the mantle

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32
Q

What happens to the age of the seafloor as it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge?

A

It gets older

33
Q

What type of boundary is formed where tectonic plates move apart in seafloor spreading?

A

Divergent boundary

34
Q

What happens to the seafloor at a subduction zone?

A

It is recycled back into the mantle

35
Q

What is the name of the process where one tectonic plate is forced under another at a subduction zone?

A

Subduction

36
Q

What type of boundary is formed where tectonic plates come together at a subduction zone?

A

Convergent boundary

37
Q

What is the relationship between seafloor spreading and the age of the seafloor?

A

The youngest seafloor is found near the mid-ocean ridges, and it gets progressively older as it moves away

38
Q

How does the magnetic striping on the seafloor provide evidence for seafloor spreading?

A

It shows alternating bands of magnetic polarity that match the pattern of reversals in Earth’s magnetic field

39
Q

What is the name of the process where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally?

A

Transform boundary

40
Q

What is the name of the major tectonic plates that are involved in seafloor spreading?

A

Pacific Plate, North American Plate, Eurasian Plate

41
Q

What is the name of the theory that combines the ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading?

A

Plate tectonics theory

42
Q

What is the driving force behind plate tectonics?

A

The heat generated by radioactive decay in the Earth’s interior

43
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries in plate tectonics theory?

A

Divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, transform boundaries

44
Q

What is the name of the boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally?

A

Transform boundary

45
Q

What type of boundary is formed when two tectonic plates move apart?

A

Divergent boundary

46
Q

What type of boundary is formed when two tectonic plates come together?

A

Convergent boundary

47
Q

What type of boundary is formed when two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally?

A

Transform boundary

48
Q

What geological feature is associated with a divergent boundary?

A

Mid-ocean ridge

49
Q

What geological feature is associated with a convergent boundary?

A

Deep ocean trench

50
Q

What geological feature is associated with a transform boundary?

A

Fault

51
Q

What is the name of the process where two tectonic plates collide and one is forced under the other?

A

Subduction

52
Q

What is the name of the boundary where subduction occurs?

A

Subduction zone

53
Q

What is the name of the process by which new oceanic crust is formed in seafloor spreading?

A

Sea-floor spreading

54
Q

What is the driving force behind the movement of tectonic plates in plate tectonics theory?

A

Heat generated by radioactive decay in the Earth’s interior

55
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth’s layers.

56
Q

What are the two main types of seismic waves?

A

The two main types of seismic waves are body waves and surface waves.

57
Q

Which type of seismic wave travels through the Earth’s interior?

A

Body waves travel through the Earth’s interior.

58
Q

What are the two types of body waves?

A

The two types of body waves are P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves).

59
Q

Which type of body wave is faster and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases?

A

P-waves are faster and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.

60
Q

Which type of body wave is slower and can only travel through solids?

A

S-waves are slower and can only travel through solids.

61
Q

Which type of seismic wave travels along the Earth’s surface?

A

Surface waves travel along the Earth’s surface.

62
Q

What are the two types of surface waves?

A

The two types of surface waves are Love waves and Rayleigh waves.

63
Q

Which type of surface wave moves in a side-to-side motion?

A

Love waves move in a side-to-side motion.

64
Q

Which type of surface wave moves in an elliptical motion?

A

Rayleigh waves move in an elliptical motion.

65
Q

Which type of seismic wave causes the most damage during earthquakes?

A

Surface waves cause the most damage during earthquakes.

66
Q

Which type of seismic wave is the fastest?

A

P-waves are the fastest seismic waves.

67
Q

Which type of seismic wave is the slowest?

A

Surface waves are the slowest seismic waves.

68
Q

Which type of seismic wave is responsible for the most shaking during an earthquake?

A

S-waves are responsible for the most shaking during an earthquake.

69
Q

How do body waves differ from surface waves in terms of travel path?

A

Body waves travel through the Earth’s interior, while surface waves travel along the Earth’s surface.

70
Q

Which type of seismic wave can cause buildings to sway back and forth?

A

Rayleigh waves can cause buildings to sway back and forth.

71
Q

What is the primary cause of seismic waves?

A

Seismic waves are primarily caused by the release of energy from tectonic plate movements.

72
Q

What is the study of seismic waves known as?

A

The study of seismic waves is known as seismology.

73
Q

Which type of seismic wave can travel through both solids and liquids?

A

P-waves can travel through both solids and liquids.

74
Q

What is the main difference between P-waves and S-waves?

A

P-waves are compressional waves, while S-waves are shear waves.

75
Q

Which type of seismic wave has the highest amplitude?

A

Surface waves have the highest amplitude.

76
Q

Which type of seismic wave is most commonly felt by humans during an earthquake?

A

Surface waves are most commonly felt by humans during an earthquake.

77
Q

What is the speed of seismic waves influenced by?

A

The speed of seismic waves is influenced by the density and elasticity of the materials they travel through.

78
Q

Which type of seismic wave is responsible for the initial jolt felt during an earthquake?

A

P-waves are responsible for the initial jolt felt during an earthquake.

SCIENCE GRADE 10 Q1 (1 decks)

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