Volcanoes, Climate, Stars Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
a vent in Earth’s crust through which melted or molten rock flows
A
Volcano
2
Q
molten or liquid-like rock within the Earth
A
Magma
3
Q
magma that reaches Earth’s surface
A
lava
4
Q
an opening through which magma flows on Earth’s surface
A
vent
5
Q
causes the formation of volcanoes and the eruptions that result
A
movement of Earth’s tectonic plates
6
Q
where 2 of Earth’s plates join together.
A
CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES
7
Q
When 2 plates collide, the denser plate ______ or ________ into the mantle
A
sinks or subduct
8
Q
where 2 of Earth’s plates move apart Ring of Fire. Magma rises through the vent or opening in Earth’s crust that forms between them
A
DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
9
Q
active areas below the Earth’s crust.
A
hotspots
10
Q
When the plate moves away from the plume, the volcano becomes __________ or _______. A chain of volcanoes forms as the plate moves.
A
dormant/inactive
11
Q
rising currents of hot mantle material
A
plume
12
Q
Most volcanoes are close to plate boundaries. Mostly along ___________ plates boundaries.
A
convergent
13
Q
represents an area of earthquake and volcanic activity that surrounds the Pacific Ocean
A
ring of fire
14
Q
potentially active volcanoes in the PH
A
26
15
Q
active volcanoes in the PH
A
23
16
Q
PHIVOLCS
A
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
17
Q
monitors the potential for future volcanic eruptions in the PH
A
PHIVOLCS
18
Q
type of volcano which has a record of eruption within the last 600 years
A
active
19
Q
an active volcano that is experiencing an eruption
A
erupting
20
Q
has erupted in the past 10,000 years
A
potentially active
21
Q
an active volcano that has the potential to erupt again
A
dormant
22
Q
has not erupted in over 10,000 years
A
inactive
23
Q
a volcano that has not erupted in history
A
extinct
24
Q
(TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES)
non-explosive eruptions, fluid basaltic lava, gentle broad slopes (non-viscous)
A
SHIELD
25
(TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES)
large, steep-sided volcanoes that result from explosive eruptions. Both explosive and quiet eruptions
composite
26
(TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES)
small, steep-sided volcanoes that erupt gas-rich, basaltic lavas (thick, viscous lava) (explosive)
cinder cones
27
tiny particles of pulverized volcanic rock and glass
volcanic ash
28
determines a volcano’s eruptive style.
It is affected by the amount of __________ ______ and ______ _______ __ _______.
Magma Chemistry
dissolved gases and silica content of magma.
29
a liquid’s resistance to flow
VISCOSITY
30
Magma that has low silica content also has a ____ _________ and flows easily. They erupt _______.
low viscosity
quietly
31
contributes to how explosive a volcano can be
DISSOLVED GASES
32
short term atmospheric condition. Can change rapidly
weather
33
long term average weather conditions that occur in a particular region
climate
34
distance of the place from the equator. Equator receives direct light and heat from the sun
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
35
the amount of solar energy per unit of Earth’s surface area depends on it
latitude
36
temperature decreases as altitude increases in the troposphere
altitude
37
the natural and artificial physical features of a certain place
topography
38
the winds from one direction which blows more often than another
prevailing winds
39
an area of low rainfall on the downwind slope of a mountain
rain shadows
40
the irregular warming of surface water in the pacific
EL NIÑO
41
associated with low temperature and heavier than usual rainfall areas
LA NIÑA
42
vital to life. Traps heat from the Earth
GREENHOUSE GASES EFFECT
43
send gases into the atmosphere that enhance the greenhouse effect
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
44
tiny solid particles/ liquid droplets that remain suspended in the atmosphere for a long time
AEROSOLS
45
CLASSIFYING CLIMATES
Köppen Classification System
46
Cold year-round
Polar Climate
47
Warm summers, cold winters
Continental Climate
48
Hot summers, cooler winters
Dry Climate
49
Warm year-round
Tropical Climate
50
Warm summers, mild winter
Mild Climate
51
localized climate that is different from the climate of the larger area surrounding it
MICROCLIMATE
52
cold periods lasting from hundreds to million of years when glaciers cover much of Earth
IGE AGES
53
the warm periods that occur during ice ages or between ice ages
INTERGLACIALS
54
4 CAUSES OF LONG-TERM CLIMATE CYLES
- Shape of Earth’s orbit
- Changes in the tilt of Earth’s axis
- Slow movement of Earth’s continent
- Changes in ocean circulation
55
changes in the amount of solar energy received at different latitudes during different times of the year give rise to the seasons
seasons
56
4 days that mark the beginning of each of the seasons
SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES
57
mark the beginnings of summer and winter
SOLSTICES
58
days when Earth is positioned so that neither the northern hemisphere nor the southern hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun. The number of daylight hours almost equals the number of nighttime hours everywhere on Earth. The beginning of spring and fall.
EQUINOXES
59
the combined ocean and atmospheric cycle that results in weakened trade winds across the Pacific Ocean
EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION or ENSO
60
wind circulation pattern that changes direction with the seasons
MOONSOONS
61
summer(southwest) monsoon in the PH. Late April to Early October. Significant amount of rainfall
HABAGAT
62
winter(northeast) monsoon in the PH. Late September to April. Cool and dry
AMIHAN
63
period with below-average precipitation
DROUGHT
64
the rise in Earth’s average surface temperature during the past 100 years
GLOBAL WARMING
65
lies 0 to 23.5 degree. The solar radiation in these regions reaches the ground nearly vertically at noontime almost the entire year.
MID ZONE/TROPICAL ZONE
66
23.5 to 40 degree which receives the highest solar energy. Most of the deserts in the world are located in this zone
SUBTROPICS
67
40 to 60 degree. The solar radiation reaches these regions at a smaller angle making the average temperature cooler than the tropics.
TEMPERATE
68
60 to 90 degree. these zones receive less heat; thus they have a very cold temperature. Thus, the conditions for life in these regions are very hard
POLAR ZONE
69
change in the average weather conditions or patterns extended for a long period of time.
CLIMATE CHANGE
70
large-scale cutting and/or burning of forests
DEFORESTATION
71
large ball of gas(Hydrogen and Helium) held together by gravity with a core so hot that nuclear fusion occurs
STAR
72
Stars are born with ______ _________ _______ ____ ______ that collapse in on themselves. The cloud material heats up as it falls inward under the force of its own gravity. When the gas reaches about ___ million K ________ nuclei begin to fuse into ______ nuclei and the star is born.
clumps within gigantic gas clouds
10 million K ,
hydrogen nuclei begin to fuse into helium nuclei
73
the total energy that a star produces in one second. The radius of the star and its surface temperature determine this.
LUMINOSITY
74
perceived brightness as seen on Earth.
APPARENT MAGNITUDE
75
measure of how bright the star would be if all stars were at the same distance from Earth.
ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE
76
_____ of a star depends on its surface temperature.
COLOR
77
Cooler stars are _____
red
78
hotter stars have _______ appearance.
bluer appearance.
79
Stars in the mid ranges are ________ or _______ color like the sun.
white or yellow
80
The coolest, reddest stars (red giants) are approximately ________ , while the hottest stars (blue giants) can reach _________. Note that the sun is about ________ .
2,500K (red)
50,000K (blue)
5,500K (sun)
81
Astronomers measure the size of a star in terms of the ______ ______ which means that if a star measures 1 solar radii it would be as big as the sun.
sun’s radius
82
The mass of a star is also measured in terms of the ____. More mass means more __________ so the star presses in on itself more strongly. This means it gets hotter in the core than a smaller star, so it burns faster and at a much higher temperature. Because it burns hotter it also gives off more energy than a smaller, cooler star.
sun
self-gravity
83
are very dense stars. The mass is comparable to that of the sun, and their volume is comparable to that of the earth. Their faint luminosity comes from the emission of stored thermal energy.
WHITE DWARFS
84
are made from the fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores. About 90% of the stars are in the universe including the sun are main sequence stars.
MAIN SEQUENCE STARS
85
former dwarfs that have cooled and expanded to a great size.
GIANT STARS
86
star their life as main sequence dwarf. They are much brighter, hotter, and massive than the sun, which can be hundreds of times bigger. It has a hectic but very short life.
SUPERGIANT STARS
87
A group of stars that form a pattern in the sky. There are 88 constellations
CONSTELLATION
88
WHY DO STARS APPEAR TO MOVE IN THE NIGHT SKY ?
1. Rotation of the Earth
| 2. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
89
6 TYPES OF VOLCANO
ACTIVE, ERUPTING, POTENTIALLY ACTIVE, DORMANT, INACTIVE, EXTINCT
90
3 TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES
SHIELD, COMPOSITE, CINDER CONES
91
10 FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
```
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
LATITUDE
ALTITUDE
TOPOGRAPHY
PREVAILING WINDS
RAIN SHADOWS
EL NIÑO
LA NIÑA
GREENHOUSE GASES EFFECT
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
```
92
5 Köppen Climate Classification
```
Polar Climate
Continental Climate
Dry Climate
Tropical Climate
Mild Climate
```
93
2 LONG TERM CYCLES OF CLIMATE
ICE AGES
| INTERGLACIALS
94
3 SHORT TERM CYCLES OF CLIMATE
SEASONS
SOLSTICES
EQUINOXES
95
EARTH’S 4 CLIMATE ZONES
MID ZONE/TROPICAL ZONE
SUBTROPICS
TEMPERATE
POLAR ZONE
96
5 CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS
```
BRIGHTNESS
COLOR
TEMPERATURE
SIZE
MASS
```
97
4 GROUPINGS OF STARS
WHITE DWARFS
MAIN SEQUENCE STARS
GIANT STARS
SUPERGIANT STARS
