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CSD 444 > Voice and Laryngectomy > Flashcards

Voice and Laryngectomy Flashcards

1
Q

Voice requires the coordination of 3 subsystems…?

A

respiration (lungs), phonation (vocal folds), resonance (vocal tract)

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2
Q

What is the source-filter theory?

A

sources of sound (air movement through the vocal folds) creates vibrations. For voice production, the oral and nasal cavities shape the sound source into the phonemes we can recognize.

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3
Q

what is the major function of the larynx

A

airway protection

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4
Q

the larynx sits on top of the ____?

A

trachea

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5
Q

what is the only bone in the larynx?

A

hyoid

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6
Q

what 9 cartilages make up the larynx?

A

cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoids (2), corniculates (2), cunieforms (2)

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7
Q

what is an extrinsic laryngeal muscle responsible for?

A

elevating and lowering the larynx during respiration, phonation, and swallowing

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8
Q

what is an intrinsic laryngeal muscle?

A

both attachments are located on the laryngeal framework

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9
Q

what is the laryngeal abductor’s purpose?

A

pull the vocal folds apart

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10
Q

what are the laryngeal adductor’s purpose?

A

bring the vocal folds together

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11
Q

what are the laryngeal relaxers’ purpose?

A

decrease the length of the vocal folds, decrease pitch

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12
Q

what are the laryngeal tensors’ purpose?

A

stretch the vocal folds, increase pitch

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13
Q

where are the false vocal folds located?

A

above the true vocal folds

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14
Q

what are the false vocal folds called?

A

ventricular folds

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15
Q

what is the space between the vocal folds called?

A

glottis

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16
Q

how many layers are the true vocal folds composed of?

A

5

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17
Q

what comprises the body of the vocal folds?

A

thyroarytenoid (vocalis)

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18
Q

what are the resonating cavities?

A

oral cavity, nasal cavity, velopharyngeal port

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19
Q

what is the average fundamental frequency for females?

A

200 Hz

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20
Q

what is the average fundamental frequency for males?

A

125 Hz

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21
Q

what is fundamental frequency for voice?

A

the number of vocal fold vibration per second, measured in Hz

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22
Q

what is loudness (or intensity) measured in?

A

dB SPL

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23
Q

what are the 3 characteristics we hear in a voice?

A

fundamental frequency (pitch), intensity (loudness), quality

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24
Q

what is the fundamental frequency determined by?

A

length and tension of the VFs

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24
Q

when there is more tension in the VF, the vibratory rate is ____, and the fundamental frequency and pitch are ____

A

higher, higher

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24
Q

what happens to the male voice as they age?

A

pitch decreases in the teenage years, increases at around 60

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25
Q

what is a voice disorder?

A

a voice disorder exists when a person’s quality, pitch, and loudness differ from those of similar age, gender, cultural background, and geographic location.

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25
Q

what happens to the female voice as we age?

A

after 60, some voice go down in pitch, some go up

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26
Q

what is dysphonia?

A

any disturbance in normal vocal function

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27
Q

what are the 3 major categories of causes of voice disorders?

A

misuse/abuse
psychological/stress
medical/physical

28
Q

misuse/abuses is called _____

A

phonotrauma

29
Q

what are vocal nodules?

A

benign extensions of the epithelium

30
Q

where do vocal nodules occur specifically?

A

anterior 1/3 and posterior 2/3 of the true vocal folds

31
Q

what are some causal factors of vocal nodules?

A

cigarette smoking, vocal abuse, air pollution, alcohol, chronic sinusitis

32
Q

Pitch lowers/raises with vocal nodules

A

lowers

33
Q

what does the voice sound like with vocal nodules

A

breathy

34
Q

what are the classic characteristics associated with vocal nodules?

A

lower pitch
reduced loudness
pitch breaks
husky voice

35
Q

what kind of treatment is needed when you have vocal nodules?

A

behavioral voice therapy
sometimes surgery is required

36
Q

what are vocal polyps?

A

similar to vocal nodules, but are more pliable and blister-like

37
Q

what are the two types of vocal polyps?

A

sessile and pendunculated

38
Q

what are sessile vocal polyps?

A

broad-based, involve varying extents of the VF

39
Q

what are pedunculated vocal polyps?

A

stem-based, mass is attached to the VF by a stalk-like appendage

40
Q

what causes vocal polyps?

A

allergies, URI, excessive use of alcohol, cigarette smoking

41
Q

what is a common vocal characteristic associated with vocal polyps?

A

diplophonia

42
Q

Vocal polyps are usually unilateral/bilateral?

A

unilateral

43
Q

Sudden voice breaks are associated with sessile/pedunculated vocal polyps?

A

pedunculated

44
Q

what type of treatment is needed for vocal polyps?

A

voice therapy is useful with early stages of vocal polyps; surgery is sometimes necessary to remove them

45
Q

What is a vocal fold cyst?

A

fluid-filled growths that may be congenital or acquired, can be bilateral or unilateral

46
Q

What type of vocal quality is associated with vocal fold cysts?

A

hoarseness, breathiness, and voice and pitch breaks

47
Q

what type of treatment is needed for vocal fold cysts?

A

surgical removal is necessary; therapy may be recommended to reduce swelling pre-surgery

48
Q

what are contact ulcers caused by?

A

repeated hyperadduction of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

49
Q

what type of vocal quality is associated with contact ulcers?

A

low-pitched phonation, “throaty,” hard glottal attacks, breathy

50
Q

what is a contact ulcer?

A

benign ulcerations found most often in mucosa of the tips of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

51
Q

Are ulcers unilateral or bilateral?

A

trick question, both

52
Q

Vocal quality is more affected in the early/later stages of contact ulcers?

A

later stages

53
Q

what disease is associated with contact ulcers?

A

GERD

54
Q

what type of treatment is needed for contact ulcers?

A

reduction of vocal abuse, medically managing GERD, sometimes surgery

55
Q

what is an intubation granuloma?

A

a lesion that develops in the region of the vocal process of the arytenoids as a result of endotracheal tube trauma

56
Q

what is a traumatic laryngeal web?

A

as a consequence of trauma of infection, a small piece of connective tissue may form anteriorly between the vocal folds

57
Q

what type of vocal quality is associated with traumatic laryngeal web?

A

elevation in pitch, hoarse

58
Q

what is a videostroboscopy?

A

procedure used to examine the vocal folds with a tiny video camera

59
Q

what is hygenic voice therapy?

A

teaching people with voice disorders how to take care of vocal fold tissue, keep moist, free from irritants

60
Q

what is symptomatic voice therapy?

A

modification of deviant vocal symptoms such as breathiness, inappropriate pitch, loudness, hard glottal attacks

61
Q

what is psychogenic voice therapy?

A

focus is on emotional and psychosocial status of the patient that led to and maintained the voice disorder

62
Q

what is physiological voice therapy?

A

improve the balance between respiratory support, laryngeal muscle strength, control and stamina, and supraglottic modification of the laryngeal tone

63
Q

what is a laryngectomy?

A

a term used to describe the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose, and esophagus

64
Q

what are risk factors for laryngeal cancer?

A

smoking (especially combined with excessive alcohol)

65
Q

what is intrinsic laryngeal cancer?

A

on the true vocal folds or between the folds, audible, can be diagnosed early

66
Q

what is extrinsic laryngeal cancer?

A

any location in the larynx (except true VF), inaudible, may not be diagnosed until its too late

67
Q

what is a total laryngectomy?

A

removal of the entire larynx up to an including the hyoid bone and down to the upper tracheal rings

68
Q

what is the primary and most immediate impact a laryngectomy has on a patient?

A

loss of a voice

69
Q

a person with a laryngectomy will breathe though the ____ after a laryngectomy?

A

stoma

70
Q

what is pharyngoesophageal speech?

A

type of speech that utilizes the individuals reconfigured anatomy, the PE sphincter

CSD 444 (2 decks)

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