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CSD 444 > Voice and Laryngectomy > Flashcards

Voice and Laryngectomy Flashcards

1
Q

Voice requires the coordination of 3 subsystems…?

A

respiration (lungs), phonation (vocal folds), resonance (vocal tract)

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2
Q

What is the source-filter theory?

A

sources of sound (air movement through the vocal folds) creates vibrations. For voice production, the oral and nasal cavities shape the sound source into the phonemes we can recognize.

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3
Q

what is the major function of the larynx

A

airway protection

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4
Q

the larynx sits on top of the ____?

A

trachea

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5
Q

what is the only bone in the larynx?

A

hyoid

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6
Q

what 9 cartilages make up the larynx?

A

cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoids (2), corniculates (2), cunieforms (2)

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7
Q

what is an extrinsic laryngeal muscle responsible for?

A

elevating and lowering the larynx during respiration, phonation, and swallowing

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8
Q

what is an intrinsic laryngeal muscle?

A

both attachments are located on the laryngeal framework

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9
Q

what is the laryngeal abductor’s purpose?

A

pull the vocal folds apart

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10
Q

what are the laryngeal adductor’s purpose?

A

bring the vocal folds together

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11
Q

what are the laryngeal relaxers’ purpose?

A

decrease the length of the vocal folds, decrease pitch

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12
Q

what are the laryngeal tensors’ purpose?

A

stretch the vocal folds, increase pitch

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13
Q

where are the false vocal folds located?

A

above the true vocal folds

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14
Q

what are the false vocal folds called?

A

ventricular folds

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15
Q

what is the space between the vocal folds called?

A

glottis

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16
Q

how many layers are the true vocal folds composed of?

A

5

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17
Q

what comprises the body of the vocal folds?

A

thyroarytenoid (vocalis)

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18
Q

what are the resonating cavities?

A

oral cavity, nasal cavity, velopharyngeal port

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19
Q

what is the average fundamental frequency for females?

A

200 Hz

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20
Q

what is the average fundamental frequency for males?

A

125 Hz

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21
Q

what is fundamental frequency for voice?

A

the number of vocal fold vibration per second, measured in Hz

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22
Q

what is loudness (or intensity) measured in?

A

dB SPL

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23
Q

what are the 3 characteristics we hear in a voice?

A

fundamental frequency (pitch), intensity (loudness), quality

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24
Q

what is the fundamental frequency determined by?

A

length and tension of the VFs

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24
when there is more tension in the VF, the vibratory rate is ____, and the fundamental frequency and pitch are ____
higher, higher
24
what happens to the male voice as they age?
pitch decreases in the teenage years, increases at around 60
25
what is a voice disorder?
a voice disorder exists when a person's quality, pitch, and loudness differ from those of similar age, gender, cultural background, and geographic location.
25
what happens to the female voice as we age?
after 60, some voice go down in pitch, some go up
26
what is dysphonia?
any disturbance in normal vocal function
27
what are the 3 major categories of causes of voice disorders?
misuse/abuse psychological/stress medical/physical
28
misuse/abuses is called _____
phonotrauma
29
what are vocal nodules?
benign extensions of the epithelium
30
where do vocal nodules occur specifically?
anterior 1/3 and posterior 2/3 of the true vocal folds
31
what are some causal factors of vocal nodules?
cigarette smoking, vocal abuse, air pollution, alcohol, chronic sinusitis
32
Pitch lowers/raises with vocal nodules
lowers
33
what does the voice sound like with vocal nodules
breathy
34
what are the classic characteristics associated with vocal nodules?
lower pitch reduced loudness pitch breaks husky voice
35
what kind of treatment is needed when you have vocal nodules?
behavioral voice therapy sometimes surgery is required
36
what are vocal polyps?
similar to vocal nodules, but are more pliable and blister-like
37
what are the two types of vocal polyps?
sessile and pendunculated
38
what are sessile vocal polyps?
broad-based, involve varying extents of the VF
39
what are pedunculated vocal polyps?
stem-based, mass is attached to the VF by a stalk-like appendage
40
what causes vocal polyps?
allergies, URI, excessive use of alcohol, cigarette smoking
41
what is a common vocal characteristic associated with vocal polyps?
diplophonia
42
Vocal polyps are usually unilateral/bilateral?
unilateral
43
Sudden voice breaks are associated with sessile/pedunculated vocal polyps?
pedunculated
44
what type of treatment is needed for vocal polyps?
voice therapy is useful with early stages of vocal polyps; surgery is sometimes necessary to remove them
45
What is a vocal fold cyst?
fluid-filled growths that may be congenital or acquired, can be bilateral or unilateral
46
What type of vocal quality is associated with vocal fold cysts?
hoarseness, breathiness, and voice and pitch breaks
47
what type of treatment is needed for vocal fold cysts?
surgical removal is necessary; therapy may be recommended to reduce swelling pre-surgery
48
what are contact ulcers caused by?
repeated hyperadduction of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages
49
what type of vocal quality is associated with contact ulcers?
low-pitched phonation, "throaty," hard glottal attacks, breathy
50
what is a contact ulcer?
benign ulcerations found most often in mucosa of the tips of the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages
51
Are ulcers unilateral or bilateral?
trick question, both
52
Vocal quality is more affected in the early/later stages of contact ulcers?
later stages
53
what disease is associated with contact ulcers?
GERD
54
what type of treatment is needed for contact ulcers?
reduction of vocal abuse, medically managing GERD, sometimes surgery
55
what is an intubation granuloma?
a lesion that develops in the region of the vocal process of the arytenoids as a result of endotracheal tube trauma
56
what is a traumatic laryngeal web?
as a consequence of trauma of infection, a small piece of connective tissue may form anteriorly between the vocal folds
57
what type of vocal quality is associated with traumatic laryngeal web?
elevation in pitch, hoarse
58
what is a videostroboscopy?
procedure used to examine the vocal folds with a tiny video camera
59
what is hygenic voice therapy?
teaching people with voice disorders how to take care of vocal fold tissue, keep moist, free from irritants
60
what is symptomatic voice therapy?
modification of deviant vocal symptoms such as breathiness, inappropriate pitch, loudness, hard glottal attacks
61
what is psychogenic voice therapy?
focus is on emotional and psychosocial status of the patient that led to and maintained the voice disorder
62
what is physiological voice therapy?
improve the balance between respiratory support, laryngeal muscle strength, control and stamina, and supraglottic modification of the laryngeal tone
63
what is a laryngectomy?
a term used to describe the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose, and esophagus
64
what are risk factors for laryngeal cancer?
smoking (especially combined with excessive alcohol)
65
what is intrinsic laryngeal cancer?
on the true vocal folds or between the folds, audible, can be diagnosed early
66
what is extrinsic laryngeal cancer?
any location in the larynx (except true VF), inaudible, may not be diagnosed until its too late
67
what is a total laryngectomy?
removal of the entire larynx up to an including the hyoid bone and down to the upper tracheal rings
68
what is the primary and most immediate impact a laryngectomy has on a patient?
loss of a voice
69
a person with a laryngectomy will breathe though the ____ after a laryngectomy?
stoma
70
what is pharyngoesophageal speech?
type of speech that utilizes the individuals reconfigured anatomy, the PE sphincter

CSD 444 (2 decks)

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