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DSM 5 > Vocabulary Words > Flashcards

Vocabulary Words Flashcards

1
Q

Affect

A

Affect:
A pattern of observable behaviors that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion). Examples of affect include sadness, elation, and anger. In contrast to mood, which refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional “climate,” ajfect refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional “weather.” What is considered the normal
range of the expression of affect varies considerably, both within and among different cultures. Disturbances in affect include…….

  • blunted
  • flat
  • inappropriate
  • labile
  • restricted or constricted
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2
Q

Blunted Affect

A

Significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression.

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3
Q

Flat Affect

A

Absence or near absence of any sign of affective expression.

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4
Q

Inappropriate Affect

A

Discordance between affective expression and the content of speech
or ideation.

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5
Q

Labile Affect

A

Abnormal variability in affect with repeated, rapid, and abrupt shifts in affective
expression.

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6
Q

Restricted or Conflicted Affect

A

Mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression.

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7
Q

Alogia

A

An impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from observing speech and language behavior. There may be brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech (termed poverty of speech). Sometimes the speech is adequate in amoimt but conveys little information because it is overconcrete, overabstract,
repetitive, or stereotyped (termed poverty of content).

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8
Q

Anhedonia

A

Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life’s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure and take interest in things. Anhedonia is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT.

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9
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of the ability to produce or comprehend language, generally caused by damage to the language centers of the brain (particularly Wernicke’s and Broca’s).

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10
Q

Asociality

A

A reduced initiative for interacting with other people.

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11
Q

Avolition

A

An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. When severe enough to be considered pathological, avolition is pervasive and prevents the person from completing many different types of activities (e.g., work, intellectual pursuits, self-care).

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12
Q

Catatonic Behavior

A

Marked motor abnormalities including motoric immobility, certain types of excessive motor activity (purposeless agitation not influenced by external stimuli), extreme negativism (apparent motiveless resistance to instructions or attempts to be moved), or mutism, posturing, or stereotyped movements.

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13
Q

Cognition

A

Processes of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content
of the processes, such as concepts and memories.

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14
Q

Comorbidity

A

The experience of more than one disorder at the same time.

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15
Q

Compulsion

A

Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive.

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16
Q

Conversion Symptom

A

Loss of, or alteration in, voluntary motor or sensory functioning, with orwithout apparent impairment of consciousness. The symptom is not fully explained by a neurological or another medical condition or the direct effects of a substance and is not intentionally produced or feigned.

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17
Q

Countertransference

A

Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist’s life.

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18
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

Mechanisms that mediate the individual’s reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting, acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others (e.g., suppression, denial) may be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and the context in which they occur.

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19
Q

Delusion

A

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person’s culture or subculture (i.e., it is not an article of religious faith). When a false belief involves a value judgment, it is regarded as a delusion only when the judgment is so extreme as to defy credibility. Delusional conviction can sometimes be inferred from an overvalued idea (in which case the individual has an unreasonable belief or idea but does not hold it as firmly as is the case with a delusion). Delusions are subdivided according to their content. Common types are….

  • Bizarre
  • Jealousy
  • Erotomanic
  • Grandiose
  • Of being controlled
  • Of reference
  • Persecutory
  • Somatic
  • Thought Broadcasting/Insertion
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20
Q

Bizarre Delusion

A

A delusion that involves a phenomenon that the person’s culture would regard as physically impossible. delusionaljealousy A delusion that one’s sexual partner is unfaithful.

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21
Q

Delusion of Being Controlled

A

A delusion in which feelings, impulses, thoughts, or actions are experienced as being under the control of some external force rather than being under one’s own control.

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22
Q

Delusion of Reference

A

A delusion in which events, objects, or other persons in one’s immediate environment are seen as having a particular and unusual significance. These delusions are usually of a negative or pejorative nature but also may be grandiose in content. A delusion of reference differs from an idea of reference, in which the false belief is not as firmly held nor as fully organized into a true belief.

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23
Q

Persecutory Delusion

A

A delusion in which the central theme is that one (or someone to whom one is close) is being attacked, harassed, cheated, persecuted, or conspired against.

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24
Q

Somatic Delusion

A

A delusion whose main content pertains to the appearance or functioning of one’s body.

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25
Q

Thought Broadcasting Delusion

A

A delusion that one’s thoughts are being broadcast out loud so that they can be perceived by others.

26
Q

Thought Insertion Delusion

A

A delusion that certain of one’s thoughts are not one’s own, but rather are inserted into one’s mind.

27
Q

Depersonalization

A

The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one’s mental processes, body, or actions (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream; a sense of unreality of self, perceptual alterations; emotional and/or physical numbing; temporal distortions; sense of unreality). The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observerof, one’s surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted).

28
Q

Dissociation

A

The splitting off of clusters of mental contents from conscious awareness. Dissociation is a mechanism central to dissociative disorders. The term is also used to describe the separation of an idea from its emotional significance and affect, as seen in the inappropriate affect in schizophrenia. Often a result of psychic trauma, dissociation may allow the individual to maintain allegiance to two contradictory truths while remaining
unconscious of the contradiction. An extreme manifestation of dissociation is dissociative identity disorder, in which a person may exhibit several independent personalities, each unaware of the others.

29
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscle activity.

30
Q

Emotional Lability

A

Instability of emotional experiences and mood; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances. Emotional lability is a facet of the broad personality trait domain NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY.

31
Q

Flight of Ideas

A

A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. When the condition is severe, speech may be disorganized and incoherent.

32
Q

Grandiosity

A

Believing that one is superior to others and deserves special treatment; selfcenteredness; feelings of entitlement; condescension toward others. Grandiosity is a facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM.

33
Q

Hallucination

A

A perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Hallucinations should be distinguished from ILLUSIONS, in which an actual external stimulus is misperceived or misinteφreted. The person may or may not have insight into the nonveridical nature of the hallucination. One hallucinating person may recognize the false sensory experience, whereas another may be convinced that the experience is grounded in reality. The term hallucination is not ordinarily applied to the false perceptions that occur during dreaming, while falling asleep (hypnagogic), or upon awakening (hypnopompic). Transient hallucinatory experiences may occur without a mental disorder. Types of hallucinations include:

  • Auditory
  • Gustatory
  • Olfactory
  • Somatic
  • Tactile
  • Visual

• auditory A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice.
• geometric Visual hallucinations involving geometric shapes such as tunnels and funnels, spirals, lattices, or cobwebs.
• gustatory A hallucination involving the perception of taste (usually unpleasant).
• olfactory A hallucination involving the perception of odor, such as of burning rubber
or decaying fish.
• somatic A hallucination involving the perception of physical experience localized within the body (e.g., a feeling of electricity). A somatic hallucination is to be distinguished
• from physical sensations arising from an as-yet-undiagnosed general medical condition, from hypochondriacal preoccupation with normal physical sensations, or from a tactile hallucination.
• tactile A hallucination involving the perception of being touched or of something being under one’s skin. The most common tactile hallucinations are the sensation of electric shocks and formication (the sensation of something creeping or crawling on pr under the skin).
• visual A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as ofpeople, or of unformed images, such as flashes of light. Visual hallucinations should be distinguished from ILLUSIONS, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli.

34
Q

Auditory Hallucination

A

A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice.

35
Q

Geometric Hallucination

A

Visual hallucinations involving geometric shapes such as tunnels and funnels, spirals, lattices, or cobwebs.

36
Q

Gustatory Hallucination

A

A hallucination involving the perception of taste (usually unpleasant).

37
Q

Olfactory Hallucination

A

A hallucination involving the perception of odor, such as of burning rubber
or decaying fish.

38
Q

Somatic Hallucination

A

A hallucination involving the perception of physical experience localized within the body (e.g., a feeling of electricity). A somatic hallucination is to be distinguished from physical sensations arising from an as-yet-undiagnosed general medical condition, from hypochondriacal preoccupation with normal physical sensations, or from a tactile hallucination.

39
Q

Tactile Hallucination

A

A hallucination involving the perception of being touched or of something being under one’s skin. The most common tactile hallucinations are the sensation of electric shocks and formication (the sensation of something creeping or crawling on or under the skin).

40
Q

Visual Hallucination

A

A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as ofpeople, or of unformed images, such as flashes of light. Visual hallucinations should be distinguished from ILLUSIONS, which are misperceptions of real external stimuli.

41
Q

Ideas of Reference

A

The feeling that causal incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. An idea of reference is to be distinguished from a DELUSION OF REFERENCE, in which there is a belief that is held with delusional conviction

42
Q

Magical Thinking

A

The erroneous belief that one’s thoughts, words, or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of cause and effect. Magical thinking may be ya part of normal child development.

43
Q

Mood

A

Mood (all types or descriptors)
A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional “weather,” mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional “climate.”
Types of mood include:

  • Dysphoric Mood
  • Elevated Mood
  • Euthymie Mood
44
Q

Dysphoric Mood

A

An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.

45
Q

Elevated Mood

A

An exaggerated feeling of well-being, or euphoria or elation. A person with elevated mood may describe feeling “high,” “ecstatic,” “on top of the world,” or “up in the clouds.”

46
Q

Euthymie Mood

A

Mood in the “normal” range, which implies the absence of depressed or elevated mood. expansive Lack of restraint in expressing one’s feelings, frequently with an overvaluatipn of one’s significance or importance. irritableEasily annoyed and provoked to anger.

47
Q

Negative Affectivity

A

Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger), and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g., dependency) manifestations. Negative Affectivity is one of the five pathological PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS defined in Section III “Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

48
Q

Obsession

A

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action
(i.e., by performing a compulsion).

49
Q

Overvalued Idea

A

An unreasonable and sustained belief that is maintained with less than delusional intensity (i.e., the person is able to acknowledge the possibility that the belief may not be true). The belief is not one that is ordinarily accepted by other members of the person’s culture or subculture.

50
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease processes.

51
Q

Perception

A

The processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world.

52
Q

Perseveration

A

Persistence at tasks or in particular way of doing things long after the behavior has ceased to be functional or effective; continuance of the same behavior despite repeated failures or clear reasons for stopping. Perseveration is a facet of the broad personality trait domain NEGATIVE Affectivity

53
Q

Personality

A

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. PERSONALITY TRAITS are prominent aspects of personality that are exhibited in relatively consistent ways across time and across situations. Personality traits influence self and interpersonal functioning. Depending on their severity, impairments in personality functioning and personality trait expression may reflect the presence of a personality disorder.

54
Q

Phobia

A

A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (i.e., the phobic stimulus) out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it. If it cannot be avoided, the phobic stimulus is endured with marked distress.

55
Q

Pressured Speech

A

Speech that is increased in amount, accelerated, and difficult or impossible to interrupt. Usually it is also loud and emphatic. Frequently the person talks without any social stimulation and may continue to talk even though no one is listening

56
Q

Psychoticism

A

One of 5 Broad Personality Trait Domains that includes unusual behaviors and thoughts.

57
Q

Racing Thoughts

A

A state in which the mind uncontrollably brings up random thoughts and memories and switches between them very quickly. Sometimes the thoughts are related, with one thought leading to another; other times they are completely random. A person experiencing an episode of racing thoughts has no control over them and is unable to focus on a single topic or to sleep.

58
Q

Schema

A

General conceptual frameworks, or clusters of knowledge, regarding objects, people, and situations; knowledge packages that encode generalizations about the structure of the environment.

59
Q

Stereotyped Behaviors/Movement

A

Repetitive, abnormally frequent, nongoal- directed movements, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting).

60
Q

Stupor

A

Lack of psychomotor activity, which may range from not actively relating to the environment to complete immobility

61
Q

Tic

A

An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.

62
Q

Transference

A

The process by which a person in psychoanalysis attaches to a therapist feelings formerly held toward some significant person who figured in a past emotional conflict.

DSM 5 (1 decks)

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