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Endocrine System > VOCABULARY REVIEW > Flashcards

VOCABULARY REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Paired glands located above the kidneys; each adrenal gland consists of an inner adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

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2
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer part of the adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids.

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The inner part of the adrenal glands that produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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4
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid).

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5
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium from the urine and excrete potassium by altering the osmotic gradient in the blood.

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6
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones that rregulate body changes associated with sexual development (puberty), including growth spurts, deepening of the voice, growth of facial and pubic hair, and muscle growth and strength.

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7
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary love of the pituitary gland, ADH constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure; also called vasopressin.

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8
Q

calcitonin

A

The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps maintain normal calcium levels in the blood.

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9
Q

catecholamines

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the pulse and respiratory rates and the blood pressure.

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10
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Inadequate production of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal gland.

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11
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function.

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12
Q

cortisol

A

hormone that stimulates most body cells to increase their energy production

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13
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

A condition caused by an excess of cortisol production by the adrenal glands or by excessive use of cortisol or other similar corticosteroid (glucocorticoid) hormones.

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14
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Disease characterized by the body’s inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose. The condition occurs either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to the effects of the insulin that is produced.

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15
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

A form of acidosis in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available.

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16
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

An excessive level of lipids (fats) circulating in the blood, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

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17
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body. Endocrine glands lack ducts and release hormones directly into surrounding tissue and blood.

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18
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that excrete chemicals for elimination

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19
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that plays a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

Estrogen

A

One of the three major female hormones. At puberty, estrogen brings about the secondary sex characteristics.

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21
Q

exophthalmos

A

Protrusion of the eyes form the normal position within the socket.

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22
Q

gestational diabetes

A

diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy.

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23
Q

glands

A

cells or organs that selectively remove, concentrate, or alter materials in the blood and then secrete them back into the body.

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24
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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25
Q

goiter

A

a visible mass in the anterior part of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland

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26
Q

gonads

A

the reproductive glands; the main source of sex hormones

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27
Q

graves disease

A

and autoimmune disorder that causes thyroid gland hypertrophy and severe hyperthyroidism.

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28
Q

Hashimoto disease

A

A type of hyperthyroidism in which the thyroid gland becomes enlarged as it is infiltrated by T lymphocytes and plasma cells

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29
Q

Helper T cells

A

A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses. The cells secrete cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells.

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30
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment.

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31
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Abnormally high blood glucose level

32
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by the body that regulate many body functions, such as growth, reproduction, temperature, metabolism, and blood pressure.

33
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)

A

Also known as hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HONK), HHNC is a metabolic derangement that occurs principally in patients with type 2 diabetes. The condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis.

34
Q

hYPOGLYCEMIA

A

Abnormally low blood glucose level

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

A small region of the brain that contains several control centers for the body functions and emotions. It is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system.

36
Q

Inborn erros of metabolism (IEM)

A

A group of congenital conditions that cause either accumulation of toxins or disorders of energy metabolism in the neonate. These condition are characterized by an infant’s failure to throve and by vague signs such as s poor feeding.

37
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level. Insulin causes sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids to be taken up and metabolized by cells.

38
Q

Insulin resistance

A

Condition in which the pancreas produces enough insulin but the body cannot effectively use it.

39
Q

Iodine

A

An essential element in the diet and an important component of thyroxine. Without the proper level of iodine intake, thyroxine cannot be produced, and physical and mental growth are diminished.

40
Q

Ischemia

A

tissue anoxia from diminished blood flow to tissue, usually caused by narrowing or occlusion of the artery.

41
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

A specialized group of cells in the pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced.

42
Q

Killer T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells that attack and phagocytize antigens in order to halt their reproduction.

43
Q

Lipolysis

A

the metabolism (breakdown or destruction) of stored fat that has been released into the circulation

44
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Hormone that regulates the production of both eggs and sperm, as well as production of reproductive hormones.

45
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that assist the lymphatic system with immunity.

46
Q

Lymphokines

A

Cytokines released by lymphocytes, including many of the interleukins, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor beta, and chemokines.

47
Q

Microangioipathy

A

Microscopic deterioration of vessel walls caused primarily by adherence of blood lipids to vessel walls.

48
Q

Myxedema coma

A

A rare condition that can occur in patients who have severe, untreated hypothyroidism.

49
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue death, usually caused by a cessation of blood supply

50
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is vital in the function of the sympathetic nervous system.

51
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads; ovaries release eggs and screte the female hormones

52
Q

Pancreas

A

The digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. The pancreas is considered both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.

53
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

The inadequate production or absence of the pituitary hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, thyroxine, lutenizing hormone (LZ), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and antidiuretic hormone (AHD).

54
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

A hormone secreted by the parathyroids that acts as an antagonist to calcitonin. PTH is secreted when calcium blood levels are low.

55
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

A tumor of the adrenal gland, usually in the medulla, that causes excessive release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

56
Q

Pineal gland

A

A gland in the brain that synthesizes and secretes melatonin, an hormone that affects patterns of sleep and wakefulness.

57
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Gland whose secretions control, or regulate, the secretions of other endocrine glands. Often called the “master gland”..

58
Q

Pretibial myxedema

A

An “orange peel” appearance and no pitting edema of the skin on the anterior part of the leg below the knee.

59
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Also known as Addison disease. A rare condition in which the adrenal glands produce an insufficient amount of adrenal hormones.

60
Q

Progesterone

A

One of the three major female hormones

61
Q

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

A

A common condition characterized by a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, also called corticotrophin) secretion from the pituitary gland.

62
Q

sine wave

A

An unusual waveform that has a repetitive, uniform see-saw pattern, representing an alternating current; also know as a sinusoidal waveform.

63
Q

Somatostatin

A

A hormone that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion by the pancreas.

64
Q

Suppressor t cells

A

Lymphocytes that modulate the immune response avoid injury to body systems

65
Q

target tissues

A

Tissues on which hormones are directed to act.

66
Q

testes

A

Male gonads located in the scrotum that produce hormones called androgens

67
Q

testosterone

A

the most important androgen in men

68
Q

thymus gland

A

a gland that helps the immune system identify and destroy components foreign to the body

69
Q

thyroid

A

Large gland located at the base of the neck that produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism

70
Q

thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH)

A

Hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

71
Q

thyroid-storm

A

A rare, life-threatening condition that may occur in patients with thyrotoxicosis. The condition is usually triggered by a stressful event or increased volume of thyroid hormones in the circulation.

72
Q

thyroxine

A

The body’s major metabolic hormone. Thyroxin stimulates energy production in cells, which increases the rate at which the cells consume oxygen and use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

73
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

The type of diabetic disease that usually starts in childhood and requires daily injections of supplemental synthetic insulin to control blood glucose; sometimes called juvenile diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes.

74
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

the type of diabetic disease that usually starts in later live and often can be controlled through diet and oral medications; sometimes called adult-onset diabetes.

75
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urine output because of osmotic diuresis

76
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst due to dehydration

77
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive eating likely due to inefficient utilization of nutrients.

Endocrine System (1 decks)

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