Vocabulary M1 Flashcards
(also, homoplasy) characteristic that is similar between organisms by convergent evolution, not due to the same evolutionary path
- different species but same features
Analogy
branch on a phylogenetic tree that has not diverged significantly from the root ancestor
basal taxon
system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names
Mango- magifera indica
binomial nomenclature
node on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones
branch point
system to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies
cladistics
system to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies
cladistics
division of phylum in the taxonomic classification system
Class
proposal that prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes
eukaryote-first hypothesis
division of order in the taxonomic classification system
family
bacteriophage-like particle that transfers random genomic segments from one species of prokaryote to another
gene transfer agent (GTA)
fusion of two prokaryotic genomes, presumably by endosymbiosis
genome fusion
division of family in the taxonomic classification system; the first part of the binomial scientific name
genus
similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
homology
(also, lateral gene transfer) transfer of genes between unrelated species
horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps
maximum parsimony
Kingdom
domain division in the taxonomic classification system
Mitochondria-first hypothesis
proposal that prokaryotes acquired a mitochondrion first, followed by nuclear development
technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships
molecular systematics
(also, clade) organisms that share a single ancestor
monophyletic group
proposal that prokaryotes acquired a nucleus first, and then the mitochondrion
nucleus-first hypothesis
class division in the taxonomic classification system
order
evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms
phylogeny
diagram that reflects the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms
phylogenetic tree
(plural: phyla) kingdom division in the taxonomic classification system
phylum
branch on a phylogenetic tree with more than two groups or taxa
polytomy
phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes
ring of life
single ancestral lineage on a phylogenetic tree to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate
rooted
describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that all organisms on the tree share
shared ancestral character
describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that only a certain clade of organisms share
shared derived character
two lineages that diverged from the same branch point
sister taxa
field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships
systematics
(plural: taxa) single level in the taxonomic classification system
taxon
science of classifying organisms
taxonomy
phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution
web of life
a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants, living and extinct, on a phylogenetic tree. (also known as monophyletic groups or natural groups)
Clade
