Vocabulary M1

Question 1

(also, homoplasy) characteristic that is similar between organisms by convergent evolution, not due to the same evolutionary path
- different species but same features

Answer 1

Analogy

Question 2

branch on a phylogenetic tree that has not diverged significantly from the root ancestor

Answer 2

basal taxon

Question 3

system of two-part scientific names for an organism, which includes genus and species names
Mango- magifera indica

Answer 3

binomial nomenclature

Question 4

node on a phylogenetic tree where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones

Answer 4

branch point

Question 5

system to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies

Answer 5

cladistics

Question 6

system to organize homologous traits to describe phylogenies

Answer 6

cladistics

Question 7

division of phylum in the taxonomic classification system

Answer 7

Class

Question 8

proposal that prokaryotes evolved from eukaryotes

Answer 8

eukaryote-first hypothesis

Question 9

division of order in the taxonomic classification system

Answer 9

family

Question 10

bacteriophage-like particle that transfers random genomic segments from one species of prokaryote to another

Answer 10

gene transfer agent (GTA)

Question 11

fusion of two prokaryotic genomes, presumably by endosymbiosis

Answer 11

genome fusion

Question 12

division of family in the taxonomic classification system; the first part of the binomial scientific name

Answer 12

genus

Question 13

similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

Answer 13

homology

Question 14

(also, lateral gene transfer) transfer of genes between unrelated species

Answer 14

horizontal gene transfer (HGT)

Question 15

applying the simplest, most obvious way with the least number of steps

Answer 15

maximum parsimony

Question 16

Kingdom

Answer 16

domain division in the taxonomic classification system

Question 17

Mitochondria-first hypothesis

Answer 17

proposal that prokaryotes acquired a mitochondrion first, followed by nuclear development

Question 18

technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships

Answer 18

molecular systematics

Question 19

(also, clade) organisms that share a single ancestor

Answer 19

monophyletic group

Question 20

proposal that prokaryotes acquired a nucleus first, and then the mitochondrion

Answer 20

nucleus-first hypothesis

Question 21

class division in the taxonomic classification system

Answer 21

order

Question 22

evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms

Answer 22

phylogeny

Question 23

diagram that reflects the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms

Answer 23

phylogenetic tree

Question 24

(plural: phyla) kingdom division in the taxonomic classification system

Answer 24

phylum

Question 25

branch on a phylogenetic tree with more than two groups or taxa

Answer 25

polytomy

Question 26

phylogenetic model where all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes

Answer 26

ring of life

Question 27

single ancestral lineage on a phylogenetic tree to which all organisms represented in the diagram relate

Answer 27

rooted

Question 28

describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that all organisms on the tree share

Answer 28

shared ancestral character

Question 29

describes a characteristic on a phylogenetic tree that only a certain clade of organisms share

Answer 29

shared derived character

Question 30

two lineages that diverged from the same branch point

Answer 30

sister taxa

Question 31

field of organizing and classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships

Answer 31

systematics

Question 32

(plural: taxa) single level in the taxonomic classification system

Answer 32

taxon

Question 33

science of classifying organisms

Answer 33

taxonomy

Question 34

phylogenetic model that attempts to incorporate the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution

Answer 34

web of life

Question 35

a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants, living and extinct, on a phylogenetic tree. (also known as monophyletic groups or natural groups)

Answer 35

Clade