Vocabulary Ch 3

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

Is the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds.

Question 2

Phonotactic constraints

Answer 2

Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds.

Question 3

Sound substitution

Answer 3

When sounds that exists in language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in that language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 4

Noncontrastive

Answer 4

Two sounds that are not used to differentiate words and language.

Question 5

Contrastive

Answer 5

Replacing one sound with the other in a word can change the word’s meaning.

Question 6

Allophone

Answer 6

Member of a particular phoneme class. One set of noncontrastive realizations of the same phoneme; an actual phonetic segment.

Question 7

Contrastive distribution

Answer 7

The occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguishes between the meanings of words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in question.

Question 8

Minimal pair

Answer 8

A pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound, and to have different meanings.

Question 9

Alternation

Answer 9

The difference between two or more phonetic forms you might otherwise expect to be related.

Question 10

Complementary distribution

Answer 10

The occurrences of sounds in the language system. They are nerve found in the same phonetic environment. These are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.

Question 11

Free variation

Answer 11

Two sounds occurring overlapping environments, but cause no distinction in the meaning of their respective words.

Question 12

Overlapping distribution

Answer 12

The occurrences of sounds in the same phonetic environments.

Question 13

Underlying form

Answer 13

The phonemic form of the word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied.

Question 14

Conditioning environment

Answer 14

Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change.

Question 15

Natural class

Answer 15

Is a group of sounds in a language that share one or more particularity or auditory property, to the exclusion of all other sounds in that language.

Question 16

Sibilant

Answer 16

Segments that have a high pitched, hissing sound quality.

Question 17

Obstruents

Answer 17

Are produced with obstruction of the airflow. The sounds in this category are stops, fricatives, and affricates.

Question 18

Sonorants

Answer 18

Segments produced with a relatively open passage for the airflow. Sonorants. Segments include nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels.

Question 19

Assimilation

Answer 19

The process where a sound (or gesture) becomes more like a nearby sound (or gesture) in terms of some features.

Question 20

Palatalization

Answer 20

Refers to a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.

Question 21

Dissimilation

Answer 21

Causes two closer adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Question 22

Metathesis

Answer 22

Switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other.

Question 23

Strengthening

Answer 23

(also called fortition) make sounds stronger.

Question 24

Aspiration

Answer 24

A puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing.

Question 25

Weakening

Answer 25

(also called lenition) cause sounds to become weaker.

Question 26

Basic allophone

Answer 26

Allophone of phoneme that is used when none of change inducing conditions are fulfilled. Of a set of allophones, it is generally leased limited in where it can occur; also termed the elsewhere allophone.

Question 27

Restricted allophone

Answer 27

An allophone of a phoneme, that appears more limited set of phonetic environments.