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Stats For Psych Test 1 > Vocabulary Ch 1 > Flashcards

Vocabulary Ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average

The sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

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2
Q

Median

A

Arrange numbers in order from smallest to largest
Midpoint of the list
Remember: with even numbers, we add the middle numbers
Ex: 1,1,4,5,7,8
4+5/2=9/2 or 4.5

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3
Q

Mode

A

The score or category that has the greatest frequency

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4
Q

Std

A

On average, how far any given data point is away from the mean
Average distance from the mean
If it is 0, then it is the exact same score, so there is no variation
- M=80 so our s= 4, what does it mean? 4 pts away from the mean

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5
Q

Statistically significant

A

The results are not likely not due to chance
Ex: cheerleaders and pizza
Non cheer:3.4
Cheer:1.5

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6
Q

For what type of data, would you typically use the mode?

A

Nominal data

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7
Q

When we use the median instead of the mean:

A

Huge # for sample we use the ______ instead of the mean

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8
Q

Pie chart

A

Hard to compare sections

We avoid them

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9
Q

Study

A
  • observe/ assess without changing the environment

- correlational studies

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10
Q

Experiments

A
  • manipulates variables while observing them, then examines how changes in one/ more variables affect changes in others
  • cause and effect
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11
Q

Mode

A

Describes the Ideal form of central tendency measurement for nominal, it is the______

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12
Q

Median

A

Describes the ideal form of central tendecy for ordinal, it is the ______.

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13
Q

Mean

A

Describes the ideal form of central tendency measurement for interval, it is the ____.

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14
Q

Standard deviation

A

On average, how far any given data point is away from the mean.
Measure of how spread out data is
If it is 0, then it is the exact same score for everything, no variation.

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15
Q

Stats

A 
Collecting, analyze, and understanding data
Goal: effective decision making
Bring life to a data table
Turn ugly data into a beautiful princess
Gain insight
Find solutions
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16
Q

Outliers

A

Data points away from the others

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17
Q

Qualitive research

A 
Quality
Words
Observed but not readily measured
Smells, colors, appearance, beauty, etc.
Friendly demeanor, positive outlook, considerate, etc.
Interview style
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18
Q

Quantative research

A 
"Quantity" #'s
Data easy to quantify
Data Can be measured
Height, weight, age, income
Ex: 57 males, 63 females
47% on deans list
Transfer rate 72%
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19
Q

Descriptive stats

A

Summary of info regarding one variable
Ex: mean, median, mode, etc
Small part of stats

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20
Q

Inferential stats

A 
"We have a sample, let's see how we can relate it to the population"
"Want to infer an unknown quantity"
Big part of stats
Ex: sample of elac students
Sample to population
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21
Q

Primary data

A

Data you gather yourself
Pro:
-phrase it yourself
Design questionnaire

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22
Q

Secondary data

A 
Secondary analysis
Gather from someone else
Pro: 
-set for you, so you just analyze it
-No bias b/c it is a big population
Con:
- you can get stuck with how it is phrased
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23
Q

Cross sectional data

A 
Do it all at the same time w/ diff groups
More pratical, can get data collection done
Ex: remember class demonstration with marriage
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24
Q

Longitudinal data

A

Same group, but follow over time

Stronger design overall b/c work with same people

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25
Q

Operationalize

A

How you measure concepts

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26
Q

reliability

A

Consistency of mesurement
Consistency
Ex: watch and time

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27
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy
To have validity, you have reliability
Stronger than realibility
“Consistency plus getting the right answer”
Stronger
Ex: watch is always consistent with time but may not be valid
Weigh self: says you’re 186 when you are really 190
Consistent but not valid

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28
Q

Interrator realibility

A

Used to assess the degree towhich different raters/ observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon

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29
Q

Type 1 error

A 
Alpha
False positive
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
Ex: pregnancy test tells you pg but arent
Replicate study to prevent it
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30
Q

Type 2 error

A 
Beta
False negative
Accepting a false null hypothesis
Ex: tells you you arent pregnant, but are
Increase sample size
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31
Q

Nominal

A

Weakest
Categories only, no ordering to it
One is not higher or better than the other
Ex: county you live in, car you drive,hair color
Categorical data-race

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32
Q

Ordinal

A 
In between
Has direction, can be ranked, but not precise
Ex: size of coffee cups: S M L
Tshirt size- S M L
Grades: A, B, C 
Likert scales
Order but no precision
33
Q

Interval

A

Ratio
Strongest
Has directiom and precision
Increases or decreases at equal intervals
Ex: height, age, weight, income, weight, collar size from neck of a shirt
Like a real #: how old you are, weight, etc.
Ratio is subtype but interval and ratio are the same thing
Inches/ units are size of weight
Gpa

34
Q

Likert scales

A

Most items will be closed ended( multiple choice)
1-5(ordinal)
Avoid neutral response
Ex: we should leave Iraq
Strongly agree, disagree, agree, strongly agree
Common to close the questionnaire with an open ended question
Include demographic background variables( age, gender, etc)
Do bckground items near end after main component of questionnaire
Survey must be voluntary
Info is confidential

35
Q

Multiple regression

A

Interval

Understand relationship between one dependent variable and several independent variables

36
Q

Likert scales

A 
Ordinal data
1-4 standard scale but can be higher
Ex: pizza
1.   2  3  4
Sd. D A  Sa
Want it low to high
Higher #: more agreement
Low #: less agreement
Dont do 10 pt scale b/c lose reliability and validity
37
Q

Anonymity

A

Dk at all who it is

38
Q

Confidentiality

A

Know who it isbut wont tell who it is

Anonymity is stronger than __________.

39
Q

Response rate

A

How fast people reply to the survey
Good when it is 90%
@ least get over 50%

40
Q

Sampling

A

Elac students 42,000

41
Q

Census

A

Everyone in the population that you’re studying

42
Q

Random sampling

A

Preferred
Randomly pick name, #, etc.
Everyone has an equal chance to be picked
This form of sampling is preferred

43
Q

Sample B

A

Which sample is better?
A. Maine: population is 1.3 million
B. USA: population is 325 million

It is ___ b/c it has a larger sample and has more room for random sampling.
Better sample size

44
Q

Independent variable

A 
Presumed cause
Ex: test score and fruit
Fruit is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Predictor variables
Tv watching and hours study with gpa
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the hours study.
45
Q

Dependent variable

A

Effect/ outcome
Test score is __________ ________
Tv watching and weight: the weight is the __________ _______
Hours study and gpa: gpa is ________ ________

46
Q

Theory

A

Confirmed hypothesis

Ex: theory of evolution

47
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess
You test your theory
A testable prediction

48
Q

Example of independent variable

A

Drinking niagra water vs dasani before a test and seeing which score is better
The drinking water for dasani vs niagra is the ___________ ________.

Have multiple available for your research

49
Q

Dependent variable

A

Drinking dasani vs niagra water before a test and seeing which score is better.
The test score that is better as a result of the drinking water brand is the _______ ________.

50
Q

Hypothesis

A 
"If i do this, then this will happen"
Ex: oj outperform those who drink water on a test
Students who sleep 7 hours do better in class than those who sleep less
51
Q

5 step critical thinking strategy

A
  1. Identify the claim and assume it’s false
  2. Evaluate the supporting evidence considering assumptions nd methodology.
    Ex: class demonstration of 10 ppl with gum
  3. Consider alternative explanantions.
    Ex: haunted building, but look at other reasons to explain why it isn’t haunted such as, hearing a noise in the building but it could be the wind.
  4. Seek additional evidence for/ against alternative explanations-> look at other evidence not just your own reasoning.
  5. Based on all the evidence, make a conclusion. True/ false evidence
52
Q

Relative frequency

A

Population is large, so you can use a graph to represent large populations
Ex: bluegill and bass to show diff. In amount

53
Q

Smooth curves

A 
Normal curves
Not jagged
Interval data/ ration data
Normal distribution
Bell shaped
In a perfect curve, median, mode, and mean are the same
54
Q

Shape of smooth curve

A

Symmetrical

Bell shaped

55
Q

Shape of smooth curve

A

Skewed
Leaves a tail
Positive( right skewed)
Negative( skewed left)

56
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measures whether it changed an experiment or not

57
Q

Elements of an experiment

A
  1. Random assignment
  2. Independent variable
  3. Dependent variable
  4. Experimental condition
  5. control condition
58
Q

Experimental condition

A

Receive experimental tx

59
Q

Control condition

A

Individuals dont receive the experimental tx
No tx/ receive a neutral placebo tx
Provides a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition.

60
Q

B.

A

Which is better?
A. Bob is studying “work ethic” sample of 2,000 students
Non random sampling of night students taking psych classes

B. Johnny motivation levels, sample size of 500 students, random sample of all elac students

Sample _ is better b/c we have a better size for sampling and it is random.

61
Q

Central tendency

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
62
Q

Variation

A

Range

Std

63
Q

Variance

A

Average squared distance from the mean

64
Q

Sum of squares

A

SS

The sum of the squared deviation scores

65
Q

Central tendency

A

Statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the center of the distribution
Goal: find the single score that is the most typical or most representative of the entire group.
Attempts to identify the average

66
Q

Variability

A

Provides a quantatitive measure of the differences between scores in a distribution nd describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered rogether.
Purpose is to obtain an objective measure of how the scores are spread out in a distribution.
Tells if scores are clustered together or are spread out over a large distance
Distance of a score or how much distance to expect
Measures how an individual score reps the entire distribution
Provides how much error to expect if youre using a sample to rep a population

67
Q

Deviation

A

Distance from the mean

68
Q

Z scores

A

How many stds a person is below/above the mean
Purpose: identify and describe the exact location of each score in a distribution.
z= +1.00 1 std above the mean
Z=2.00 2 stds above mean
Z= 0.50 located above the mean by exactly 1/2 std.

Z= x-m/std

69
Q

Raw score

A

Original unchanged scores that are the direct result of measurement
Described as X for ex: X=83

70
Q

Ordinal

A

Likert scale is ________.

71
Q

Interval

A

Gpa is _________.

72
Q

Ordinal

A

Letter grades are _______.

73
Q

Ordinal

A

Tshirts size is _________.

74
Q

Interval

A

Age is _________.

75
Q

Nominal

A

County of residence is ________.

76
Q

Discrete variable

A 
Countable #
# of people in a stats class
People/ things classified into different categories i.e. Male/ female
77
Q

Continous variable

A

Stopped at any point/ time
Measuring time in hours, minutes, seconds or fraction of seconds
Divided into an infinite number of fractional parts

78
Q

Secondary data

A

Which is oreferred, primary ir secondary data collection, and why?
____________ data is better b/c we analyze the info that is set for us, there is no bias, and we can go from there.

Stats For Psych Test 1 (1 decks)

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