Vocabulary Flashcards
Psychology
study of the interactions between the behavior of the individual and the environment
- environments can be internal and/or external to human body
- etiology, not labels (ie: genotype) = subject matter
Theory
a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena
positive reinforcer
a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior
added: increase Bx removed: decrease Bx
negative reinforcer
a consequence that decreases likelihood of behavior
add: decrease behavior remove: increase behavior
positive conditioning
to add consequence (+/- reinforcer) to alter behavioral response
negative conditioning
removing a consequence (+/- reinforcer) to alter behavior response
Shaping
process of successive approximation
- using reinforcing conditioning of successively more accurate behavior in order to train complete behavior
communication
exchanging information/ideas between participants
(requires 2+ people)
Means include any behaviors used for communicative acts:
- vocal - gestural - graphic
comprehension
the ability to understand or associate a symbol/signal (or sequence) with a concept/referent
production
the use of a symbol or signal (ie: speech) to convey information to another (person)
language vs. speech
language = an abstract system with rules governing the sequence of basic units, meaning, and use
speech = verbal expression of the language code
Joint intention
breaking eye contact to look to another area,
often deficits/delays in autism spectrum children
- receptive: adult breaks, to look at other area (w/OUT triggers)
- expressive: child redirects attention bc of new trigger
(directs gaze of adult w/ gaze shift or pointing)
pragmatic function of language
communication and conversation,
three types: request, protest, comment/provide info.
* kids experiment with language in order to achieve goals
ie: repeat/give up, reduce to fewer words (simplify to main point)
phonology
the rules governing structure, distribution, and sequence of speech
semantics
rules that SPEAKERS use to create and understand meaning associated with words and word combinations
morphology
rules for how meaningful units are combined into words
morphemes: smallest units of meaning
- free: can stand on own (ie: “cat”)
- bound: cannot stand on own (ie: “s” in cats)
beginnings of communication
- Crying (non-operant –> operant)
- avoid/escape/Reject
- intentional communication
- illocutionary (intentional behaviors)- not yet using rule-bound system
- locutionary (do use rule-bound language system)
- not yet using rule-bound system
behavioral regulation communicative acts
acts used to regulate behavior of another (requests/protests), to obtain a specific result
(with communicative function)
social interaction communication acts
acts used to attract/maintain attention on oneself
(a communicative function)
* child wants adult to notice him/her –>”it’s all about me”
joint attention communicative acts
Acts used to direct attention to an object/event/topic
(ie: communicative act of pointing out firetruck driving by).
Aka:
“visually coordinating attention w/ partner to an external focus”
* a deficit w/ autism
“prelinguistic” children
children who use behavior (not yet speech) to communicate
mcGurk effect
perceptual phenomenon that shows influence of visual information on hearing perception,
– auditory illusion where vowel sounds are superimposed on mismatched faces
(image of face making “a” sound, but plays “e” sound)
Autism
a brain disorder that affects a person’s ability to communicate, form relationships with others, and respond appropriately to the environment.
= disruption of typical developmental trajectory
* spectrum of presentation is wide ranging*
diagnosis of autism
- no single test can diagnose,
relies on observation + testing language skills and adaptive f(x);
use criteria from definition in DSM-5: “autism spectrum disorders”
After Dx:
usually refer to school district for special ed, + specializing MD
