Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Science 11: Unit III (Microbiology) > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbe

A

Microbe or microorganism is a type of organism which cannot be seen with naked eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Six examples of microbe

A 
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi (Yeasts and molds)
Algae
Protozoa
Viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bacteria

A

A microscopic prokaryotic which lives in a group. It is the earliest form of life on Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Virus

A

A non-living organism that cannot be seen without microscope. Virus can reproduce, however, not without a host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Virulent

A

An adjective which means infectious and harmful. Anything that is virulent has the ability to infect disease and causes a severe effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lytic Life Cycle

A

A process of infecting host and multiplication of viruses. This development is the life cycle of bacteriophage -also known as phage, a type of virus which infect bacteria or cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Process of Lytic Life Cycle

A
  1. ) Attaching to the host.
  2. ) Infiltrating the bacteria
  3. ) Duplication of the virus
  4. ) Assembling of the virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does virus penetrate the host with?

A

To inject its genetic material into the host, phage penetrates the membrane by its tail. Inside is a contactable tube, capable of transferring proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does it means when a cell “lyses”?

A

When a cell lyses, it ruptures and spills it content out. A small puncture to the cell can be called lyses as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lysogenic life cycle

A

Lysogenic life cycle is a process of viruses’ reproduction as well. However, in this mechanism, the virus will be passive within the host until it is aggravated. Some viruses go through a lysogenic life cycle before entering the lytic life cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Process of Lysogenic life cycle

A

a. ) The Phage attaches itself to the cell/bacteria.
b. ) It releases its DNA into the host.
d. ) Phage’s DNA fuses with its host.
e. ) The host goes through mitosis, transferring the Phage’s DNA into daughter cells.
f. ) The DNA lies passive until stimuli -such as UV light or chemical- provoked it.
g. ) The phage enters the lytic life cycle within the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between Lytic and Lysogenic life cycle?

A

When a virus goes into Lytic life cycle, it immediately starts to reproduce by using content inside the host. However, when a virus goes into Lysogenic life cycle, it release its DNA into the host. The DNA then fuses with its host genome, following through to mitosis. It is only when a cell is aggravated that the virus’ DNA separated from its host’s DNA and enters Lytic life cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is Virus a living organism?

A

No, it is not a living thing. Virus cannot grow nor reproduce without a host. It does not stay in a stable state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the different parts of virus?

A
  1. ) Head
    • Capsid (Containing DNA inside)
    • DNA
  2. ) Midpiece
  3. ) Tail
    • Tail fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pathogen

A

A microscopic organism which is harmful to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of Pathogen

A

Virus, bacteria, fungi, and parasite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Immunity

A

The body’s ability withstand disease when coming into contact with harmful agents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Immune system

A

A system which kill or prevent pathogen from entering your body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many lines of defense are there? What are they?

A

There are two lines of defenses: Innate and adaptive defense system. Innate defense system is a non-specific lines of defense. Adaptive defense system is a specific lines of defense.

20
Q

Examples of Innate defense system.

A 
External
  - Skin
  - Mucus
Internal
  - Phagocytes
  - Antimicrobial proteins
21
Q

Examples of Adaptive defense system.

A

B Cells
T Cells
Antibodies

22
Q

Vaccination

A

An act of injecting substances containing weakened or dead version of a virus into the body to prompt immunity.

23
Q

What are the four types of vaccinations?

A

a. ) Live attenuated vaccines
- The vaccine is made up of a weaker version of the pathogen.
b. ) Inactive vaccines
- The vaccine is made up of dead pathogens.
c. ) Subunit vaccines
- The vaccine is made up of the antigens of the pathogens.
d. ) DNA vaccines (Not available for human yet)
- A vaccine that is made up of an antigen’s specific gene sequence. This could simulate the pathogen’s toxin, but does not include the real pathogen itself. Thus, the body will create necessary antibodies without getting infected by the pathogen.

24
Q

Sanitized

A

Something that is being disinfected.

25
Q

Parasite

A

A plant or organism which benefit from harming other organism.

26
Q

What is an obligate parasite?

A

A parasite that cannot live without a host.

27
Q

What is a facultative parasite?

A

A parasite that can live with and without a host.

28
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives inside a host’s body.

29
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives outside a host’s body.

30
Q

Antibiotic

A

A type of medicine that is used for treating bacteria related condition.

31
Q

What year did Alexander Flemming find antibiotic in?

A

1928

32
Q

What is the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

33
Q

How did Alexander Flemming find antibiotic?

A

He went on a vacation without cleaning up his experiment neatly. Prior to the vacation, Alexander Flemming was experimenting with bacteria on multiple petri dishes. When he came back, he noticed that a mold was growing in one of the dish. Around the area of the mold, there was no bacteria growing.

34
Q

White blood cell

A

A type of blood cell that defends the body against pathogens. It does not carry hemoglobin like its counterpart, red blood cell. White blood cell comes from the bone marrow. There are many different type of white blood cell. The most well known is Lymphocytes.

35
Q

Interferon proteins

A

Any type of protein synthesized by the body to fight against the virus. It stops the virus from multiplying rapidly.

36
Q

What are living characteristic of virus?

A

Reproduce (Only within cell)
Contains DNA or RNA
Have protein sheath coats
Contains small amount of enzyme material

37
Q

What are non-living characteristic of virus?

A

Non-cellular
Do not breath
Do not grow
Do not react to stimuli

38
Q

What are viruses that reproduce in lytic life cycle called?

A

Virulent

39
Q

Phagocytic cell

A

A cell that eliminates the intruder by engulfing and destroying it.

40
Q

Antibodies

A

A type of protein that’s being produced when an intruder is detected. It came from B cell, neutralising the pathogen with its Y-shape.

41
Q

What is the structure of bacteriophage?

A 
Head
- Capsid
- DNA (Genetic) Viral
Tail
- Midpiece
- Tail fibers
42
Q

What is a booster shot?

A

A vaccination process that needs to be repeated to ‘boost up’ the immune system.
(Example: Tetanus shot)

43
Q

What is the role of skin/mucus/phagocyte?

A

It is the non-specific defence of immune system. Each part protect the body from pathogens and harmful agents. Skin is a physical barrier, preventing harmful agents from entering the body. Mucus also prevent, pathogen from entering the body. It catches any harmful bacteria before entering the body. Phagocytes is an internal non-specific defence. It is called “the cell eater” because of its behaviour of devouring a pathogen and eliminating it.

44
Q

Why do not all bug needs drug?

A

Both bacteria and virus are considered a “bug”. However, not all bug require the same type of drugs. Antibiotic only works with bacteria. If people use it incorrectly, it can caused the bacteria to become drug resistant.

45
Q

What is the one rule of thumb of virus’ infection?

A

The simpler the host, the more complex the virus.

Life Science 11: Unit III (Microbiology) (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions