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Organisms 2 - Midterm 1 > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Living Things

A
  1. Chemical Uniqueness
  2. Complexity & hierarchical organization
  3. Reproduction
  4. Possession of genetic program
  5. Development
  6. Environmental interaction
  7. Movement
  8. Metabolism
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2
Q

Formation of Earth

A

Formed 4.6 bya

Life began 4 bya

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3
Q

Oparin-Haldore Hypothesis

A

“Primordial soup theory”
Organic compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules
Needed energy source to form complex organic molecules

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4
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment

A

1953
Circulated water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia with electric spark
15% of C converted to organic compounds

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5
Q

Number of species

A

~8 mill eukaryotes
1.5 known
>20% of all extant species
>1% of all extinct species

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6
Q

Chemical Evolution

A

Formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical rxns

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7
Q

Organic Evolution

A

The process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes

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8
Q

Darwin Evolutionary Theory

A
  1. Perpetual change: life changes
  2. Common descent (LUCA)
    a. shared characteristics (homology)
  3. Natural Selection
  4. Multiplication of species
  5. Gradualism
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9
Q

Adaptation

A

change or process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited for its environment

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10
Q

Exaptation

A

Process in which features acquire fxns they were not originally adapted for

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11
Q

Advantageous intermediates

A

When intermediate steps are advantageous themselves

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12
Q

Reproductive barriers

A

biological factors that prevent interbreeding

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13
Q

Biological factors

A

morphological, physiological, ecological, behavioral factors

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14
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Population geographically divided

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15
Q

Vicariant speciation

A

Population fragments; multiple can occur simultaneously

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16
Q

Founder effect

A

Small number of individuals disperse & form new population; small population can cause genetic consequences

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17
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

diverging lineages co-occupy a geographic area

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18
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

proposed due to lack of evidence of gradualism; long periods of stasis with brief speciation events

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19
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring off two different species

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20
Q

Interspecific hybrid

A

offspring produced by mating of individuals from two different species

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21
Q

How to discover new species

A

Compare morphological, genetic, & physiological features

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22
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary changes in frequencies of variant forms of genes within populations

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23
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution on a long timescale

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24
Q

Lineage-splitting

A

speciation

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25
Q

Extinction fates

A

Can give rise to new species or become extinct

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26
Q

Phylogeny

A

The origins & diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin & diversification

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27
Q

Homoplasy

A

Non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms

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28
Q

Cladistics

A

Methodology for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent

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29
Q

Ancestral characteristics

A

Character state present in the common ancestor

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30
Q

Derived character

A

All other variant forms of the character that arose later

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31
Q

Clade

A

A unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage & all descendants

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32
Q

Monophyletic clade

A

includes the most recent common ancestor & all descendants

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33
Q

Paraphyletic clade

A

Includes the most recent common ancestor & some descendants

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34
Q

Polyphyletic

A

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group

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35
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Advantages: ability to mix & match genes
Disadvantages: energy cost, males do not directly produce offspring (two-fold cost)

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36
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Advantages: quick & energy efficient
Disadvantages: diversity depend on mutation (Muller’s Ratchet)

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37
Q

Bisexual reproduction

A

Male & female gametes produced

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38
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

male & female organs occur in same individual

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39
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

embryo develops from unfertilized egg

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40
Q

Binary fission

A

parent divides by mitosis

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41
Q

Multiple fission (schizogony)

A

nucleus divides repeatedly

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42
Q

Budding

A

Unequal division of an organism

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43
Q

Gemmulation

A

Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells

Surrounded by gemmule

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44
Q

Fragmentation

A

Breaks down into two or more fragments that become new individuals

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45
Q

Dioecious

A

Having male & female gonads in separate individuals

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46
Q

Monoecious (hermaphroditic)

A

Having male & female gonads in same organisms

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47
Q

Oviparous

A

reproduction where eggs are released by the female

Internal or external fertilization

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48
Q

Viviparous

A

Reproduction where eggs develop in the female body

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49
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Reproduction where eggs develop in female body without nourishment from parent

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50
Q

Key events in animal development

A
  1. Gamete formation
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage
    Blastomeres formed
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Organogenesis
  6. Growth
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51
Q

Egg

A

Organic vessel where the embryo develops

Has polarity: animal pole & vegetal pole (has most of yolk)

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52
Q

Isolecithal

A

Very little yolk, evenly distributed

Placental mammals

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53
Q

Mesolecithal

A

Moderate amount concentrated at vegetal pole

amphibians

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54
Q

Telolecithal

A

Abundance densely concentrated at vegetal pole

birds, reptiles, fish, monotremes

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55
Q

Controlecithal

A

Large centrally located

arthropods

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56
Q

Holoblastic

A

complete &n approximately equal division of cells

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57
Q

Meroblastic

A

Restricted to a small area of egg

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58
Q

Directions of cleavage

A

Spiral and radial

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59
Q

Gastrulation

A

One side of the blastula bends inward (invagination) and gut cavity is formed

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60
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening to the gut cavity

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61
Q

Complete gut

A

Gut cavity goes all the way through

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62
Q

Blind gut

A

Only opens at blastopore

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63
Q

Gut cavity

A

Internal pouch that is formed

Also called archenteron or gastrocoel

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64
Q

Ectoderm

A

Out layer of cells; lines blastocoel

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65
Q

Endoderm

A

inner layer of cells; lines gut

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66
Q

protostome

A

mouth forms from blastopore

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67
Q

deuterostome

A

anus forms from blastopore

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68
Q

Mesoderm

A

Third layer formed between ectoderm and endoderm

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69
Q

Coelom

A

Cavity surrounded by mesoderm

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70
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 germ layers

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71
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 germ layers

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72
Q

Organogenesis

A

Nervous system forms first

Heart is first functional organ

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73
Q

Schizolocoely

A

Coelom formed by splitting
Band of mesoderm forms around gut and coelom formed by mesodermal cells dividing
Can form all 3 types of coelomate

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74
Q

Enterocoely

A

Coelom formed by outpocketing
Mesoderm & coelom form at same time
As gut cavity elongate, sides push out, forming mesoderm
Can form only coelomate body plan

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75
Q

Acoelomate

A

Contains no coelom (triangle shape)

Filled with parenchyma

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76
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Contains pseudocoel and no mesentery

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77
Q

Eucoelomate (coelomate)

A

contains coelom & mesentery

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78
Q

Cytoplasmic specification (mosaic development)

A

Egg’s cytoplasm is not homogenous
Cytoplasmic determinant are not evenly distributed
Leads to cell differentiation
Individual blastomeres can’t produce whole embryo

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79
Q

Conditional specification (regulative development)

A

Needs positional info from neighboring cells for cell fate to be fixed
Inducer & responder cells can influence each other
Individual blastomeres can produce whole embryo

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80
Q

Induction

A

Capacity of some cells to evoke a developmental response from other cells

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81
Q

Common name

A

Multiple names for each species possible

Multiple species with one name possible

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82
Q

Scientific name (Latin name)

A

Standardized

Changes with phylogeny

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83
Q

Genus

A

Italics or underline, first letter capped

84
Q

Species

A

italics or underline; sp. (singular) or spp. (plural) used when species doesn’t matter

85
Q

Conservation

A

From taxonomy: number of species are known & conservation dollars are given

86
Q

Linneaus

A

(1707-1778) Father of taxonomy

Wrote Systema Naturae

87
Q

Systema Naturae

A

First unified naming system
Based on shared characteristic, not evolution
Still follow hierarchical system today, nothing else

88
Q

Taxonomic rank

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Intermediate taxa can occur

89
Q

Domains

A

3

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

90
Q

Kingdoms

A

6

Animalia (Metazoa), Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera (Bacteria & Archaea)

91
Q

Protista

A

A kingdom of unicellular eukaryotes

92
Q

Protozoa

A

First animals
Paraphyletic group
Have little in common

93
Q

Protophyta

A

First plants (mostly algae)

94
Q

Metazoa

A

Kingdom of multicellular animals

95
Q

Protostomia (protostome)

A 
First clade of metazoa
Two major clades: Lophotrochozoan & Ecdysozoan
Blastopore becomes mouth
spiral cleavage occurs in lophotrochozoan
Radial cleavage occurs in ecdysozoan
Cleave at 45 deg angle
Mosaic development
Coelom formed by schizocoely
96
Q

Lophotrochozoan

A

Members generally possess larvae or lophophore

97
Q

Ecdysozoan

A

members shed cuticles as they grow

98
Q

Deuterostomia

A 
Second clade of metazoa
Blastopore becomes anus
radial cleavage
Cleave directly on top
Regulative development
Coelom formed by entercoely
99
Q

Protozoan disadvantages

A

Size is limited: less to eat, more to eat you; needs nutrients to diffuse across membrane
Shorter life span: less time for reproduction
No division of labor

100
Q

Protozoan advantages

A

Rapid reproduction

Minimal resources required

101
Q

Undulipodia

A

Nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair

Flagella & cilia

102
Q

Flagella

A

Whiplike organelle; propel water parallel to flagellum axis

103
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike organelle; propel water parallel to cell surface

104
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Temporary cytoplasmic protrusion extended out from an ameboid cell
For locomotion & phagocytosis

105
Q

Ectoplasm

A

Semi-solid outer layer of pseudopodia

106
Q

Endoplasm

A

Inner fluid that flows forward toward pseudopod & solidifies into ectoplasm

107
Q

Flagellates

A

Have one or more flagella

108
Q

Ciliates

A

Have numerous cilia

109
Q

Amoebas

A

Travel using pseudopodia

Plasma membrane can be covered with ‘test’ or shell (testate or naked)

110
Q

Holozoic feeders

A

ingest visible particles of food

111
Q

Saprozoic feeders

A

ingest good in a soluble form

112
Q

Lysosomes

A

small vesicles containing digestive enzymes that fuse with food

113
Q

Cytosome

A

The cell mouth in many unicellular eukaryotes

Site of phagocytosis

114
Q

Cytoproct

A

site on a unicellular eukaryote where undigestible matter is expelled
In ciliates

115
Q

Symbiosis

A

The living together of two different species in an intimate relationship

116
Q

Mutualistic symbiosis

A

Both partners benefit

Obligate or facultative mutualism

117
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

The species needs the relationship to survive

118
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

The species does not need the relationship to survive

119
Q

Commensalism symbiosis

A

one partner benefit, no effect on other

120
Q

Parasitic symbiosis

A

one partner benefits at others expense

121
Q

Endoparasites

A

lives inside host

122
Q

Ectoparasites

A

lives outside host

123
Q

Definitive host

A

host in which sexual reproduction of symbiont occurs

124
Q

Intermediate host

A

the host where some development of symbiont occurs, but not maturation or sexual reproduction

125
Q

Schizogony

A

Multiple fission

126
Q

Sporogony

A

Special case of schizogony

127
Q

Protoplasmic

A

Unicellular organisms

128
Q

Cellular

A

Colonial: aggregation of undifferentiated cells
or
Multicellular: aggregation of functionally different cells

129
Q

Cell-tissue

A

cells aggregate into patterns or layers

130
Q

True tissue

A

share common function

131
Q

Tissue-organ

A

organs contain more than one type of tissue; more specialized function

132
Q

Organ-system

A

Organs work together in a system

133
Q

Chemotroph

A

gets energy from inorganic/organic source

134
Q

Phototroph

A

Gets energy through sun (photosynthesis)

135
Q

Heterotroph

A

Gets carbon from other organisms

136
Q

Autotroph

A

Gets carbon from environment

137
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

releases digestive enzymes into environment & absorbs nutrients through cell walls

138
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

a collectio nof extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural & biochemical support to the surrounding cells

139
Q

Ostia

A

In sponges for incoming water

140
Q

Oscula

A

Used for water outlets

141
Q

Asconoid

A

Flagellated spongocoel
Water enters Ostia and pulled out through oscula
Spongocoel lined with choanocytes

142
Q

Syconoid

A

flagellated canals
water enters through incurrent canals to radial canals and moves through prosopyle into apopyle to spongocoel
Canals lined with choanocytes

143
Q

Leuconoid

A

Flagellated chambers
numerous oscula, no spongocoel
incurrent canals lead to flagellated chamber that moves water to excurrent canals
Chambers lined with choanocytes

144
Q

Pinacocyte

A

Epithelial type cell

Closest thing to tissue

145
Q

Porocytes

A

Pore cells

Only in asconoid sponges

146
Q

Choanocytes

A

Flagellated collar cells

One end embedded in mesohyl, other end exposed to capture food particles and move water

147
Q

Archaeocyte

A

Amoeboid cells
Move through mesohyl & receive particles for digestion from choanocytes
Transport food & oxygen to other cells

148
Q

Sponge cells

A

Extracellular matrix loosely arranged sponge cells
or
choanoderm & pinacoderm arranged in layers

149
Q

Collagen

A

The major structural protein for metazoans

150
Q

Spongin

A

a form of collagen

Forms the skeletal network of some sponges

151
Q

Spicules

A 
Used to classify sponges
Siliceous spicules (hexactinellida & demospongine)
Calcareous spicules
152
Q

Asymmetrical

A

No symmetry

153
Q

Spherical

A

Divides body into mirrored halves

Best for floating & rolling

154
Q

Radial

A

Body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through longitudinal axis
Can intact with environment in all directions

155
Q

Biradial

A

Radially symmetrical but has one paired body part

156
Q

Bilateral

A

Divided into two mirror portions forming right & left halves
Better for directional movement

157
Q

Cephalization

A

differentiation of head region & concentration of nervous tissues & sense organs in front region

158
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides body into dorsal & ventral

159
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body to right & left

160
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides body into anterior & posterior

161
Q

Anterior

A

Head end

162
Q

Posterior

A

tail end

163
Q

Dorsal

A

Back (top) side

164
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom side

165
Q

Medial

A

Midline of body

166
Q

Lateral

A

Right & left side

167
Q

Distal

A

Part farther from middle of body

168
Q

Proximal

A

Parts nearer middle of body

169
Q

Eumetazoa

A

multicellular animals with distinct germ layers

All animals but Porifera

170
Q

Dimorphic

A

Both polyp & medusa form

171
Q

Polyp

A

Sedentary or sessile
Tube shaped
Mouth surrounded by tentacles
Attached to substratum by pedal disc

172
Q

Medusa

A

Floating or free-swimming
Umbrella-shape
Mouth on concave side
Tentacles extend from rim

173
Q

Mesoglea

A

Jellylike layer between layers of Cnidaria

174
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Enzymes discharged into gastrovascular cavity

175
Q

Intracellular

A

Phagocytosis of food particles

176
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinging cells on tentacles of Cnidaria

177
Q

Cnida

A

Stinging organelles of cnidocytes

178
Q

Nematocyst

A

most common type of cnida

179
Q

Cnidocil

A

Modified cilia that trigger nematocysts to fire

180
Q

Gravid

A

Pregnant

181
Q

Proglottid

A

reproductive units

182
Q

Strobilation

A

Segmentation

183
Q

Strobila

A

main body composed of chain of proglottids

184
Q

Head-foot

A

Feeding, cephalic, sensory, locomotor organs

Foot is usually a ventral, sole-like structure in molluscs

185
Q

Radula

A

a rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in most molluscs

186
Q

Visceral mass

A

digestive, circulatory, respiratory, & reproductive organs

187
Q

Mantle

A

A sheath of skin, extending dorsally from visceral mass
Wrap around each side of the body
Protects soft part because outer surface secretes shell

188
Q

Mantle cavity

A

Houses respiratory organs in mantle
Products from digestive, excretory, & reproductive systems empty into mantle cavity
Exposed surface participates in gas exchange

189
Q

Trochophore

A

Minute, translucent, ciliated marine larva

190
Q

Veliger

A

Free swimming larva developed from trochophore

Has beginning of foot, shell, & mantle

191
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in vessels

192
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood rarely in vessels

Hemolymph is blood the mixes with interstitial fluid in hemocoel

193
Q

Ocelli

A

Simple eye or eyespot in many invertebrate

194
Q

Funnel

A

Siphon for jet propulsion

195
Q

Chromatophore

A

special pigmented cells that produce color change (camouflage)

196
Q

Pen

A

Internal shell

197
Q

Molt

A

Shedding of old shell, feathers…

198
Q

Ecdysis

A

Shedding of cuticle

199
Q

Cuticle

A

external skeletons secreted by epidermis

200
Q

Trachea

A

Air tubes for gas exchange

201
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Unlearned behaviour

202
Q

Insight learning

A

Can organize memories to construct response

203
Q

Direct development

A

Ametabolous
Young & adults are similar except size & sexual orientation
Stages: egg, juvenile, adult

204
Q

Indirect development

A

Hemimetabolous or holometabolous

Larval stage; capable of feeding itself

205
Q

Hemimetabolous

A

Incomplete metamorphosis
Nymph resembles adult in form & eating habits
Stages: egg, nymph, adult

206
Q

Holometabolous

A

Complete metamorphosis
Separate growth (larva), differentiation (pupa), and reproduction (adult) stages
Stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult

Organisms 2 - Midterm 1 (1 decks)

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