Vocabulary

Question 1

Urbanization

Answer 1

Refers to the changes in the proportion of the population of a nation living in urban areas but also to the process of people moving to cities or other densely settled areas. Describes the changes in social organization that occur as a consequence of population concentration. PROCESS- by which rural areas become transformed into urban areas. Increase in population concentration (numbers and density): organizationally (alteration in structure and patterns of organization), and demographically (multiplication of points of concentration and the increase in the size of individual concentrations)

Question 2

Urbanism

Answer 2

Social patterns and behaviors associated with living in cities. Seen as a consequence of urbanization with its changes in the values, mores, customs, and behaviors of a population.

Question 3

Neighbors

Answer 3

“What is”; secondary relationships

Question 4

Neighboring

Answer 4

Relationship that comes from multi-faceted obligations

Question 5

Social Disorganization

Answer 5

Louis Wirth was conflating that it was the only possibility for mass society to function. By living in the city you were going to have all kinds of problems and deviant behavior.

Question 6

Urban (Ethnic) Villagers

Answer 6

Case for immigration waves in America - cultures stuck together; based on ethnicity and cultural background; mediates between big city and old country

Question 7

Levittown

Answer 7

Prototypical postwar development. The Levitt brothers revolutionized home-building with their assembly-line techniques to mass produce houses.

Question 8

Suburbs

Answer 8

Transformed from being primarily outlying residential areas to being the nation’s new economic and commercial cores by being the nation’s demographic and economic centers. Defined as territory inside the metropolitan area that lies outside the central city. (Bureau of the Census)

Question 9

Exurbs

Answer 9

Upper-middle-class settlement that is taking place in outlying semi-rural areas beyond the second ring of densely settled subdivisions. More widely separated homes, often with woods between and the homes tend to be large and expensive, usually around old villages or small towns. Residents don’t usually welcome newcomers who try to bring modern ideas to improve their school systems and roads.

Question 10

Edge Cities

Answer 10

Coined by Joel Garreau to describe the pattern of evolving new multiple urban cores increasingly found in the outer rings of metropolitan areas.

Question 11

Invasion-Succession Theory

Answer 11

An invasion of population or land use. Succession is when a group or function finally takes the place of another.

Question 12

Gendered Spaces

Answer 12

Coined by Jane Jacobs indicating spaces that were separated by sex. Before the 1970s, public spaces were known to be associated with “town women” because traditionally women were left to remain at home as housewives and mothers. To occupy public space meant a negligence of their home.

Question 13

Urban Crisis

Answer 13

Increases in homelessness, political protests, traffic/congestion, potholes | Decreases in: infrastructure (sewage spills, water main breaks), government services. Cities are dependent on federal monies to help support police, fire departments, basic services, hospital emergency rooms. People can’t pay for taxes, can’t pay for services.

Question 14

Urban Renaissance

Answer 14

Urban Revival that started in the 1990s with crime rates dropping (dropped in half from 1992-2010), urban economies improving, urban housing upgrading, and quality of urban life improved.

Question 15

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Answer 15

Increased voucher amounts to boost number o apartments open for section 8 users since many families in large cities couldn’t find low rental priced units for them to qualify

Question 16

Housing Policy(ies)

Answer 16

Mandated by local government. Regeneration of older neighborhoods; usually subsidized.

Question 17

Housing Act of 1937

Answer 17

Established a slum-clearance program and created the US Housing Authority which built 114,00 low-rent public housing unites before the program ended during WWII. Resulted in getting rid of the substandard, run-down slums and replacing them with standard units.

Question 18

Housing Policy of 1949

Answer 18

The aim of the government to realize the goal of a decent home and suitable living environment for every American family. But no administration has taken this statement as a guideline for clear and decisive action; but as long-range goals. First Federal housing policy.

Question 19

HOPE VI

Answer 19

Attempt to get rid of the crime-producing cells and try to increase low-income housing. 1992 Urban Revitalization Demonstration Program to transform distressed public housing developments. Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) were to reform public housing by eliminating hte preferences for the very poorest and to establish mixed-income communities with different types of working tenants. Also stopped the one-for-one replacement of demolished units that had effectively stopped any new building in the 1998 Act.

Question 20

Single Room Occupancy (SROs)

Answer 20

Little long-term hotels that are open for rent (week, month spans). Equipped with bunk beds. Toilets, kitchens and facilities were shared. Generally run by community development corporations and other non-profit organizations. Provide a clean room and tolerate no drug or alcohol use. Offer a structured support system that often includes bi-weekly medical clinics, alcohol and drug treatment, and job counseling. Inexpensive to operate.

Question 21

Homelessness

Answer 21

Transient demographic population about whom data are both difficult to obtain and often unreliable. Highly politicized issue.

Question 22

Housing Subsidies

Answer 22

The Federal Housing Administration both encouraged and subsidized white suburbanization. The government was trying to hold the middle class in cities while subsidizing them to leave. Federal subsidies were designed to help families purchase homes, because almost all financing for new houses or apartments involves federal government support in one way or another.

Question 23

Rent Vouchers (eg. Section 8)

Answer 23

Allows tenants to shop for private-market housing units. Landlord enters subsidy contract with the govt and tenant pays no more than 30% of his or her income as rent with the rent subsidy making up the balance.

Question 24

Urban Renewal

Answer 24

Increasing low-cost housing while eliminating slums, revitalizing the central city, and creating planned cities through community renewal programs. It never met its own expectations big weakness is the displacement of large numbers of low-income families without adequate provision for their relocation.

Question 25

Urban Revitalization

Answer 25

Downtowns were filling up with people again and showing economic vigor. Young dual-income couples rediscovered the city as a place of residence. New professional sports parks were built in the city. Economically sound footing and showing clear signs of both physical and social improvement which also led to population gains.

Question 26

Tenement Laws

Answer 26

Movement by reformers Jane Addams to improve the quality of life in inner-city slums. Also wanted to correct some of the worst abuses in the design and construction of older tenements to protect immigrant populations. Destroy the breeding ground of social problems by destroying the slum.

Question 27

Gentrification

Answer 27

(Urban renewal) certain ares designated as slummy and rebuilt as new. Some areas in Chinatown or if people think are historically significant and worth saving, we’ll try to save it. Ex: Ewa Villages. Most housing is private property. The historic designations many of them are in Manoa Valley, Nuuanu Valley, Kaimuki, Alewa Heights, has to be at least 50 years old and meet other criteria. Those who can afford that process are the ones able to apply for that designation. What tends to happen is that the amount of money needed to restore the house to original or better condition is substantial tends to be upper-middle class and rich people. Gentry are the upper “landed” class what’s happened in the urban setting is that those folks like that class in the urban setting the neighbor becomes occupied predominantly and the neighborhood becomes “gentrified”. Especially likely to take place in areas with good transportation and having accessibility to the central core.

Question 28

City Beautiful Movement

Answer 28

Urban spaces wer constructed (civic spaces) in order to inspire people. Ex: domes, gold leaf sculptures to make the city look powerful and legitimate. Emerged from the World’s Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. Shows that it is no longer a run-down town but a booming metropolis. Government buildings influenced by Roman temple design in larger cities. Suggests order rather than power; aesthetic but had a concept of the city as an integrated whole and a vision of what it could be. Weakness was that it ignored the problem of housing (slums).

Question 29

Garden City

Answer 29

Ebenezer Howard’s vision of towns to be self-contained communities of 30,000 inhabitants that would have within their boundaries ample opportunities not only for residence but also for employment, education, and recreation. All land publicly owned. Reaction against the urban abuses of the industrial revolution in England (anti-urban). Encircling greenbelt of of natural fields and woodlands that the town owned and could never sell.

Question 30

New Towns

Answer 30

Creation of new towns free from the problems of older cities. “Utopia” from Thomas More’s book. British New Towns like: “Garden Cities”. European New Towns were constructed similarly with rapid-transit lines and designed not to be independent and self-contained employment units. American New Towns: to demonstrate a new kind of suburban community planning that would combine the advantages of city and country life; to provide good housing at reasonable rents for moderate-income families; to give jobs to thousands of unemployed workers that would result i lasting economic and social benefits to the community in which the work was undertaken. Greenbelt, MD; Green Hills, OH; Greendale, WI.

Question 31

Zoning

Answer 31

Designation for a particular set of uses for a given space. 1916. Prevent the intrusion of improper uses into homogeneous areas. Also attempted to segregate land use and freeze non-compatible uses out of upper-middle-class neighborhoods.Commonly used for social purposes of producing racial, social, and economic exclusivity.

Question 32

Master Planning

Answer 32

Coordinate and regulate all phases of city development but in practice the preparation of the plan frequently became an end in itself, since the planners rarely had any real authority over the direction of urban development.

Question 33

Regional Planning

Answer 33

Efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure, settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town.

Question 34

Suburban Sprawl

Answer 34

Automobile dependent, low-density housing and commercial development taking place in outer reaches of metropolitan areas.

Question 35

Communitarianism

Answer 35

Connection between the community and the individual. Community may be family unit but it can also be understood in a far wider sense of personal interaction, geographical location, or shared history.

Question 36

Primate Cities

Answer 36

Principal city overwhelmingly large in comparison with all other cities in the country. Frequently the only city of note.

Question 37

Demographic Transition

Answer 37

Or demographic revolution. Population growth spurts occurred in the latter part of the 18th century through declines in the death rate. Transition of time of high birthrates matched by almost equally high death rates through a period where birthrates declined to eventually a stable population established with low birth & death rates. (20th c)

Question 38

Multinational/Transnational Corporations

Answer 38

Multinationals commonly take advantage of of the excess labor in less-developed countries. They shape international cities to their own high-tech image while exploiting the low-income others.

Question 39

Population Pyramid

Answer 39

Analyzes population change and discerns population fields. Age structure: base is number of children; peak is increasing likelihood of death as people age. Narrow young Wide old

Question 40

Informal Housing

Answer 40

Shantytowns; settlements. People make their own houses and depending on their location, they exist for long enough time that they become institutionalized.

Question 41

Informal Economy

Answer 41

Various forms of self-employment.

Question 42

Developed Countries

Answer 42

Core.

Question 43

Less Developed Countries

Answer 43

Periphery.

Question 44

HIV/AIDS

Answer 44

Heterosexually transmitted in Africa. Associated with gay population in the US. Increasing industrialization coming in and affecting the continent’s industrialization and urbanization. Death of workers reduces productivity, increases operating costs, and decreases markets. Disrupts agricultural production as well.

Question 45

International Migration

Answer 45

More in’s than out’s: population growth;

Question 46

Nodes

Answer 46

Capital is taken; middlemen. Collects, transmits, and processes information. Global control is exercised.

Question 47

Global Cities

Answer 47

Result of colonialism and rise of increasing capitalism; places that are command and control centers.

Question 48

Ecological Complex Framework

Answer 48

Growing population; highways allotting for an increase in population and move to suburbs.concentric zones, profit motive

Question 49

Political Economy Framework

Answer 49

Focuses on conflict; could be between old settlers versus new settlers. Good business climate no regard to disrupting environment. Local global