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Great Diseases of the World > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the portals of Entry?

A
  • The Mouth
  • The respiratory through inhalation
  • The eye
  • Skin
  • Transplantation
  • Urogenital Tract
  • The placenta
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2
Q

With respect to the spread of infection, what are the four categories people can be classified in?

A
  • Those who are susceptible
  • Those who are infected but not infectious
  • Those who are infected and infectious
  • Those who are immune
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3
Q

What are the portals of exit?

A
  • The anus
  • The Mouth
  • The eyes
  • The skin
  • The urogenital tract
  • placenta
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4
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

The study of the determinants, occurrence, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined human population

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5
Q

Define Epizoology

A

The study of the determinants, occurrence, distribution, and control of health and disease in a defined animal population

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6
Q

Define Infection

A

The term used to indicate the presence of an infectious agent in an individual or population. Infection, as opposed to passive contamination, implies colonization of the host’s cells tissues or body cavities, to benefit of the organism.

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7
Q

Define Colonization

A

Indicates the presence of the organism without clinical or subclinical disease.

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8
Q

Define Contamination

A

The presence of microbes on a body surface without invasion or response.

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9
Q

Define Pathogens

A

Infecting organisms causing disease.

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10
Q

Define Infectious

A

Individuals who are infected can transmit the infection to others.

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11
Q

Define Carrier

A

A person who is infected with an organism but shows no evidence of disease, although disease may have been present earlier.

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12
Q

Define Endemic

A

Infection or disease that occurs regularly at low or moderate frequency in the human population.

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13
Q

Define Enzootic

A

Infection or disease that occurs regularly at low or moderate frequency in the animal population.

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14
Q

Define Epidemics

A

When there is a sudden increase in frequency above endemic levels in human populations

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15
Q

Define Epizootics

A

When there is a sudden increase in frequency above endemic levels in animal populations

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16
Q

Define Pandemics

A
  • Global Epidemics
  • The size of the outbreaks is dependant upon factors such as the ratio of susceptible to immune subjects, the period of infectivity, population density, etc.
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17
Q

Define the prevalence of Infection

A

The number of cases in a population at a point in time.

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18
Q

Define Incidence

A

The number cause arising over a defined period of time.

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19
Q

What happens when an infectious agent encounters elements of an innate immune system?

A
  • To prevent disease but if not, disease may result
  • The adaptive immune system is then activated to produce recovery and a specific immunologic memory
  • Following re-infection with the same agent, no disease results and the individual has acquired immunity to the infectious agent
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20
Q

Define Agent

A

A factor, such as a micro-organism, chemical substance, or form of radiation, whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease.

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21
Q

Define association in relation to infection

A

Statistical relationship between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables.

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22
Q

Define Biologic transmission

A

The indirect vector-borne transmission of an infectious agent in which the agent undergoes biologic changes within the vector before being transmitted to a new host.

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23
Q

Define cause of disease

A

A factor (characteristic, behavior, event, etc.) That directly influences the occurrence of disease. A reduction of the factor in the population should lead to a reduction in the occurrence of disease.

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24
Q

Define Census

A

The enumeration of an entire population, usually with details being recorded on residence, age, sex, occupation, ethnic group, marital status, birth history, and relationship to head of household.

25
Define chain of infection
A process that begins when an agent leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit and is conveyed by some mode of transmission then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.
26
Define Cluster
An aggregation of cases of a disease or other health-related condition, particularly cancer and birth defects, which are closely grouped in time and place. The number of cases may or may not exceed the expected number; frequently the expected number is not known.
27
Define contact in relation to infection
Exposure to a source of an infection or a person so exposed.
28
Define Contagious
Capable of being transmitted from one person to another by contact or close proximity.
29
# Define Direct Transmission
The immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread.
30
Define Distribution
In epidemiology, the frequency and pattern of health-related characteristics and events in a population. In statistics, the observed or theoretical frequency of values of a variable.
31
Define Droplet spread
The direct transmission of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by spray with relatively large,short-ranged produced by sneezing, coughing or talking.
32
Define Environmental factor
An extrinsic factor (geology, climate, insects, sanitation, health services, etc.) which affects the agent and the opportunity for exposure.
33
# Define Experimental study
A study in which the investigator specifies the exposure category for each individual (clinical trial) or community (community trial), then follows the individuals or community to detect the effects of the exposure
34
Define Exposed (group)
A group whose members have been exposed to a supposed cause of disease or health state of interest, or possess a characteristic that is a determinant of the health outcome of interest.
35
Define health
A state of complete physical,mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
36
Define High-risk group
A group in the community with an elevated risk disease
37
Define Host
A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions
38
Define Host factor
An intrinsic factor (age, race, sex, behavior, etc.) which influences an individuals exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent
39
Define Hyperendemic/Hyperepizootic disease
A disease that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate
40
Define active immunity
Resistance developed in response to stimulus by an antigen (infecting agent or vaccine) and usually characterized by the presence of an antibody produced by the host.
41
Define Herd Immunity
The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group. The resistance is a product of the number susceptible and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person.
42
Define Passive Immunity
: Immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host and acquired naturally by an infant from its mother or artificially by administration of an antibody-containing preparation (antiserum or immune globulin).
43
Define Incidence rate
A measure of the frequency with which an event, such as a new case of illness, occurs in a population over a period of time. The denominator is the population at risk; the numerator is the number of new cases occurring during a given time period.
44
Define incubation period
A period of subclinical or inapparent changes following exposure, ending with the onset of symptoms of infectious disease.
45
Define indirect transmission
The transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles or by animate (vector) or inanimate (vehicle) intermediaries.
46
Define infectivity
The proportion of persons exposed to a causative agent who become infected by an infectious disease
47
Define morbidity
Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being.
48
Define Observational study
An epidemiological study in situations where nature is allowed to take its course. Changes or differences in one characteristic are studied in relation to changes or differences in others, without the intervention of the investigator.
49
Define Pathogenicity
The proportion of persons infected, after exposure to a causative agent, who then develop clinical disease.
50
Define Relative risk
A comparison of the risk of some health-related event such as disease or death in two groups.
51
Define reservoir
The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives grows, and multiplies; reservoirs include human reservoirs, animal reservoirs, and environmental reservoirs.
52
Define Risk ratio
A comparison of the risk of some health-related event such as disease or death in two group
53
Define sporadic
A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
54
Define Spot Map
A map that indicates that location of each case of a rare disease or outbreak by a place that is potentially relevant to the health event being investigated such as where each case lived or worked
55
Define transmission of infection
any mode of mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread through the environment or to another person
56
Define Vector
An animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host
57
Define Virulence
The proportion of persons with clinical disease, who after becoming infected becomes severely ill or dies
58
Define Zoonoses
An infectious disease that is transmissible under normal conditions from animals to humans.
59

Great Diseases of the World (1 decks)

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