Vocabulary

Question 1

eukaryote

Answer 1

organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane bound organelles

Question 2

evolution

Answer 2

process of gradual change in which new species arise form older species and some species go extinct

Question 3

hypothesis

Answer 3

suggested explanation for an observation which can be tested

Question 4

prokaryote

Answer 4

single celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Question 5

theory

Answer 5

tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Question 6

atom

Answer 6

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

Question 7

base

Answer 7

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and DECREASES THE CONCENTRATE OF HYDROGEN IONS IN A SOLUTION

Question 8

acid

Answer 8

molecule that donate hydrogen ions and INCREASES THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS IN A SOLUTION

Question 9

hydrophilic

Answer 9

ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

Question 10

hydrophobic

Answer 10

uncharged nonploar molecules that do not get along well with polar molecules such as water

Question 11

ion

Answer 11

atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

Question 12

isotope

Answer 12

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

Question 13

solvent

Answer 13

substance capable of dissolving another substance

Question 14

diffusion

Answer 14

passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient

Question 15

hypertonic

Answer 15

situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside of the cell, resulting in water moving OUT of the cell

Question 16

hypotonic

Answer 16

situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity that the fluid inside of the cell, resulting in water moving INTO the cell

Question 17

activation energy

Answer 17

energy necessary for reactions to occur

Question 18

ATP

Answer 18

adenosine triphosphate; the cells energy currency

Question 19

anabolic

Answer 19

pathways that require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 20

catabolic

Answer 20

pathways in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones

Question 21

anaerobic

Answer 21

process that does not use oxygen or organisms that don’t use oxygen

Question 22

aerobic

Answer 22

process that uses oxygen

Question 23

phosphorylation

Answer 23

addition of a high energy phosphate to a compound usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP

Question 24

diploid

Answer 24

cell, nucleus, or organism containing TWO sets of chromosomes

Question 25

gene

Answer 25

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 26

haploid

Answer 26

cell, nucleus, or organism containing ONE set of chromosomes.

Question 27

allele

Answer 27

gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

Question 28

genotype

Answer 28

underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressible alleles of an organism

Question 29

heterozygous

Answer 29

having two different alleles for a give gene on the homologous chromosome

Question 30

homozygous

Answer 30

having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

Question 31

phenotype

Answer 31

observable traits expressed by an organism

Question 32

sex-linked

Answer 32

any gene on a sex chromosome

Question 33

test cross

Answer 33

cross between a dominant expressing individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual; the offspring phenotypes indicate whether the unknown parent is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait

Question 34

gel electrophoresis

Answer 34

technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using electric charge

Question 35

adaptation

Answer 35

heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival and reproduction in its present environment

Question 36

qualitative

Answer 36

Pertaining to or concerned with quality or qualities.

Question 37

quantitative

Answer 37

Denoting or expressible as quantity, relating to the proportionate quantities or to the amount of the constituents of a compound.

Question 38

law

Answer 38

An established principle thought to be universal and invariable.

Question 39

linked genes

Answer 39

Genes that are inherited together with the other gene(s) as they are located on the same chromosome.

Question 40

saturated

Answer 40

single bonded, easily broken

Question 41

unsaturated

Answer 41

double bonded, hydrophobic

Question 42

solute

Answer 42

the dissolved substance

Question 43

solution

Answer 43

a solvent with a dissolved solute

Question 44

carrying capacity

Answer 44

number of individuals of a species that can be supported by the limited resources of a habitat

Question 45

keystone species

Answer 45

species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity in an ecosystem and to upholding an ecological community's structure

Question 46

autotroph

Answer 46

any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy, as most plants and certain bacteria and protists.

Question 47

NADPH

Answer 47

The reduced form of NADP.

Question 48

asexual

Answer 48

having no sexual organs

Question 49

restriction enzyme

Answer 49

A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites

Question 50

population

Answer 50

all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

Question 51

renewable energy

Answer 51

energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

Question 52

reduction

Answer 52

Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen)

Question 53

oxidation

Answer 53

A chemical reaction in which there is the loss of electrons or gain (or increase in the proportion) of oxygen, hence, resulting in an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.

Question 54

osmosis

Answer 54

spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

Question 55

isotonic

Answer 55

two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side.

Question 56

heterotrophic

Answer 56

requiring complex organic compounds of nitrogen and carbon (such as that obtained from plant or animal matter) for metabolic synthesis an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Question 57

sexual

Answer 57

A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of female gamete (ovum) and male gamete (spermatozoon), which forms a zygote that potentially develops into an offspring genetically distinct from the parent organisms

Question 58

pedigree

Answer 58

the recorded ancestry, especially upper-class ancestry, of a person or family.

Question 59

malnutrition

Answer 59

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.

Question 60

pH

Answer 60

pH (potential of hydrogen) is a scale of acidity from 0 to 14. It tells how acidic or basic a substance is. More acidic solutions have lower pH. More basic solutions have higher pH. Substances that aren't acidic or basic (that is, neutral solutions) usually have a pH of 7.

Question 61

polar

Answer 61

meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density

Question 62

fitness

Answer 62

the genetic contribution of an individual to the next generation's gene pool relative to the average for the population, usually measured by the number of offspring or close kin that survive to reproductive age.

Question 63

enzyme

Answer 63

Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products

Question 64

metabolism

Answer 64

the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material

Question 65

rubisco

Answer 65

an enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules

Question 66

genetic diversity

Answer 66

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.

Question 67

biodiversity

Answer 67

the variability among living organisms from all sourcesand the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.