Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1st Semester Final > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of water to cling to other polar compounds due to hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor is oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amino Acids

A

The subunit structure (monomer) of which proteins are produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Gain or loss of a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antiporters

A

Transports two molecules in different directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element. The building blocks of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AUG

A

Start codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autosomes

A

The 22 pairs of perfectly matched chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Base

A

Solution with a pH above 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The formation of organic molecules of CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carotenoids

A

Accessory pigment that also scavenges free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cation

A

An atom with a net positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cDNA

A

DNA copies of mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell Determination

A

Decision that commits a cell to a certain development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation of organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharides with beta-glucose linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Central Dogma

A

States that information passes from DNA to RNA then into a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

Helps other proteins fold correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chiasmata

A

Sites of genetics recombination, or crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chitin

A

Structural material found in arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

The main photosynthetic pigment in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cleavage

A

Period of rapid cell division following fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Codominance
The heterozygote shows phenotypes of both homozygous parents
26
Cytochrome/b6-f Complex
Complex of electron carriers that connects the two photosystems in chloroplast
27
Dehydration Synthesis
Chemical reactions that link monomers into polymer macromolecules
28
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
29
Dihybrid Crossing
A genetic cross involving two different traits
30
Diploid
2n (number of chromosomes)
31
Disaccharide
Formed by linking two monosaccharides
32
DNA Fingerprinting
Identifying technique based on differences in DNA of individuals
33
DNA Gyrase
Relieves torsional strain caused by unwinding DNA
34
DNA Ligase
Enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in DNA, seals the 'nick' on the lagging strand
35
DNA Polymerase
Adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA chain
36
Erwin Chargaff
Formulated the base pair rules
37
Exergonic
Reactions that release energy
38
Exocytosis
Discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface
39
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion that is mediated by a membrane protein
40
Fermentation
The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule
41
Gap Junction
Communicating junctions
42
Genotype
BB, Bb, bb
43
Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate
Final product of the Calvin Cycle
44
Grana
Stacks of thylakoid disks
45
Haploid
n (number of chromosomes)
46
Helicase
Unzips the DNA template
47
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles of the same gene
48
Homeostasis
Maintenance of constant internal conditions
49
Homologous
Structures with same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function
50
Homozygous
Have two identical alleles of the same gene
51
Hydrophilic
Compounds that are polar (like water)
52
Hydrophobic
"Water-fearing"
53
Incomplete Dominance
When a heterozygote is intermediate in appearance between the two homozygotes
54
Isotopes
Atoms of an element that possess different numbers of neutrons
55
Karyotype
Particular array of chromosomes in an organism
56
Kinetochore
Attachment sites for microtubules
57
Knockout Mice
Organisms with certain known genes inactivated
58
Ligand
A signal molecule
59
Maternal Inheritance
Uniparental inheritance from the mother
60
Missense Mutations
Based substitution that changes an amino acid in a protein
61
mRNA
RNA that transports the information in DNA out of the nucleus
62
Neurotransmitters
Signals that travel across a synaptic gap and persist briefly
63
Nondisjunction
Failure of sister chromatids to separate
64
Nonpolar
Covalent bonds in which the electrons are shared equally
65
Nonsense Mutations
Base substitution in which a codon is changed to a stop codon
66
Northern Blotting
When mRNA is separated by electrophoresis
67
Nucleolus
The site of ribosome assembly
68
Okazaki Fragments
DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand
69
Oncogenes
Genes that can cause a cell to become cancerous
70
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a membrane
71
Oxidation
Reaction in which there is a loss of electrons
72
Peptidoglycan
Carbohydrate matrix that makes up bacterial cell walls
73
Phagocytosis
Cell "eating"
74
Phenotype
Physical appearance due to allele's expression
75
Phosphatases
Enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins
76
Phospholipid
Lipid that forms all of our cells membranes
77
Photon
Packets of light energy
78
Photorepair
Specific repair of DNA damaged caused by UV light
79
Photorespiration
Incorporates O2, in RuBP, eventually releasing CO2
80
Photosystem 1
Photosystem that was discovered first, has P700 chlorophyll
81
Photosystem 2
Photosystem used first in noncylic photophophorylation
82
Pinocytosis
Cell "drinking"
83
Polymer
Long molecule built by linking smaller molecules
84
Potential Energy
Stored energy
85
Prophase
First stage of mitosis, chromosomes become visible
86
Protein Kinases
Enzymes that add phosphate groups from proteins
87
Recombinant DNA
Single DNA molecule made from two different sources
88
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
89
Rubisco
Enzyme used in Calvin Cycle to fix carbon in organic form
90
S (Synthesis)
Cell cycle phase in which DNA replicates
91
Sex-Linked
Trait determined by genes on the X chromosome
92
Signal Transduction
Events that occur within a cell in response to a signal
93
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells that can give rise to differentiated cells
94
Steroid Hormone
Type of signal that can cross the plasma membrane and affect gene expression
95
Stroma Lamellae
Connections between grana in chloroplast
96
Symporters
Transports two molecules in the same direction
97
Taq Polymerase
Heat resistant enzyme used in the PCR procedure
98
Telomere
Short repeat sequences that protect the lagging strand from degradation
99
Tertiary
Folded shape of a globular protein
100
Thymine, Cytosine
Pyrimidine bases
101
Transcription
The conversion of DNA to RNA
102
Transcription Bubble
Contains RNA, polymerase, DNA template, and amp; RNA transcript
103
Translation
The assembly of a protein from RNA
104
tRNA
RNA with amino acids covalently attached
105
UAG
One of the stop codons
106
Western Blotting
When proteins are separated by electrophoresis

Biology 1st Semester Final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions