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Biology 1st Semester Final > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of water to cling to other polar compounds due to hydrogen bonding

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2
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor is oxygen

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3
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene

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4
Q

Amino Acids

A

The subunit structure (monomer) of which proteins are produced.

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5
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Gain or loss of a chromosome

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6
Q

Antiporters

A

Transports two molecules in different directions

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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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8
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element. The building blocks of matter

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9
Q

AUG

A

Start codon

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10
Q

Autosomes

A

The 22 pairs of perfectly matched chromosomes

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11
Q

Base

A

Solution with a pH above 7

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12
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The formation of organic molecules of CO2

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13
Q

Carotenoids

A

Accessory pigment that also scavenges free radicals

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14
Q

Cation

A

An atom with a net positive charge

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15
Q

cDNA

A

DNA copies of mRNA

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16
Q

Cell Determination

A

Decision that commits a cell to a certain development

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17
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation of organic compounds

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharides with beta-glucose linkages

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19
Q

Central Dogma

A

States that information passes from DNA to RNA then into a protein

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20
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

Helps other proteins fold correctly

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21
Q

Chiasmata

A

Sites of genetics recombination, or crossing over

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22
Q

Chitin

A

Structural material found in arthropods

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23
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

The main photosynthetic pigment in plants

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24
Q

Cleavage

A

Period of rapid cell division following fertilization

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25
Q

Codominance

A

The heterozygote shows phenotypes of both homozygous parents

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26
Q

Cytochrome/b6-f Complex

A

Complex of electron carriers that connects the two photosystems in chloroplast

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27
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Chemical reactions that link monomers into polymer macromolecules

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

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29
Q

Dihybrid Crossing

A

A genetic cross involving two different traits

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30
Q

Diploid

A

2n (number of chromosomes)

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31
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by linking two monosaccharides

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32
Q

DNA Fingerprinting

A

Identifying technique based on differences in DNA of individuals

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33
Q

DNA Gyrase

A

Relieves torsional strain caused by unwinding DNA

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34
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in DNA, seals the ‘nick’ on the lagging strand

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35
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing DNA chain

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36
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

Formulated the base pair rules

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37
Q

Exergonic

A

Reactions that release energy

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38
Q

Exocytosis

A

Discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface

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39
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion that is mediated by a membrane protein

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40
Q

Fermentation

A

The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule

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41
Q

Gap Junction

A

Communicating junctions

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42
Q

Genotype

A

BB, Bb, bb

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43
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

A

Final product of the Calvin Cycle

44
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoid disks

45
Q

Haploid

A

n (number of chromosomes)

46
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips the DNA template

47
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles of the same gene

48
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of constant internal conditions

49
Q

Homologous

A

Structures with same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

50
Q

Homozygous

A

Have two identical alleles of the same gene

51
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Compounds that are polar (like water)

52
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water-fearing”

53
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

When a heterozygote is intermediate in appearance between the two homozygotes

54
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that possess different numbers of neutrons

55
Q

Karyotype

A

Particular array of chromosomes in an organism

56
Q

Kinetochore

A

Attachment sites for microtubules

57
Q

Knockout Mice

A

Organisms with certain known genes inactivated

58
Q

Ligand

A

A signal molecule

59
Q

Maternal Inheritance

A

Uniparental inheritance from the mother

60
Q

Missense Mutations

A

Based substitution that changes an amino acid in a protein

61
Q

mRNA

A

RNA that transports the information in DNA out of the nucleus

62
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Signals that travel across a synaptic gap and persist briefly

63
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of sister chromatids to separate

64
Q

Nonpolar

A

Covalent bonds in which the electrons are shared equally

65
Q

Nonsense Mutations

A

Base substitution in which a codon is changed to a stop codon

66
Q

Northern Blotting

A

When mRNA is separated by electrophoresis

67
Q

Nucleolus

A

The site of ribosome assembly

68
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand

69
Q

Oncogenes

A

Genes that can cause a cell to become cancerous

70
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane

71
Q

Oxidation

A

Reaction in which there is a loss of electrons

72
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Carbohydrate matrix that makes up bacterial cell walls

73
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell “eating”

74
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance due to allele’s expression

75
Q

Phosphatases

A

Enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins

76
Q

Phospholipid

A

Lipid that forms all of our cells membranes

77
Q

Photon

A

Packets of light energy

78
Q

Photorepair

A

Specific repair of DNA damaged caused by UV light

79
Q

Photorespiration

A

Incorporates O2, in RuBP, eventually releasing CO2

80
Q

Photosystem 1

A

Photosystem that was discovered first, has P700 chlorophyll

81
Q

Photosystem 2

A

Photosystem used first in noncylic photophophorylation

82
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell “drinking”

83
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecule built by linking smaller molecules

84
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy

85
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis, chromosomes become visible

86
Q

Protein Kinases

A

Enzymes that add phosphate groups from proteins

87
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Single DNA molecule made from two different sources

88
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

89
Q

Rubisco

A

Enzyme used in Calvin Cycle to fix carbon in organic form

90
Q

S (Synthesis)

A

Cell cycle phase in which DNA replicates

91
Q

Sex-Linked

A

Trait determined by genes on the X chromosome

92
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Events that occur within a cell in response to a signal

93
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that can give rise to differentiated cells

94
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

Type of signal that can cross the plasma membrane and affect gene expression

95
Q

Stroma Lamellae

A

Connections between grana in chloroplast

96
Q

Symporters

A

Transports two molecules in the same direction

97
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

Heat resistant enzyme used in the PCR procedure

98
Q

Telomere

A

Short repeat sequences that protect the lagging strand from degradation

99
Q

Tertiary

A

Folded shape of a globular protein

100
Q

Thymine, Cytosine

A

Pyrimidine bases

101
Q

Transcription

A

The conversion of DNA to RNA

102
Q

Transcription Bubble

A

Contains RNA, polymerase, DNA template, and amp; RNA transcript

103
Q

Translation

A

The assembly of a protein from RNA

104
Q

tRNA

A

RNA with amino acids covalently attached

105
Q

UAG

A

One of the stop codons

106
Q

Western Blotting

A

When proteins are separated by electrophoresis

Biology 1st Semester Final (1 decks)

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