Vocabulary 6 Flashcards
semantics
the study of linguistic meaning
What are the two aspects of linguistic meaning?
sense and reference
Semantics can be subdivided into what?
Lexical and compositional semantics
mental image
a conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning
hyponym vs hypernym
hyponyms are words that are related while hypernyms are more general in meaning
synonymy vs antonymy
meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same v. a meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite
proposition
sense expressed by a sentence; characteristically, propositions can be true or false
truth value
either true or false; reference of a sentence
truth conditions
set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true
entailment
a relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true also
incompatible
relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously
principle of compositionality
the notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined
pure intersection
relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun
intersective adjectives
adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies
relative intersection
type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference
subsective adjectives
adjectives whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to
non-intersection
adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies feres to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things
anti-intersection adjectives
adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies
compositional
meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined
mutual entailment
relationship between two propositions where they entail one another
converses
antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word
reverses
antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other
Wet/dry & easy/hard are considered to be what kind of pairs?
Gradable pairs
Married/unmarried & alive/dead are considered to be what type of antonyms?
Complementary
gradable
words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale
referents
an actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression refers
sense
mental representation of an expression’s meaning
reference
component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world; collection of all the referents of an expression
lexical
linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon
sister terms
words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy
