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BIO 311D Exam 1 > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity and variation

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Types of variation

A

Genotypic and phenotypic

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4
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA, code for proteins

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5
Q

Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called ___ (sperm and eggs).

A

Gametes

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6
Q

Each gene has a specific location called a ___ on a certain chromosome.

A

Locus

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7
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

A single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

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8
Q

Clone

A

A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

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9
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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10
Q

Life cycle

A

Generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

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11
Q

Human ___ ___ (any cell other than a gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes (n=23, 2n=46).

A

Somatic Cells

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12
Q

Gametes are ___, so human gametes have just one set of 23 chromosomes.

A

Haploid

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13
Q

The two chromosomes in each pair are called ___ ___, or homologs.

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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14
Q

Cells with two sets of chromosomes are ___.

A

Diploid

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15
Q

Centromere

A

Where sister chromatids meet

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16
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

Either of the two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome; ‘one-half’ of the duplicated chromosome

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17
Q

Of our 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of them are ___, the non-sex chromosomes.

A

Autosomes

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18
Q

The ___ ___, which determine the sex of an individual, are called X and Y.

A

Sex Chromosomes

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19
Q

What maintains genetic variation among populations?

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, and random fertilization

20
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Homologs assort themselves independently of other pairs

21
Q

Crossing Over

A

Homologous portions of two non-sister chromatids trade places

22
Q

Recombinant Chromosomes

A

Combine DNA inherited from each parent; new combinations of genes and therefore contribute to genetic variation in the gametes

23
Q

Random Fertilization

A

Any sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg); adds to genetic variation

24
Q

Genetic variation is increased by sexual reproduction but depends on ___.

A

Mutation

25
Q

Mutation

A

A change in an organism’s DNA; the original source of genetic diversity

26
Q

Mutations create different versions of genes called ___/

A

Alleles

27
Q

Variation depends on ___, evolution depends on ___.

A

Mutation; Variation

28
Q

Natural Selection

A

Some genetic combinations are more fit for their environment than others; they, as a result, have more offspring, leaving the next generation with more of the genes that are advantageous for that environment

29
Q

Binary Fission

A

Cell replicates and splits in two; no variation

30
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid organism in plant/algae life cycle

31
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid organism in plant/algae life cycle

32
Q

Spore

A

Haploid reproductive cell

33
Q

Mycelium

A

Bundle of hyphae; grows in adult mushroom

34
Q

Plasmogamy

A

Fusion of cytoplasm; does not fuse nuclei (cells are still haploid)

35
Q

Dikaryon

A

Two-nucleus hyphae cell

36
Q

Karyogamy

A

Fusion of the two nuclei; forms diploid zygote

37
Q

True-Breeding

A

Produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

38
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Two alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

39
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype of heterozygote is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

40
Q

Co-Dominance

A

Three phenotypes; the heterozygote is not a midpoint between the two homozygous

41
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Genes have multiple phenotypic effects

42
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

43
Q

Quantitative Characters

A

Characters that vary in the population along a continuum

44
Q

Epistasis

A

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

45
Q

Norm of Reaction

A

Phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

46
Q

Multifactorial Characters

A

Influenced by both genetic and environmental factors

BIO 311D Exam 1 (1 decks)

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