vocabulary

Question 1

Enclosure movement

Answer 1

wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.

Question 2

Crop Rotation

Answer 2

the action of rotating around an axis or center.

Question 3

Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s

Question 4

Factors of production

Answer 4

an economic term that describes the inputs that are used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit.

Question 5

Mechanization

Answer 5

the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

Question 6

Factory system

Answer 6

system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments —contrasted with domestic system.

Question 7

Cottage industry

Answer 7

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.

Question 8

Entrepreneur

Answer 8

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Question 9

Tenements

Answer 9

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments

Question 10

Mass production

Answer 10

the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently utilizing assembly line technology.

Question 11

Fordism

Answer 11

the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or

Question 12

Corporation

Answer 12

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Question 13

Monopoly

Answer 13

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Question 14

Strikes

Answer 14

a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

Question 15

Unions

Answer 15

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

Question 16

collective

Answer 16

done by people acting as a group.

Question 17

bargaining

Answer 17

negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction.

Question 18

Eli Whitney

Answer 18

an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.

Question 19

James Watt

Answer 19

Scottish engineer and inventor.

Question 20

Henry Bessemer

Answer 20

an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century.

Question 21

Richard Arkwright

Answer 21

an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

Question 22

Robert Fulton

Answer 22

an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.

Question 23

Samuel Morse

Answer 23

an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

Question 24

Henry Ford

Answer 24

an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Question 25

JP Morgan

Answer 25

an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.

Question 26

Immigration

Answer 26

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

Question 27

Leisure

Answer 27

free time.

Question 28

Emigration

Answer 28

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Question 29

Push and Pull factors

Answer 29

those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them

Question 30

Textiles

Answer 30

a type of cloth or woven fabric.

Question 31

middle class

Answer 31

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

Question 32

Jane Addam

Answer 32

pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.

Question 33

child labor laws

Answer 33

Laws passed over many decades, beginning in the 1830s, by state and federal governments, forbidding the employment of children and young teenagers, except at certain carefully specified jobs.

Question 34

Stuart Mill

Answer 34

an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant.

Question 35

Utilitarianism

Answer 35

the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

Question 36

Meji Restoration

Answer 36

Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.