Vocabulary

Question 1

Organelle

Answer 1

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Question 2

Cytosol

Answer 2

A semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells.

Question 3

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 3

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Question 4

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 4

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Question 5

Nucleoid

Answer 5

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

The interior of a cell.

Question 8

Plasma membrane

Answer 8

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Question 10

Nuclear envelope

Answer 10

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Question 11

Nuclear lamina

Answer 11

A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

Question 12

Chromosomes

Answer 12

Chromosomes Structures that carry the genetic information.

Question 13

Chromatin

Answer 13

The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.

Question 14

Nucleolus

Answer 14

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

Question 15

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 15

A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell.

Question 16

Ribosomes

Answer 16

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis.

Question 17

Free ribosomes

Answer 17

Ribosomes suspended in the cytosol.

Question 18

Bound Ribosomes

Answer 18

Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

Question 19

Endomembrane system

Answer 19

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Question 20

Vesicle

Answer 20

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

Question 21

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Question 22

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 22

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Question 23

Glycoproteins

Answer 23

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

Question 24

Transport vesicle

Answer 24

Tiny sac-like structures that are in transit from one part of the cell to another.

Question 25

Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Question 26

Lysosome

Answer 26

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules.

Question 27

Phagocytosis

Answer 27

A process which engulfs smaller organisms or food particles.

Question 28

Autophagy

Answer 28

A process in which cells recycle their own organic material through the use of hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 29

Vacuole

Answer 29

Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

Question 30

Food vacuoles

Answer 30

A membrane sac formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle

Question 31

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 31

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.

Question 32

Central vacuole

Answer 32

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

The sites of cellular respiration.

Question 34

Chloroplasts

Answer 34

The sites of photosynthesis.

Question 35

Endosymbiont theory

Answer 35

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Question 36

Cristae

Answer 36

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Question 37

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 37

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.

Question 38

Thylakoid

Answer 38

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Question 39

Granum

Answer 39

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

Question 40

Stroma

Answer 40

In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.

Question 41

Plastid

Answer 41

A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.

Question 42

Peroxisome

Answer 42

A specialized metabolic compartment, bounded by a single membrane , containing enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide.

Question 43

Cytoskeleton

Answer 43

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.

Question 44

Microtubule

Answer 44

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Question 45

Microfilament

Answer 45

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Question 46

Intermediate filaments

Answer 46

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Question 47

Centrosome

Answer 47

A region in animal cells often located near the nucleus where microtubules grow from.

Question 48

Centrioles

Answer 48

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Question 49

Flagella

Answer 49

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

Question 50

Cilia

Answer 50

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Question 51

Cell Wall

Answer 51

An extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.

Question 52

Primary cell wall

Answer 52

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.

Question 53

Middle lamella

Answer 53

A thin layer rick in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glues adjacent cells together.

Question 54

Secondary cell wall

Answer 54

In plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.

Question 55

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 55

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

Question 56

Collagen

Answer 56

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

Question 57

Plasmodesmata

Answer 57

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

Question 58

Gap junctions

Answer 58

Structures between animal cells that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues.