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Biology 1441 Chapter 6 > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Organelle

A

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

A semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells.

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

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6
Q

Capsule

A

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The interior of a cell.

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

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10
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

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11
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes Structures that carry the genetic information.

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes.

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

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15
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell.

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis.

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17
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Ribosomes suspended in the cytosol.

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18
Q

Bound Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

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19
Q

Endomembrane system

A

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

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20
Q

Vesicle

A

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

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21
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

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22
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

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23
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.

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24
Q

Transport vesicle

A

Tiny sac-like structures that are in transit from one part of the cell to another.

25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

26
Q

Lysosome

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules.

27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A process which engulfs smaller organisms or food particles.

28
Q

Autophagy

A

A process in which cells recycle their own organic material through the use of hydrolytic enzymes.

29
Q

Vacuole

A

Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

30
Q

Food vacuoles

A

A membrane sac formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle

31
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.

32
Q

Central vacuole

A

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.

33
Q

Mitochondria

A

The sites of cellular respiration.

34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The sites of photosynthesis.

35
Q

Endosymbiont theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

36
Q

Cristae

A

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

37
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.

38
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

39
Q

Granum

A

A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast

40
Q

Stroma

A

In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.

41
Q

Plastid

A

A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.

42
Q

Peroxisome

A

A specialized metabolic compartment, bounded by a single membrane , containing enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide.

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.

44
Q

Microtubule

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

45
Q

Microfilament

A

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

46
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

47
Q

Centrosome

A

A region in animal cells often located near the nucleus where microtubules grow from.

48
Q

Centrioles

A

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

49
Q

Flagella

A

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

50
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

51
Q

Cell Wall

A

An extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.

52
Q

Primary cell wall

A

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.

53
Q

Middle lamella

A

A thin layer rick in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glues adjacent cells together.

54
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

In plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.

55
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

56
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

57
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

58
Q

Gap junctions

A

Structures between animal cells that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues.

Biology 1441 Chapter 6 (1 decks)

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