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Biology Meiosis > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Somatic cells

A

Non-sexual/reproductive cells

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2
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes that carry asexual genes for body

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3
Q

Karotype

A

Displays chromosomes in ascending order

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4
Q

Haploid vs Diploid

A

Haploid is when you only have one full set of chromosomes represented by n

Diploid is when you have two full sets of chromosomes e.g. In somatic cells represented by 2n

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5
Q

Meiosis and functions

A

Forms haploid gametes to form zygote
Functions: allows for haploid gametes
Variation in the offspring and therefore evolution
Maintenance of chromosome number

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6
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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7
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Pairs of chromosones which carry genes for the same characteristics
1 mom and 1 dad

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8
Q

Processes involved in Meiosis

A 
Reduction division: 
Interphase 1 
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Mitotic Division
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2 
Telophase 2
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9
Q

Bivalent

A

Refers to a pair of homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

Fertilization

A

Two gametes fuse/ join to form a zygote and inevitably new offspring

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11
Q

Chiasmata

A

The points at which two homologous non-sister chromatids touch and at which the process of crossing over will occur

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12
Q

Genes

A

The group of nitrogen of bases on a chromosome required to make on protein

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative gene found at the same position /locus on the of homologous pairs

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14
Q

Locus

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome

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15
Q

Genome

A

The plan of the genes’ loci on the chromosome

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16
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid sex cell formed by the fusion of two gamete cells during fertilization

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical alleles characteristics

Or purebred

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles characteristics

Or hybrid

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19
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

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20
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of an organism

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21
Q

Mendel’s law of inheritance

Law of segregation

A

The characteristics of an organism are determined by inherited genes which are found in homologous pairs and only one gene can be present/ dominant in gametes

22
Q

Gonosomes

A

Chromosome pair 23 which determined male or female

Sex chromosomes

23
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division of a somatic cell

2 Identical daughter cells to parents

24
Q

Polygenes

A

More than one gene at one loci controls a specific characteristic

25
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When both aspects are seen in the offspring e.g pink flowers from red and white mother and father

26
Q

Mutation

A

There is a sudden change in the DNA of a cell caused by a mutagen

27
Q

Mutagen

A

Substance which causes a mutation in a cells DNA

28
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

There is the creation of a new phenotype because the alleles contain genetic information which is equally as dominant
E.g. Red and white gene produces pink flower

29
Q

Co dominance genes

A

The alleles have equal dominance and both of the alleles are seen in the offsprings phenotype… No mixture of the genetic information! E.g. Brown and blond hair

30
Q

Polygenes

A

It is a continuous characteristic in which more than one alleles controls a characteristic and the alleles have an additive effect e.g. Skin color

31
Q

Gene Mutations

A

The sudden change in a cells DNA structure and consequently change in genotype

32
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent which causes mutations

33
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Change in a chromosomes structure or number

During crossing over there can be a deletion, insertion or duplication of chromatids

34
Q

Translocation of chromosomes

A

When the chromatids attach to the wrong chromosome during crossing over

35
Q

Natural selection

A

When two organisms from the same species mate to produce an offspring without mankind

36
Q

Hybridization

A

When the recessive gene of a chromosome is not seen in the plants phenotype because it has mated with another species which contains the superior dominant gene

37
Q

Artificial selection

A

Humans purposefully choose two organisms to mate to have a desired offspring

38
Q

Selective breeding

A

A male and female animal are bred to have a desired offspring

39
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Use of molecular biology to change the genome of an organism

40
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA which has been created in a lab by combining different genes and not natural

41
Q

Donor

A

The organism from which the desired genes are harvested

42
Q

Transgenic organism

A

The recipient of the donor’s genes and has been genetically modified

43
Q

Cloning

A

Creating identical copies of molecules/organisms/cells

44
Q

Gene cloning

A

Uses recombinant DNA and plant tissue culture to produce GM crops

45
Q

Plant tissue culture

A

Production of large numbers of crops which are identical transgenic organisms

46
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

The donors cell’s somatic cell’s nucleus is placed within the surrogate gamete cell and grows…

47
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Involves stem cells and cloning

48
Q

Stem cells

A

They are the undifferentiated cells that can become specialized depending on their placement

49
Q

Polyploidy

A

The number of chromosomes in a cell

50
Q

Triploid

A

3n

The combination of haploid and diploid and causes infertile and no seeds flowers

51
Q

Tertraploid

A

4n
In tomatoes which gives higher vitamin c levels
Done purposefully by stopping formation of spindles in meiosis

52
Q

Polyploid

A

6n
The combination of two Triploid cells
Wheat which is fertile

Biology Meiosis (2 decks)

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