Vocabulary Flashcards
Exocrine
Secreted out of a duct
Anterior pituitary: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates secretions of thyroid hormones
Dysfunction*
Hyper secretion: overstimulation of the thyroid
Hypo secretion: under stimulation of thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex.
Hypersecretion: overstimulation of adrenal cortex hormones.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Female: stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens.
Male: stimulates seminiferous tubules of testes to grow and produce sperm.
Hyper secretion: understimulation of adrenal cortex hormones.
Hypo secretion: lack of sexual development and sterility
Growth hormone:
Stimulates growth in all organs; mobilizes nutrient molecules, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration
Hyper secretion: gigantism (pre-adult) acromegaly.
Hypo secretion: dwarfism (pre-adult)
Prolactin (PRL or lactogenic hormone)
Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk secretion (milk letdown) after pregnancy.
Hyper secretion: inappropriate laceration in men or non-nursing women.
Hypo secretion: insufficient lactation in nursing women.
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys.
Hyper secretion: hyper secretion by the anterior pituitary.
Hypo secretion: diabetes mellitus.
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy; stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts.
Hyper secretion: inappropriate ejection of milk in lactation.
Hypo secretion: prolonged or difficult labor and delivery.
Releasing hormones
Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones.
Hyper secretion: hyper secretion by anterior pituitary.
Hypo secretion: hypo secretion by anterior pituitary.
Inhibiting hormones
Inhibit the anterior pituitary’s secretion of hormones.
Hyper secretion: hypo secretion by anterior pituitary.
Hypo secretion: hero secretion by anterior pituitary.
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells.
Hyper secretion: hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease.
Hypo secretion: hypothyroidism, cretinism, (pre adult); myxedema (adult); goiter.
Calcitonin
Inhibits the breakdown of bone; causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration.
Hyper secretion: possible hypocalcemia
Hypo secretion: possible hypercalcemia.
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates the breakdown of bone; causes an increase in blood calcium concentration.
Hyper secretion: possible hypercalcemia.
Hypo secretion: possible hypocalcemia.
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis.
Hyper secretion: increased water retention.
Hypo secretion: abnormal water loss (dehydration).
Glucocorticoids: cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Stimulate gluconegenesis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration; also have anti inflammatory, anti immunity, and anti allergy effects.
Hypersecretion: Cushing syndrome
Hypo secretion: Addison’s disease.
Sex hormones
Stimulate sexual drive in the female but have negligible effects in the male.
Hyper Secretion: premature sexual (androgens) development; masculinization of female
Hypo secretion: no significant effect.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (
Prolong and intensify the sympathetic nervous response during stress
Hypersecretion: stress effects (adrenaline)
Hypo secretion: no significant effect
Glucagon
Stimulates glycogenesis in liver, canons an increase in blood glucose concentration.
Insulin
Promotes glucose entry into all cells, causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration
Hyper Secretion: sever hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
Hypo secretion: diabetes mellitus
Estrogens
Promote development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics
Hyper secretion: premature sexual development (female) and infertility.
Hypo secretion: lack of sexual development (female) and osteoporosis.
Progesterone
Promotes conditions required for pregnancy
Hypo secretion: sterility
Testosterone
Promotes development and maintenance of make sexual characteristics
Hyper secretion: premature sexual development (male), muscle hypertrophy
Hypo Secretion: lack of sexual development (male)
Thymosin
Promotes development of immune-system cells
Hypo secretion: depression of immune system functions
Chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone
Promote conditions required for early pregnancy
Hypo secretion: spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
