Vocabulary

Question 1

Exocrine

Answer 1

Secreted out of a duct

Question 2

Anterior pituitary: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 2

Stimulates secretions of thyroid hormones

Dysfunction*

Hyper secretion: overstimulation of the thyroid
Hypo secretion: under stimulation of thyroid

Question 3

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 3

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex.

Hypersecretion: overstimulation of adrenal cortex hormones.

Question 4

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 4

Female: stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens.

Male: stimulates seminiferous tubules of testes to grow and produce sperm.

Hyper secretion: understimulation of adrenal cortex hormones.

Hypo secretion: lack of sexual development and sterility

Question 5

Growth hormone:

Answer 5

Stimulates growth in all organs; mobilizes nutrient molecules, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration

Hyper secretion: gigantism (pre-adult) acromegaly.

Hypo secretion: dwarfism (pre-adult)

Question 6

Prolactin (PRL or lactogenic hormone)

Answer 6

Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk secretion (milk letdown) after pregnancy.

Hyper secretion: inappropriate laceration in men or non-nursing women.

Hypo secretion: insufficient lactation in nursing women.

Question 7

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 7

Stimulates retention of water by the kidneys.

Hyper secretion: hyper secretion by the anterior pituitary.

Hypo secretion: diabetes mellitus.

Question 8

Oxytocin

Answer 8

Stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy; stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts.

Hyper secretion: inappropriate ejection of milk in lactation.

Hypo secretion: prolonged or difficult labor and delivery.

Question 9

Releasing hormones

Answer 9

Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones.

Hyper secretion: hyper secretion by anterior pituitary.

Hypo secretion: hypo secretion by anterior pituitary.

Question 10

Inhibiting hormones

Answer 10

Inhibit the anterior pituitary’s secretion of hormones.

Hyper secretion: hypo secretion by anterior pituitary.

Hypo secretion: hero secretion by anterior pituitary.

Question 11

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Answer 11

Stimulate the energy metabolism of all cells.

Hyper secretion: hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease.

Hypo secretion: hypothyroidism, cretinism, (pre adult); myxedema (adult); goiter.

Question 12

Calcitonin

Answer 12

Inhibits the breakdown of bone; causes a decrease in blood calcium concentration.

Hyper secretion: possible hypocalcemia

Hypo secretion: possible hypercalcemia.

Question 13

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 13

Stimulates the breakdown of bone; causes an increase in blood calcium concentration.

Hyper secretion: possible hypercalcemia.

Hypo secretion: possible hypocalcemia.

Question 14

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 14

Regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis.

Hyper secretion: increased water retention.

Hypo secretion: abnormal water loss (dehydration).

Question 15

Glucocorticoids: cortisol (hydrocortisone)

Answer 15

Stimulate gluconegenesis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration; also have anti inflammatory, anti immunity, and anti allergy effects.

Hypersecretion: Cushing syndrome

Hypo secretion: Addison’s disease.

Question 16

Sex hormones

Answer 16

Stimulate sexual drive in the female but have negligible effects in the male.

Hyper Secretion: premature sexual (androgens) development; masculinization of female

Hypo secretion: no significant effect.

Question 17

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (

Answer 17

Prolong and intensify the sympathetic nervous response during stress

Hypersecretion: stress effects (adrenaline)

Hypo secretion: no significant effect

Question 18

Glucagon

Answer 18

Stimulates glycogenesis in liver, canons an increase in blood glucose concentration.

Question 19

Insulin

Answer 19

Promotes glucose entry into all cells, causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration

Hyper Secretion: sever hypoglycemia (insulin shock)

Hypo secretion: diabetes mellitus

Question 20

Estrogens

Answer 20

Promote development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics

Hyper secretion: premature sexual development (female) and infertility.

Hypo secretion: lack of sexual development (female) and osteoporosis.

Question 21

Progesterone

Answer 21

Promotes conditions required for pregnancy

Hypo secretion: sterility

Question 22

Testosterone

Answer 22

Promotes development and maintenance of make sexual characteristics

Hyper secretion: premature sexual development (male), muscle hypertrophy

Hypo Secretion: lack of sexual development (male)

Question 23

Thymosin

Answer 23

Promotes development of immune-system cells

Hypo secretion: depression of immune system functions

Question 24

Chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone

Answer 24

Promote conditions required for early pregnancy

Hypo secretion: spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

Question 25

Melatonin

Answer 25

Inhibits tropic hormones that affect the ovaries; may be involved in the body’s internal clock.

Hyper secretion: winter depression, sleep disorders, and other possible effects.

Question 26

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Answer 26

Regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

Dysfunction: fluid or electrolyte imbalances; possible blood pressure problems

Question 27

Ghrelin

Answer 27

Affects energy balance (metabolism)

Dysfunction: possible obesity; increase in hunger and suppression of fat utilization.

Question 28

Non steroid hormone

Answer 28

Attaches to a receptor cell in the cell membrane and causes release of cyclic AMP to go to the nucleus.

Question 29

Steroid hormone

Answer 29

Enters the cell and the nucleus

Question 30

Endocrine

Answer 30

Ductless

Question 31

Luteinization

Answer 31

Female: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum; stimulates secretion of estrogen; triggers ovulation; stimulates development of corpus luteum (luteinization)

Male: stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.

Hypo secretion: lack of sexual development and sterility