vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
agency
A
the ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within a dominating structure
2
Q
anthropology
A
the study of humanity, including a prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity
3
Q
applied anthropology
A
the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals.
4
Q
archaeology
A
the study of past human cultures through their material remains
5
Q
biological anthropology
A
the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolutions and contemporary variations
6
Q
biological determinism
A
a theory that explains human behavior and ideas as shaped mainly for biological features such as genes and hormones
7
Q
class
A
a way of categorizing people on the basis of their economic position in society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth
8
Q
cultural anthropology
A
the study of living people and their cultures, including variations and change
9
Q
cultural constructionism
A
a theory that explains human behavior and ideas as shaped mainly by learning
10
Q
cultural materialism
A
a theory that takes material features of life, such as environment, natural resources, and mode of livelihood, as the bases for explaining social organization and ideology
11
Q
cultural relativism
A
the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standard of another culture
12
Q
culture
A
people’s learned and shared behaviors and beliefs
13
Q
ethnicity
A
a shared sense of identity among members of a group based on heritage, language, or culture
14
Q
ethnocentrism
A
judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture
15
Q
functionalism
A
the theory that a culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole
16
Q
gender
A
culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas attributed to males, females, or blended genders
17
Q
globalization
A
increased and intensified intentional ties related to the spread of Western, especially U.S, capitalism and affects all world cultures
18
Q
holism
A
the perspective in anthropology that cultures are complex systems that can not be fully understood without paying attention to their different components, including economics, social organization, and ideology
19
Q
indigenous people
A
groups of people who have a long standing connection with their home territories that predates colonial or outside societies
20
Q
interpretive anthropology
A
the view that cultures are best understood by studying what people think about, their ideas, and the meaning s that are important to them
21
Q
linguistic anthropology
A
the study of human communication, including its origins, history, and contemporary variation and change
22
Q
localization
A
the transformation of global culture by local cultures into something new
23
Q
microculture
A
a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within a larger culture
24
Q
“race”
A
a classification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous and biological traits such as skin color or hair characteristics
25
structurism
a theoretical position concerning human behavior and ideas that says large forces such as the economy, social and political organizations, and the media shape what people do and think
26
symbol
an object, word, or action with culturally defined meaning that stands for something else, most symbols are arbitrary.
27
collaborative research
an approach to learning about culture and involves anthropologist working with member of the study population s partners and participation rather than as "subjects'"
28
cultural shock
persistent feelings of uneasiness, loneliness , and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to another
29
emic
insiders' perceptions and categories, and their explanations for why they do what they do
30
ethnography
a detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observations and study
31
etic
an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture
32
fieldwork
research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found
33
indigenous knowledge
local understanding of the environment, climate, plants, animals, and making a living
34
informed consent
an aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that researcher inform the research participants of the intent, scope, and possible effects of the proposed study and seek their consent to bi in the study.
35
interview
a research technique that involves gathering verbal data through question or guided conversation between least two people
36
multisited research
fieldwork conducted in more than one location in order to understand the culture and dispersed members of the culture or relationships among different levels of culture
37
participant observation
basic fieldwork method in cultural anthropology that involves living in a culture for a long time while gathering data
38
qualitative data
non-numeric data
39
quantitative data
numeric data
40
questionnaire
a formal research instrument containing a preset series of questions that the anthropologist asks in face-to-face settings, by mail, or by e-mail
41
rapport
a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population
42
agriculture
a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigations, and fertilizer
43
consumerism
a mode of consumption in which people's demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in effort to satisfy these demands
44
extensive strategy
a from of livelihood involving temporary use of large areas of land and a high degree of spatial mobility
45
foraging
obtaining food available in nature through gathering hunting, or scavenging
46
generalized reciprocity
exchange involving the least concuss sense of interesting material gain or thought of what might be received in return
47
horticulture
a mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools
48
industrial agriculture
a form of agriculture that is capital intensive, subsiding machinery and purchased inputs for human and animal labor
49
industrialism/informatics
a mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media
50
intensive strategy
a form of livelihood that involves continuous use of the same land and resources
51
market exchange
the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions, in which the forces of supple and demand determine value
52
mode of consumption
the dominant pattern, in culture, of using things up or spending resources in order to satisfy demands
53
mode of exchange
the dominant pattern, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups
54
mode of livelihood
the dominant way of making a living in a culture
55
pastoralism
a mode of livelihood based on keeping domesticated animals and using their products, such as meat and milk, for most the diet
56
potlatch
a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and to receive gifts from the host
57
trade
the formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value
58
use rights
a system of property relations in which a person of group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hunting, and fishing areas and waters holes
59
redistribution
a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group, who then, at a later time and at a public event, "returns" the pooled goods to everyone who contributed.
60
adolescence
a culturally defined period of maturation from the time of puberty until adulthood that is recognized in some, but not all, cultures
61
berdache
a blurred gender category, usually referring to a person who is biologically male but who takes on a female role
62
couvade
customs applying to the behavior of fathers during and shortly after the birth of their children
63
cultural broker
someone who if familiar with two cultures and can promote communication and understand across them
64
demographic transition
the change from the agricultural pattern of high fertility and high mortality to the industrial pattern of low fertility and low mortality
65
female genital cutting
a raining of practice involving partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia
66
gender pluralism
the existence within a culture of multiple categories of felinity, masculinity, and blurred genders that are tolerated and legitimate
67
hijra
in India, a blurred gender role in which a person, usual biologically male, takes on female dress and behavior
68
infanticide
the killing of an infant or child
69
menopause-universal
the cessation of menstruation
70
mode of reproduction
the predominant pattern, in a culture, of population change through the combined effect of fertility (birth rate) and mortality (death rate)
71
personality
an individual's patterned and characteristics way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
72
applied medical anthropology
the application of anthropological knowledge of furthering the goals of health-care providers
73
community healing
healing that emphasized the social context as a key component and that is carried out within the public domain
74
critical medical anthropology
an approach within medical anthropology involving the analysis of how economic and political structures shape people's health status, their access to health care, and the prevailing medical system that exist in relation to them
75
disease
in a the disease-illness dichotomy, a biological health problem that is objective and universal
76
disease of development
a health problem caused or increased by economic development activities that have detrimental effects on the environment and people's relationship with it.
77
ecological/epidemiological approach
an approach within medical anthropology that considers how aspects of natural environment and social environment interact to cause illness
78
ethnomedicine
the study of cross-cultural health systems
79
historical trauma
the intergenerational transfer of the detrimental effects of colonialism from parents to children
80
humoral healing
healing the emphasizes balance among natural elements within the body
81
illness
in the diseases-illness dichotomy, culturally shaped perceptions and experiences of a health problem
82
medicalization
the labeling of a particular issue or problem as medical and requiring medical treatment when, in fact, that issue of problem is economic or political
83
medical pluralism
the existence of more than one health system in a culture; also a government policy to promote the integration of local healing systems into biomedical practice
84
placebo effect
a positive result from a healing method due to a symbolic or other nonmaterial factor
85
somatization
the process through which the body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms of suffering
86
structural suffering
human health problems caused by such economic and political factors as war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty
87
susto
fright/shock disease, cultural-specific illness found in Spain and Portugal and among Latino people wherever they live; symptoms include back pain, fatigue, weakness, and lack of appetite
88
Western biomedicine
a healing approach based on modern western science that emphasized technology for diagnosing and treating health problems related to the human body
89
bilineal decent
the tracing of descent through both parents
90
brideprice
the transfer of cash and goods from the groom's family to the bride's family and to the bride
91
brideservice
a form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain length of time before returning home with the bride
92
cross-cousin
offspring of either one's father's sister or one's mother's brother
93
descent
the tracing of kinship relationship through parentage
94
dowry
the transfer of cash and goods from the bride's family to the newly married couple
95
endogamy
marriage within a particular group or locality
96
exogamy
marriage outside a particular group or locality
97
extended household
a coresidential group that comprises more than one-parent unit
98
family
a group of people who consider themselves related through a form of kinship, such as descent, marriage, or sharing
99
household
either one person living alone or a group of people who may or may not be related by kinship and who share living space
100
incest taboo
a strongly held prohibition against marrying or having sex with particular kinship
101
kinship system
the predominant form of kin relationships in a culture and the kinds of behavior involved
102
marriage
a union, usually between two people who are likely to be, but not necessary, co-resident, sexually involved with each other, and procreative
103
matrilineal descent
a descent system that highlights the importance of women by tracing descent through the female one, favoring marital residence with or near the bride's family, and providing for property to be inherited through the female line
104
monogamy
marriage between two people
105
nuclear household
a domestic unit of containing one adult duple (married or partners) with or without children
106
parallel cousin
offspring of either one's father's brother or one's mother's sister
107
patrilineal descent
a descent system that highlights the importance of men in tracing descent, determining martial residence with or near the groom's family, and providing for inheritance of property through the male line.
108
polyandry
marriage of one with more then one husband
109
polygamy
marriage involving multiple spouses
110
polygyny
marriage of one husband with more then one wife
111
unilineal descent
the tracing of descent through only one parent
112
achieved position
a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action
113
age set
a group of people close in age who go through certain rituals such as circumcision, at the same time
114
ascribed postion
a person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth
115
caste system
a form of social stratification linked with Hinduism and based on a person's birth into a particular group
116
civil society
the collection of interest groups that function outside the government of organized economic and other aspects of life
117
dalit
the preferred name for the socially defined lowest groupers in the Indian caste system; the name means "oppressed" or "ground down"
118
diaspora population
a dispersed group of people living out side their original homeland
119
matriarchy
the dominance of women in economic, political, social, and ideological domains
120
mestizaje
literally, a racial mixture; in Central and South America indigenous people who are cut off from tier Indian roots, or literate and successful indigenous people who retain some traditional cultural practice
121
patriarchy
the dominance of men in economic, political, social, and ideological domain
122
social stratification
a set of hierarchical relationships among differentness groups as though they were arranged in layers or "strata"
123
status
a person's position, or standing, in society
