Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Acetabulum
A
The socket portion of the ball-and-socket hip joint. It is formed at the junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones of the pelvis.
2
Q
Abduction
A
The joint movement whereby an extremity is moved AWAY from the median plane.
3
Q
Adduction
A
The joint movement whereby n extremity is moved TOWARD the median plane.
4
Q
Anconeal process
A
A beak-shaped process at the proximal end of the trochlear notch of the ulna. When it fails to unite with the ulna, an unnited anconeal process can cause the elbow joint to become unstable, leading to lameness.
5
Q
Angle
A
The angle of the hoof wall as viewed from a lateral aspect when the foot is flat on the ground.
6
Q
Antebrachium
A
The “forearm” region of the thoracic limb.
7
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
The bones of the limbs (appendages).
8
Q
Arthrodial joint
A
A gliding joint in which two flat, articular surfaces rock on each other. This type of joint usually allows only the movements of flexion and extension.
9
Q
Articular cartilage
A
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of long bones in synovial joints. it forms a smooth layer over the joint surfaces of the bones, which decreases friction and allows free joint movement.
10
Q
Articular surface
A
The smooth joint surface of a bone that contacts another bone in a synovial joint.
11
Q
Asternal rib
A
A rib whose costal cartilage joins the costal cartilage of the rib ahead instead of directly joining the sternum.
12
Q
Atlas
A
The first cervical vertebra. It forms the atlantooccipital joint with the occipital bone of the skull and the atlantoaxial joint with the axis (the second cervical vertebra).
13
Q
Axis
A
The second cervical vertebra. It forms the atlantoaxial joint with the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.
14
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
The bones along the central axis of the body; made up of the skull, the hyoid bone, the spinal column, the ribs, and the sternum.
15
Q
Ball-and-socket joint
A
Also called a spheroidal joint, it consists of a spherical joint surface (the ball) that fits into a closely matching, concave joint surface (the socket).
The shoulder and hip joints are ball-and-socket joints.
Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest range of joint movement.
16
Q
Barrel
A
Trunk of the body - formed by the rib cage and the abdomen.
17
Q
Belly
A
The thick, central portion of a muscle.
18
Q
Bone Cortex
A
The outer layer of a bone that is composed of compact bone.
19
Q
Bone marrow
A
The soft material that fills the spaces inside bones. Two types of bone marrow are red bone marrow, which forms blood cells, and yellow bone marrow, which consists primarily of adipose connective tissue (fat).
20
Q
Bones of the CRANIUM
A
The bones of the skull that surround the brain.
EXTERNALLY visible bones are the OCCIPITAL bone, the INTERPARIETAL bones, the parietal bones, the TEMPORAL bones, and the FRONTAL bones.
INTERNAL bones are the SPHENOID bones and the ETHMOID bone.
21
Q
Bones of the FACE
A
The skull bones that do not surround the brain.
EXTERNALLY visible bones are the INCISIVE bones, the NASAL bones, the MAXILLARY bones, the LACRIMAL bones, the ZYGOMATIC bones, and the MANDIBLE.
INTERNAL bones are the PALATINE bones, the PTERYGOID bones, the VOMER bone, and the TURBINATES.
22
Q
Brachium
A
The upper arm. The area of the thoracic limb between the elbow and the shoulder.
23
Q
Brachycephalic
A
Short-faced.
Breeds of dogs include Boston Terriers, Pugs, English Bulldogs, and Pekingese.
24
Q
Brisket
A
Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum.
25
Calcaneal tuberosity
Large process of the fibular tarsal bone that projects upward and backward; commonly referred to as the POINT of the HOCK; site of attachment of the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle; equivalent to the human heel.
26
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone.
Composed of a seemingly, random arrangement of SPICULES of bone separated by spaces filled with bone marrow.
Appears spongelike to the naked eye.
Found in the ends (epiphyses) of long bones and the interiors of short, flat, and irregular bones.
27
Cannon bones
The large metacarpal and metatarsal bones of the horse.
28
Carpal bones
The bones of the carpus.
Consists of two parallel rows of short bones located between the DISTAL ends of the RADIUS and ULNA and the PROXIMAL ends of the METACARPAL bones.
29
Carpus
The joint composed of the CARPAL bones.
| Referred to as the "KNEE" of the horse and the "wrist" of humans.
30
Cartilaginous joint
A joint in which the bones are united by cartilage; also called AMPHIARTHROSIS.
Only a slight rocking motion permitted between the bones.
31
Cervical vertebrae
Bones of the NECK portion of the spinal column.
32
Circumduction
A joint motion whereby the distal end of an extremity moves in a circle.
33
Claws
Accessory appendages of the integumentary system, present mainly in carnivores, used for grasping prey and self-defense.
34
Coccygeal vertebrae
Bones of the TAIL portion of the spinal column.
35
Coccyx
The human "TAILBONE". It consists of four to five coccygeal vertebrae fused into a solid structure.
36
Coffin bones
The DISTAL PHALANX bone of the horse.
37
Compact bone
Heavy, dense bone made up of tiny, tightly compacted, laminated cylinders of a bone called HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS; makes up the shafts (DIAPHYSES) of LONG bones and the OUTER surfaces of ALL bones.
38
Condyle
A large, rounded articular (JOINT) surface.
| Examples are found on the DISTAL ends of the HUMERUS and FEMUR.
39
Cornual process
The "HORN CORE" of horned animals; a process of the FRONTAL bone. The hollow cavity within the cornual process is continuous with the FRONTAL SINUS (the paranasal sinus of the frontal bone).
40
Costal cartilage
The cartilaginous, ventral portion of a RIB.
41
Cranium
The cranial portion of the dorsal body cavity, formed from several SKULL bones.
It houses and protects the BRAIN.
It is the reference point for the directional term CRANIAL.
42
Cribriform plate
The sievelike area of the ETHMOID bone through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain.
43
Cricoid cartilage
One of the cartilages of the larynx. The cricoid cartilage is ring-shaped. It helps form and support the caudal portion of the larynx.
44
Dewclaw
A toe that doesnt reach the ground, such as the first digit of dogs and cats and the rudimentary medial and lateral toes of cattle.
45
Diaphysis
Shaft portion of a long bone.
46
Diarthrosis
Freely movable synovial joint.
47
Digit
A toe made up of two or three bones called phalanges.
48
Distal phalanx bone
The phalanx that is located most distally form the body; tip of the digit.
49
Distal Sesamoid bone
The NAVICULAR BONE of horses. It is located in the digital flexor tendon deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges.
50
Distal
a directional term used only for extremities of the body. It implies a position or direction AWAY FROM the body proper.
51
Dolichocephalic
Long-faced. The Rough Collie is an example.
52
Dorsal
a directional term meaning TOWARD THE TOP of an animal when it is standing on all four legs; toward the BACKBONE.
53
Dorsal body cavity
Space in the skull and spinal column that contains the brain and spinal cord.
The portion in the skull is called cranium and the portion in the spinal column is called the spinal cord.
54
Dorsal plane
an anatomic reference plane that divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) parts that are not necessarily equal.
55
Endochondral Bone Formation
Type of bone formation whereby bone grows into and replaces a cartilage model.
This is the method by which most bones form in a developing fetus, starting with cartilage "prototypes" that are gradually replaced by bone. It is also the means by which long bones increase in length at the epiphyseal (growth) plates. New cartilage is created on the outside surfaces of the plates, and bone replaces old cartilage on the inside surfaces.
This allows the bones to INCREASE in LENGTH as the animal grows.
56
Endosteum
Fibrous membrane that lines hollow interiors of bones.
57
Epiphyseal plate
Growth plate of long bone.
Located at the junction of the proximal and distal epiphyses with the diaphysis.
Areas where long bones increase in length by the process of endochondral bone formation.
When animal reaches full size, the epiphyseal plates of its bones completely ossify and the bones cease their growth.
58
Epiphysis
End of long bones.
| Each long bone has a proximal and distal epiphysis.
59
Ethmoid bone
a SKULL bone; an INTERNAL bone of the cranium.
Located just rostral (ahead of) the sphenoid bone. It contains the cribriform plate, which transmits the many branches of the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb of the brain.
60
Eustachian tube
Tube that connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx. It allows equalization of the air pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane.
61
External Acoustic Meatus
Bony canal in the temporal bone that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities of the bone. In the living animal, it contains the external ear canal.
62
Extension
Joint movement that increases the angle between two bones.
63
Fabella
One of two small sesamoid bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius (calf) muscle tendon just above and behind the femoral condyles of dogs and cats.
64
Facet
Flat, articular surface, for example those between carpal bones and between the radius and ulna.
65
Femur
Long bone of the thigh region. Forms the hi joint with the pelvis at its proximal end and the stifle joint with the tibia at its distal end.
66
Fetlock joint
Lay term for the most proximal joint of the equine digit, which is the joint between the large metacarpal or metatarsal and the proximal phalanx.
The proximal sesamoid bones are located on the palmar or plantar surface of this joint.
67
Fibrous joint
Immovable joint; aka SYNARTHROSIS.
Bones of a fibroud joint are firmly united by fibrous tissue.
The sutures that unite most of the skull bones are fibrous joints.
68
Fibula
Thin bone located beside the tibia in the lower region of the pelvic limb. It is complete bone in the dog and car, but on the proximal and distal ends are present in horses and cattle.
Does not support any appreciable weight, it mainly acts as a muscle attachment site.
69
Flank
Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs.
70
Flat bone
Relatively thin and flat bones.
Consists of two plates of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone.
Many of the skull bones are flat.
71
Flexion
Joint movement that decreases the angle between two bones.
72
Floating Rib
Most caudal one or two ribs in the rib cage. A rib whose costal cartilage doesnt unite with anything but ends in the muscle of the thoracic wall.
73
Foramen
Hole in a bone.
| plural = foramina
74
Foramen Magnum
Large hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the skull.
75
Fossa
Depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. Fosae are usually occupied by muscles or tendons.
76
Frontal bones
Skull bones; EXTERNAL bones of cranium.
2 frontal bones make up the "forehead" region of skull.
They contain large frontal sinuses.
The cornual process (horn core)
in horned animals is an extension of the frontal bone.
77
Glenoid cavity
Concave articular surface of the scapula; socket portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint.
In birds, the wing is attached to the body by forming a joint in the depression.
78
Gliding joint
Arthrodial joint in which two flat articular surfaces rock on each other. The carpus is an example of a gliding joint.
79
Growth plate
Epiphyseal plate of a long bone. Located at the junction of proximal and distal epiphyses with the diaphysis.
Areas where long bones increase in length by process of endochondral bone formation.
When animal reaches full size, growth plates of its bones completely ossify and bones cease their growth.
80
Haversian Canal
Central canal that runs length of a Haversian system.
| Haversian canal contains the blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply and nourish the osteocytes.
81
Haversian System
Microscopic, laminated cylinders of bone that make up compact bone. Oriented lengthwise in a long bone, Haversian systems consists of a central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of bone. Osteocytes in their lacunae are present at the junctions of the bony layers of the Haversian system.
82
Head
Spheroidal articular surface on proximal end of long bone; present on proximal end of humerus, femur, and ribs.
The head of a bone is joined to the shaft by an area that is often narrowed, called the NECK.
83
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell production.
84
Hinge joint
Joint where one surface swivels around another like a door hinge. aka GINGLYMUS JOINT.
Only movements possible in a hinge joint are flexion and extension. The elbow joint is an example.
85
Hock
Ankle joint, or TARSUS; joins the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of birds.
86
Humerus
Long bone of the brachium or upper arm.
87
Hyoid apparatus
Hyoid bone
88
Hyoid bone
bone in the neck region that supports base of tongue, the pharynx, and the larynx.
aids in swallowing.
Usually referred to as a single bone, but it is composed of several portions.
Attaches to temporal bone by two small rods of cartilage.
89
Ilium
Most cranial of the three pairs of bones that make up the pelvis.
Forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum.
90
Incisive bones
Skull bones that are part of the EXTERNAL bones of FACE.
2 incisive bones are the most rostral of the skull bones.
Houses the upper incisor teeth in all common domestic animals, except ruminants.
91
Interparietal bones
Skull bones part of EXTERNAL bones of CRANIUM.
2 interparietal bones located on dorsal midline just rostral to occipital bone.
Usually distinct in young animals, but in older animals they may fuse into one bone and may even fuse to the parietal bones and become indistinguishable.
92
Intramembranous Bone Formation
MEMBRANE bone formation.
This type occurs in certain skull bones when bone forms in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in a developing fetus.
93
Irregular Bone
Shape doesnt fit into any other 3 categories.
Either have characteristics of more than one bone shape or have truly irregular shape.
Examples include vertebrae, some skull bones, and sesamoid bones.
94
Ischium
Most caudal on three pairs of bones that make up the pelvis.
95
Joint
Junction between two bones.
| Can be completely immovable (fibrous), slightly movable (cartilage), or freely movable (synovial)
96
Knee
Carpus of hoofed animals.
97
Lacrimal bones
Skull bones; EXTERNAL of the FACE.
2 small lacrimal bones form part of the medial portion of the orbit of the eye and house lacrimal sacs, which are part of the tear-drainage system of the eye.
98
Long bone
Bones longer than wide.
| Most of limb bones, such as humerus, femur, and radius.
99
Lumbar vertebrae
Group of vertebrae located dorsal to abdominal region.
100
Malleus
one of three ossicles which are tiny bones that transmit sound wave vibrations across the middle ear.
The malleus, or hammer, is outermost of the 3 ossicles and attached to the tympanic membrane.
101
Mandible
Skull bone; one of EXTERNAL bones of FACE.
Lower jaw. Only movable skull bone.
Houses all lower teeth.
Usually referred to as single bone, but dogs, cats and cattle, the 2 halves of mandible are separate bones joined together by a cartilaginous mandibular symphysis at rostral end.
102
Mandibular Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint (AMPHIARTHROSIS) that unites two sides of mandible at rostral (front) end.
103
Manbrium
First, most cranial sternebra.
| Full name MANBRIUM STERNI.
104
Maxilla
Upper jaw.
105
Maxillary bones
Skull bones; EXTERNAL bones of FACE.
2 maxillary bones make up most upper jaw and house the upper canine teeth, if present, and all upper cheek teeth (premolars and molars).
106
Medial
Directional term meaning TOWARD THE MEDIAN PLANE (center line) of the body.
107
Median plane
anatomic reference plane.
| A sagittal plane that runs down center of body and divides into equal left and right halves. aka midsagittal plane.
108
Meniscus
one of two concave, half moon-shaped, cartilaginous structures on the proximal surface of the tibia that help support the condyles of the femur.
109
Metacarpal bones
Bones of the forelimb that lie between the carpal bones and phalanges.
110
Metacarpal bones
Bones of the pelvic limbs located between the tarsus and the phalanges.
111
Nasal bones
Skull bones; part of EXTERNAL bones of the FACE.
| Form bridge of the nose, or the dorsal part of nasal cavity.
112
Nasal Conchae
Skull bones; part of INTERNAL bones of the FACE. aka TURBINATES.
Thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of space in nasal cavity.
Turbinates covered by moist, vascular lining of nasal passages. Their scroll-like shape helps the nasal lining warm and humidify the inhaled air and trap tiny particles of inhaled foreign material.
113
Navicular bone
Distal sesamoid bone of the horse.
| Located deep in the hoof behind joint between middle and distal phalanges.
114
Neck
area of bone that joins the head with main portion of the bone.
115
Nutrient Foramen
Large channel through the cortex of a large bone through which large blood vessels pass carrying blood to and from the bone marrow.
116
Obturator Foramina
Pair of large holes in the pelvis located on either side of the pelvic symphysis.
Seems to lighten the pelvis because no large nerves or vessels pass though them.
117
Occipital bone
Skull bone ; one of EXTERNAL bones of CRANIUM.
Caudal-most bone of the skull. Forms ATLANTOOCCIPITAL JOINT with first cervical vertebra via occipital condyles.
Large foramen magnum in occipital bone is where the spinal cord exits skull.
118
Occipital condyle
one of two articular surfaces on the occipital bone.
Located on either side of the foramen magnum and form the ATLANTOOCCIPITAL JOINT with the first cervical vertebra (the atlas)
119
Olecranon process
Large process on proximal end of the ULNA that forms the POINT OF THE ELBOW.
Site where tendon of the powerful triceps brachii muscles attach.
120
Ossicles
Skull bones; bone of the EAR.
6 tiny bones, 3 on each side, the middle ear that transmit sound wave vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
From the outside, they are the malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
121
Incus
one of three ossicles. tiny bones that transmit sound wave vibrations across middle ear. MIDDLE of three ossicles.
aka ANVIL.
122
Stapes
one of three ossicles. tiny bones thats transmit sound wave vibrations across middle ear.
Attached to membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea.
Innermost of the three ossicles.
aka STIRRUP.
123
Ossification
Mineralization or hardening of bone.
124
Palatine bones
Skull bones; part of the INTERNAL bones of the FACE.
| 2 palatine bones make up the caudal portion of the hard palate.
125
Parietal bones
Skull bones; EXTERNAL bones of the CRANIUM.
2 parietal bones form dorsolateral walls of cranium.
Large and well developed in the dog and cat, but relatively small in horses and cattle.
126
Patella
KNEECAP; Largest sesamoid bone in the body.
Located on front surface of stifle joint in tendon of large quadriceps femoris muscle.
Rides in TROCHLEA of the FEMUR.
127
Pectoral Crest
Thin, widened area on proximal humerus where wing muscles of a bird attach.
aka Deltoid Crest.
128
Pelvic Limb
HINDLIMB
129
Pelvic Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint (AMPHIARTHROSIS) that unites two halves of pelvis ventrally; the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS
130
Pelvis
Most proximal bony structure of PELVIC LIMB.
aka OS COXAE.
Attaches to sacrum dorsally at sacroiliac joints and forms hip joints with heads of the FEMURS.
131
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane that covers outsides of bones except for their articular (joint) surfaces.
132
Phalangeal bones
bones that compose the digits.
133
Phalanx
a bone of a digit (toe or finger)
| plural - phalanges
134
Pharynx
the THROAT.
| Common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.
135
Pituitary Fossa
Depression in the dorsal surface of the SPHENOID BONE that houses pituitary gland in living animal.
136
Pivot Joint
Joint that allows only a rotary motion.
Only true pivot joint in most animal bodies is the ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
aka TROCHOID JOINT
137
Primary Growth Center
Main growth area of a bone developing by the endochondral (cartilage) method.
Areas of bone development that are located in the main portions of the cartilage rod bone templates in a developing fetus.
138
Process
general name for a lump, bump, or other projection on a bone.
Can be either articular processes, which contribute to joint formation, or nonarticular processes, which are usually sites where tendons attach.
139
Proximal
directional term used only for extremities of the body.
| Implies position or direction TOWARD the body proper.
140
Proximal Sesamoid Bones
paired sesamoid bones in the legs of horses.
Located in large digital flexor tendons behind fetlock joints (joints between large metacarpal and metatarsal bones and proximal phalanges).
141
Pterygoid Bones
Skull bones; INTERNAL bones of the FACE.
| 2 pterygoid bones support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx (THROAT).
142
Pubis
Smallest and most medial of three pairs of bones that make up pelvis.
Forms the cranial portion of floor of pelvis.
143
Radius
one of two bones (ulna is the other) that form the antebrachium, or forearm.
Usually the main weight-bearing bone.
144
Ramus of the Mandible
Vertical portion of the mandible located at its caudal end.
| Where the powerful jaw muscles attach to mandible.
145
Red Bone Marrow
Hematopoietic type of bone marrow.
146
Ribs
Long bones of the AXIAL SKELETON that form lateral walls of the thorax. Dorsal portions are made of bone and form synovial joints with the THORACIC VERTEBRAE.
Ventral portions made of cartilage (COSTAL CARTILAGE).
147
Rostral
directional term meaning TOWARD THE TIP OF THE NOSE.
| Generally used to describe positions and directions only on the head, where the term cranial loses its meaning.
148
Rotation
Joint movement that consists of a twisting motion of a part on its own axis.
149
Sacral Vertebrae
Vertebrae of the pelvic region.
Fuses into a solid structure called the SACRUM, which forms a joint with the ilium of the pelvis on each side called the SACROILIAC JOINT.
150
Sacroiliac Joint
Joint between pelvis and the sacrum that joins the pelvic limb to the axial skeleton.
151
Sacrum
Solid structure formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae.
152
Sagittal plane
anatomic reference plane.
| runs lengthwise, dividing body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.
153
Scapula
Shoulder blade.
Most proximal bone of THORACIC LIMB.
No bony connection exists between scapula and axial skeleton in domestic animals.
154
Secondary Growth Center
Secondary areas of growth in bones developing by endochondral (cartilage) method. Secondary growth centers are areas of bone development located outside the main portions of the cartilaginous bone temples in a developing fetus.
155
Sesamoid Bones
bones present in some tendons where they change direction markedly over joints. Sesamoid bones act as bearings over the joint surfaces, allowing powerful muscles to move the joints without tendons wearing out s they move.
156
Shaft of the Mandible
Horizontal portion of the mandible that houses all the lower teeth.
157
Short Bone
small bone shaped like a small cube or marshmallow.
| Example would be bones of the carpus.
158
Skull
Collective name of the 37 or 38 bones of the head.
Most complex part of skeleton.
Houses the brain and special sense organs.
159
Sphenoid bone
Skull bone; one of INTERNAL bones of the CRANIUM.
| Forms floor of the cranium and contains a depression, the pituitary fossa, that houses the pituitary gland.
160
Sphenoidal sinus
paranasal sinus of the sphenoid bone.
161
Spheroidal Joint
ball-and-socket joint, such as shoulder or hip joint.
162
Spinal Canal
long, flexible, caudal portion of the dorsal body cavity formed by adjacent arches of the vertebrae of the spine.
Houses and protects the spinal cord.
163
Spinal Column
aka Vertebral Column.
| collective name for the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrea.
164
Spinous Process
single, dorsally projecting process of a vertebra.
165
Splint bones
vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal bones of a horses leg.
| There are two splint bones in each leg; one on each side of the cannon bone (large metacarpal or metatarsal bone).
166
Sternal rib
Rib whose costal cartilage directly joins the sternum.
167
Sternebra
bone of the sternum.
168
Sternum
Breastbone.
| Series of rodlike bones called sternebrae that form the floor of the thorax.
169
Stifle Joint
joint between the FEMUR and the TIBIA.
| In humans called knee joint.
170
Sutures
Immovable fibrous joints that unite most of the skull bones.
| aka SYNARTHROSES.
171
Synovial joint
freely movable joint.
| aka DIARTHROSIS
172
Tailhead
dorsal part of the base of the tail.
173
Tarsal bones
bones of the TARSUS.
Consists of two rows of short bones locate between the distal ends of the TIBIA and FIBULA and the proximal ends of the METATARSAL bones.
174
Tarsus
Joint composed of the tarsal bones.
referred to as the HOCK in most animals.
Ankle in humans.
175
Temporal bones
Skull bones. part of EXTERNAL bones of the CRANIUM.
2 temporal bones form lateral walls of cranium.
contain middle and inner ear structures.
form the temporomandibular joints with the mandible (lower jaw).
176
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
hinge joint on each side of lower jaw (mandible) that connects it with rest of the skull.
Each joint formed by convex condyle of the mandible articulating with the concave articular surface on the ventral portion of each temporal bone.
177
Tendons
fibrous connective tissue bands that connect skeletal muscles to bones.
178
Thoracic Limb
front limb.
179
Thoracic Vertebrae
group of vertebrae located dorsal to the thoracic region.
180
Thorax
another name for the thoracic, or chest, cavity.
181
Tibia
main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. Forms the stifle joint with the femur proximal to it and the hock with the tarsus distal to it.
182
Tibial Crest
longitudinal ridge on the front of the proximal end of the tibia.
183
Transverse process
lateral-projecting process of a vertebra.
184
Trochanter
greater or lesser; areas on the femur where leg muscles attach.
185
Trochoid joint
aka PIVOT JOINT
One bone pivots on another in a rotary motion.
Only true pivot joint in the bodies of domestic animals is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
186
Turbinates
Skull bones. part of the INTERNAL bones of the FACE.
aka nasal conchae
four thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity.
They are covered by moist, vascular lining of nasal passages.
their scroll-like shape helps the nasal lining warm and humidify the inhaled air and trip tiny particles of inhaled foreign material.
187
Ulna
one of the two bones (radius being the other) that form the antebrachium, or forearm.
Ulna forms major portion of elbow joint with the distal end of the humerus.
188
Ungual Process
Process on distal end of the distal phalanx of dogs and cats thats surrounded by the claw in the living animal.
189
Ventral
directional term meaning TOWARD THE BOTTOM SURFACE of an animal when its standing on all four legs; toward the belly.
190
ventral body cavity
large space in the body that is divided by the thin, sheetlike diaphragm muscle into the cranial thoracic cavity (chest) and caudal abdominal cavity (belly).
191
Vertebra
one of the bones of the spinal column.
192
Vertebral column
aka spinal column.
| collective name for the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
193
Volkmann's canal
one of countless tiny channels through the matrix of the bone that bring blood in from periosteum to the Haverian canals in the center of the Haversian systems.
The Haversian systems run lengthwise in long bones. Volkmann's canals come in at right angles to the Haversian systems and join with the Haversian canals.
194
Vomer bone
skull bone that is one of INTERNAL bones of the FACE.
| Forms part of the nasal septum.
195
withers
area dorsal to scapulas
196
Xiphoid, Xiphoid process
last, most caudual sternebra
197
Yellow Bone Marrow
most common type of bone marrow in adult animals.
Consists mainly of adipose connective tissue (fat).
doesnt produce blood cells but it can revert to red bone marrow if body needs greater than normal blood cell production.
198
Zygomatic arches
Bony arches below and behind the eyes of the common domestic animals.
Dogs and cats - the form the widest part of the SKULL.
Made up of the rostral-facing zygomatic process of the temporal bone joined with the caudal-facing temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
199
Zygomatic bones
Skull bones; part of EXTERNAL bones of the FACE.
| Form a portion of the orbit of the eye and the rostral portion on the zygomatic arch.
