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AP Stats Vocabulary > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

Sample

A

Set of observations drawn from a population

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2
Q

Categorical variable (qualitative)

A

Take on values that are names or labels (color of a ball, breed of dog)

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3
Q

Quantitative variable

A

Numerical; represent a measurable quantity (population: number of people)

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4
Q

Categorical graphs

A

Bar graph

Pie chart

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5
Q

Quantitive graphs

A 
Box and whisker plot
Scatter plot
Dot plot
Histogram
Stem and leaf plot
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6
Q

Independence

A

Events are independent when one outcome does not affect probability or occurrence of the other

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7
Q

Shape

A

Distribution of a pattern of data in a sample (quantitive)

Symmetry, number of peaks, skewness, uniform

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8
Q

Center

A

Median of distribution

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9
Q

Spread

A

Variability of data
Wide range -> wide spread
Small range -> small spread

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10
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent occurring value in a population/sample

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11
Q

Uniform

A

All observations equally spread across range of distribution

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12
Q

Symmetric

A

Used to describe shape

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13
Q

Skewed (left vs right)

A

Skewed right: fewer observations in higher values

Skewed left: fewer observations in lower values

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14
Q

Outliers

A

Data point that differs greatly from other values in a sample

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15
Q

Median

A

Measure of central tendency

Smallest->largest, number in middle=median

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16
Q

Range

A

Difference between biggest and smallest random variable

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17
Q

Quartiles

A

Divide a rank-ordered data set into four equal parts

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18
Q

Percentile

A

Values that divide a rank-ordered set of elements into 100 equal parts

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19
Q

Mean

A

Average score

Sum of individual scores divided by number of individuals

20
Q

Variance

A

Numerical value of how widely individuals value from the mean (standard deviation)^2

21
Q

Standard deviation

A

Numerical value of how widely individuals vary from the mean

22
Q

Parameter

A

Measurable characteristic of a population (mean, standard deviation)

23
Q

Statistic

A

Characteristic of a sample

24
Q

Sampling distribution

A

Probability distribution of the statistic for a sample

25
Q

Resistant statistic vs nonresistant

A

A statistic is resistant of changing data does not change the statistic drastically

Nonresistant: changes with data

Mean: nonresistant
Median: resistant

26
Q

Z-score

A

How many standard deviations an element is from the mean

27
Q

Empirical rule

A

When a random independent trial is repeated under the same conditions, the fraction of trials that result in a given outcome converges to a limit as number of trials grows without bounds

28
Q

Response variable

A

Quantity that is questioned in the study

29
Q

Explanatory variable

A

Factor that can influence the response variable

30
Q

Lurking variable

A

Variable that eliminates extraneous variables for the observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables

31
Q

Simulation

A

Representation of something; not the real thing

32
Q

Trial

A

A repetition of an experiment

33
Q

Sample survey

A

Study that obtains data from a subset of a population

34
Q

Bias

A

Tendency of a measurement process to over/underestimate the value of a population parameter

35
Q

Randomization

A

Using chance methods to assign subjects to treatments (lurking variables distributed by chance)

36
Q

Sample size

A

Number of elements in a sample from a population

37
Q

Census

A

Study that obtains data from every member of a population

38
Q

Simple random sample (SRS)

A

Population has n objects

Sample has n objects; possible samples of n subjects are equally likely to occur

39
Q

Observational study

A

Research does not control how subjects are assigned to groups or which treatments groups receive
(Sample survey)

40
Q

Experiment

A

Controlled study; subjects assigned to groups, treatments assigned

41
Q

Placebo

A

Neutral treatment that has no “real” effect on the dependent variable

42
Q

Sample space

A

Set of elements that represents all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment

43
Q

Discrete random variable

A

Variable whose set of possible values is countable

44
Q

Continuous random variable

A

A variable that can take any value between minimum and maximum values

45
Q

Population

A

Total set of observations that can be made

AP Stats Vocabulary (1 decks)

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