Vocabulary Flashcards
0
Q
Abdominopelvic Cavity
A
Second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus (in women)
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Q
A bands
A
The dark, thick bands of the protein myosin in muscle cells
2
Q
Abducens Nerve VI
A
Controls movement of the eyeball
3
Q
Abduction
A
Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body
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Q
Abductor Digiti Minimi
A
Muscle that abducts little toe
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Q
Abductor Hallucis
A
Muscle that abducts, flexes great toe
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Q
Abductor Pollicis
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Muscle that abducts the thumb
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Q
Accessory Nerve XI
A
Helps control swallowing and movements of the head
8
Q
Acetabulum
A
Deep socket in the lateral side of the hipbone just above the obturator foramen
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Q
Acetaldehyde
A
An intermediate product of fermentation
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Q
Acetic Acid
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An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle
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Q
Acetylcholine
A
Neurotransmitter substance
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Q
Acetylcholinesterase
A
An enzyme in the postsynaptic neutron that breaks down acetylcholine
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Q
Acetyl-CoA
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An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle
14
Q
Acid
A
A substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H ions when dissolved in water
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Q
Acidosis
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A condition caused by lowering of blood pH
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Acid Rain
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Rain with a high acid concentration resulting from pollutants emitted from cars and coal-fired power plants
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Acromial Process
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Bony prominence on the scapula
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Q
Actin
A
Thin filaments of protein in a muscle cell
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Q
Action Potential
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When a muscle generates its own impulse to contract
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Active Transport
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Mechanism requiring energy by which cells acquire materials against a concentration gradient
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Addison’s Disease
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Condition in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce enough hormones
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Q
Adduction
A
Movement of a bone or limb toward the midline of the body
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Q
Adductor Pollicis
A
Muscle that adducts the thumb
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Adenine
A purine nitrogen base
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
High-energy fuel molecule the cell needs to function
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Adipose
Loose connective tissue full of fat cells
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Adrenal Cortex
Outermost part of the adrenal gland
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Adrenal Glands
Small glands found on top of each kidney; suprarenal glands
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Adrenal Medulla
Inner part of the adrenal gland
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Adrenaline
A neurotransmitter also called epinephrine used by the autonomic nervous system; a hormone
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone cortisol
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Adrenogenital Syndrome
Excessive secretion of androgens producing male characteristics in females and an early enlarged penis in young males
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Aerobic
Requires oxygen
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Afferent Peripheral System
Consists of adherent or sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord
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Agonists
Muscles performing the actual movement
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Albinism
The absence of skin colour
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Aldosterone
Hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
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Aldosteronism
Excessive aldosterone causing high blood pressure
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All-Or-None Law
A contraction or nervous transmission either occurs or does not occur
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Alpha Cells
Secrete the hormone glucagon
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Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle
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Alveolus
A socket for articulation with a tooth
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Amine Group
NH2 found in amino acids
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Ammonia
Molecule that comes from the decomposition of proteins via the digestive process, and the conversion of amino acids in cellular respiration to ATP molecules
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Amphiarthroses
Joints that allow only slight movement
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Anabolism
An energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules
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Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that does not require oxygen
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Anaphase
Third and shortest stage of mitosis
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Anaphase I
Stage of meiosis in which the centromere does not divide
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Anaphase II
Stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of the chromosomes divide
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Anatomy
The study of the structure and organization of the body
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Anconeus
Muscle that extends the forearm
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Androgens
Male sex hormones
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Antagonists
Muscles that relax while the agonist contracts
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Anterior
Toward the front
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Anterior (Ventral) Gray Horn
Part of the spinal cord
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Anterior (Ventral) Root
Point of attachment of the spinal nerve to the cord, also known as the motor root
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Maintains the body's water balance; vasopressin
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Aponeurosis
Wide and flat tendon
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Aqueous Humor
Fluid in the anterior compartment of the eye located in front of the lens
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Arachnoid Mater
The middle spinal or cranial meninx
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Areolar
A type of loose connective tissue
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Arrector Pili Muscle
Consists of smooth muscle fibres attached to a hair follicle that causes the goose flesh appearance on the skin when we get scared or get a chill
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Articulation
A place of junction between two or more bones
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Aster
A starburst cluster of microtubules of tubulin produced by the centriole
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Astrocytes
Star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord
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Atlas
First cervical vertebra that supports the head by articulation with the condyles of the occipital bone
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Atom
The smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element
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Atomic Number
The number of protons or electrons in an atom
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Auditory Ossicles
Another name for the ear bones
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Auditory Tubes
The ear canals located in the middle ear that equalize air pressure preventing hearing distortion; eustachian tubes
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Auricle
External appendage of an atrium
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Autolysis
The process of self-destruction in old or weakened cells
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands
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Axis
The second vertebra
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Axon
The long extension of a nerve cell body; a neuron has only one axon
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Axon Endings
The terminal portions of axons
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Axon Terminals
The endings of axons
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Ball-and-socket Joint
A type of synovial or diarthrosis joint, also called a multiaxial joint, like the shoulder or hip joint
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common type of skin cancer
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Base
A substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water
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Basement Membrane
Anchors epithelial cells to each other and to underlying tissues
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Beta Cells
Secrete the hormone insulin, found in the pancreas
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Biceps Brachii
Muscle that flexes the arm and forearm and supinates the hand
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Biceps Femoris
Muscle that flexes the leg; rotates laterally after flexed
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Bipolar Neurons
Sensory neurons that consist of one dendrite and one axon
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Blood
Specialized connective tissue
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Bonds
Formed when atoms combine chemically with one another
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Bone
Specialized connective tissue
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Brachialis
Muscle that flexes the forearm, assists the biceps muscle
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Brachioradialis
Muscle that flexes the forearm, assists the biceps muscle
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Brainstem
One of the four major parts of the brain; it connects the brain to the spinal cord
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Brownian Movement
The random collision of diffusing molecules
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Buccinator
Muscle that compresses the cheek
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Buffer
A substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions
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Bursae
Closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining
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Calcaneus
The heel
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Calcitonin
Hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration of the blood
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Callus
A thickened area of skin development from an excessive amount of friction
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Calorie
Unit used to measure energy
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Canaliculi
Small canals in compact bone that connect lacunae with one another
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Cancellous bone
Forms the inner spongy tissue underneath compact bone
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Capitate
One of the bones of the wrist
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Carbohydrate
Made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
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Carbon Dioxide
Chemical produced as a waste product of cellular respiration
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Carboxyl Group
The COOH group found in amino acids and fatty acids
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Carcinogens
Cancer-causing agents
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Carcinomas
Tumors developing from epithelial tissue
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Cardiac Muscle
Muscle found only in the heart
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Cardiovascular System
Body system consisting of the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood to and from all cells
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Carotene
A carotenoid pigment in plant cells that produces a red-orange color
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Carpals
Bones of the wrist
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Cartilage
A type of specialized connective tissue
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Catabolism
An energy-releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones
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Catalyst
Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being affected that reaction
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Caudal
Synonymous with inferior; toward the tail
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Cell Body
Contains the nucleus of a neuron
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Cell Cycle
Process by which a cell divides in two and duplicates its genetic material
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Cell Plate
First stage of a new cell wall forming at the equator of a dividing plant cell
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Cellular Respiration/Metabolism
The energy changes that occur in cells
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Cellulose
Carbohydrate material that makes the cell wall of plant cells, fiber in our diet
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
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Centrioles
Two centrioles make up a centrosome; they produce spindle fibers during cell division
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Centromere
Portion of a duplicated chromosome that holds the two daughter chromatids together
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Centrosome
Area near the nucleus made of two centrioles
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Cephalad
Toward the head
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Cerebellum
Second largest portion of the brain concerned with coordinating skeletal muscle movements and balance
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Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain; also called aqueduct of Sylvius
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Cerebral Cortex
Surface of the cerebrum
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Cerebral Hemispheres
The right and left halves of the cerebrum
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Cerebrum
The bulk of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres
132
Cerumen
Earwax
133
Ceruminous Glands
Glands that produce earwax
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Cervical Vertebrae
The seven smallest vertebrae found in the neck
135
Chiasmata
Figures of chromosomes during crossing-over
136
Chief Cells
1. Secreting cells of the parathyroid glands
| 2. In the stomach secrete pepsinogen; also known as zymogenic cells
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Chloroplasts
Organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment chlorophyll
138
Chondrocytes
Cells of cartilage
139
Choroid
The second layer of the wall of the eye containing blood vessels and pigment cells
140
Chromatids
Duplicated copies of a chromosome
141
Chromatin
Term used to describe the genetic material inside a nucleus before duplication
142
Chromoplasts
Plastids in plant cells that contain the carotenoid pigments
143
Cilia
Small hairs found on cells that function in movement of materials across the cell's outer surface
144
Ciliary Body
Consists of smooth muscles that hold the lens of the eye in place
145
Circumduction
Moving the bone in such a way so that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air
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Cisternae
Cavities of an endoplasmic reticulum that are sac or channel-like
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Citric Acid
An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle
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Clavicle
Collar bone
149
Cleavage Furrow
Pinching in of an animal cell membrane during cell division
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Clones
Exact duplicates
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Co Enzyme A
Converts acetic acid to acetyl-CoA
152
Coccygeal Vertebrae/Coccyx
The vertebrae of the tailbone
153
Collagen
A tough fiber found in the matrix of connective tissue
154
Columnar Epithelium
Epithelial cells that are tall and rectangular; found lining the ducts of certain glands and in mucous-secreting tissues
