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Anatomy & Physiology I > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus (in women)

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1
Q

A bands

A

The dark, thick bands of the protein myosin in muscle cells

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2
Q

Abducens Nerve VI

A

Controls movement of the eyeball

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3
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

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4
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi

A

Muscle that abducts little toe

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5
Q

Abductor Hallucis

A

Muscle that abducts, flexes great toe

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6
Q

Abductor Pollicis

A

Muscle that abducts the thumb

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7
Q

Accessory Nerve XI

A

Helps control swallowing and movements of the head

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8
Q

Acetabulum

A

Deep socket in the lateral side of the hipbone just above the obturator foramen

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9
Q

Acetaldehyde

A

An intermediate product of fermentation

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10
Q

Acetic Acid

A

An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter substance

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12
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme in the postsynaptic neutron that breaks down acetylcholine

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13
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

Acid

A

A substance that dissociates and forms an excess of H ions when dissolved in water

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15
Q

Acidosis

A

A condition caused by lowering of blood pH

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16
Q

Acid Rain

A

Rain with a high acid concentration resulting from pollutants emitted from cars and coal-fired power plants

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17
Q

Acromial Process

A

Bony prominence on the scapula

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18
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments of protein in a muscle cell

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19
Q

Action Potential

A

When a muscle generates its own impulse to contract

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20
Q

Active Transport

A

Mechanism requiring energy by which cells acquire materials against a concentration gradient

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21
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Condition in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce enough hormones

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22
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a bone or limb toward the midline of the body

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23
Q

Adductor Pollicis

A

Muscle that adducts the thumb

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24
Q

Adenine

A

A purine nitrogen base

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25
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

High-energy fuel molecule the cell needs to function

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26
Q

Adipose

A

Loose connective tissue full of fat cells

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27
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Outermost part of the adrenal gland

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28
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Small glands found on top of each kidney; suprarenal glands

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29
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Inner part of the adrenal gland

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30
Q

Adrenaline

A

A neurotransmitter also called epinephrine used by the autonomic nervous system; a hormone

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31
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the hormone cortisol

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32
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome

A

Excessive secretion of androgens producing male characteristics in females and an early enlarged penis in young males

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33
Q

Aerobic

A

Requires oxygen

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34
Q

Afferent Peripheral System

A

Consists of adherent or sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord

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35
Q

Agonists

A

Muscles performing the actual movement

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36
Q

Albinism

A

The absence of skin colour

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37
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

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38
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Excessive aldosterone causing high blood pressure

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39
Q

All-Or-None Law

A

A contraction or nervous transmission either occurs or does not occur

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40
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Secrete the hormone glucagon

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41
Q

Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid

A

An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle

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42
Q

Alveolus

A

A socket for articulation with a tooth

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43
Q

Amine Group

A

NH2 found in amino acids

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44
Q

Ammonia

A

Molecule that comes from the decomposition of proteins via the digestive process, and the conversion of amino acids in cellular respiration to ATP molecules

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45
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Joints that allow only slight movement

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46
Q

Anabolism

A

An energy-requiring process that builds larger molecules by combining smaller molecules

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47
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen

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48
Q

Anaphase

A

Third and shortest stage of mitosis

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49
Q

Anaphase I

A

Stage of meiosis in which the centromere does not divide

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50
Q

Anaphase II

A

Stage of meiosis in which the centromeres of the chromosomes divide

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51
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure and organization of the body

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52
Q

Anconeus

A

Muscle that extends the forearm

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53
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

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54
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles that relax while the agonist contracts

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55
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

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56
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Gray Horn

A

Part of the spinal cord

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57
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Root

A

Point of attachment of the spinal nerve to the cord, also known as the motor root

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58
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Maintains the body’s water balance; vasopressin

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59
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Wide and flat tendon

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60
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

Fluid in the anterior compartment of the eye located in front of the lens

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61
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The middle spinal or cranial meninx

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62
Q

Areolar

A

A type of loose connective tissue

63
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

Consists of smooth muscle fibres attached to a hair follicle that causes the goose flesh appearance on the skin when we get scared or get a chill

64
Q

Articulation

A

A place of junction between two or more bones

65
Q

Aster

A

A starburst cluster of microtubules of tubulin produced by the centriole

66
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord

67
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebra that supports the head by articulation with the condyles of the occipital bone

68
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element

69
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons or electrons in an atom

70
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

Another name for the ear bones

71
Q

Auditory Tubes

A

The ear canals located in the middle ear that equalize air pressure preventing hearing distortion; eustachian tubes

72
Q

Auricle

A

External appendage of an atrium

73
Q

Autolysis

A

The process of self-destruction in old or weakened cells

74
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands

75
Q

Axis

A

The second vertebra

76
Q

Axon

A

The long extension of a nerve cell body; a neuron has only one axon

77
Q

Axon Endings

A

The terminal portions of axons

78
Q

Axon Terminals

A

The endings of axons

79
Q

Ball-and-socket Joint

A

A type of synovial or diarthrosis joint, also called a multiaxial joint, like the shoulder or hip joint

80
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Most common type of skin cancer

81
Q

Base

A

A substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water

82
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Anchors epithelial cells to each other and to underlying tissues

83
Q

Beta Cells

A

Secrete the hormone insulin, found in the pancreas

84
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

Muscle that flexes the arm and forearm and supinates the hand

85
Q

Biceps Femoris

A

Muscle that flexes the leg; rotates laterally after flexed

86
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Sensory neurons that consist of one dendrite and one axon

87
Q

Blood

A

Specialized connective tissue

88
Q

Bonds

A

Formed when atoms combine chemically with one another

89
Q

Bone

A

Specialized connective tissue

90
Q

Brachialis

A

Muscle that flexes the forearm, assists the biceps muscle

91
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Muscle that flexes the forearm, assists the biceps muscle

92
Q

Brainstem

A

One of the four major parts of the brain; it connects the brain to the spinal cord

93
Q

Brownian Movement

A

The random collision of diffusing molecules

94
Q

Buccinator

A

Muscle that compresses the cheek

95
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions

96
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining

97
Q

Calcaneus

A

The heel

98
Q

Calcitonin

A

Hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers the calcium and phosphate ion concentration of the blood

99
Q

Callus

A

A thickened area of skin development from an excessive amount of friction

100
Q

Calorie

A

Unit used to measure energy

101
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small canals in compact bone that connect lacunae with one another

102
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Forms the inner spongy tissue underneath compact bone

103
Q

Capitate

A

One of the bones of the wrist

104
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

105
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

Chemical produced as a waste product of cellular respiration

106
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

The COOH group found in amino acids and fatty acids

107
Q

Carcinogens

A

Cancer-causing agents

108
Q

Carcinomas

A

Tumors developing from epithelial tissue

109
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Muscle found only in the heart

110
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Body system consisting of the heart and vessels that pump and distribute blood to and from all cells

111
Q

Carotene

A

A carotenoid pigment in plant cells that produces a red-orange color

112
Q

Carpals

A

Bones of the wrist

113
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of specialized connective tissue

114
Q

Catabolism

A

An energy-releasing process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones

115
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being affected that reaction

116
Q

Caudal

A

Synonymous with inferior; toward the tail

117
Q

Cell Body

A

Contains the nucleus of a neuron

118
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Process by which a cell divides in two and duplicates its genetic material

119
Q

Cell Plate

A

First stage of a new cell wall forming at the equator of a dividing plant cell

120
Q

Cellular Respiration/Metabolism

A

The energy changes that occur in cells

121
Q

Cellulose

A

Carbohydrate material that makes the cell wall of plant cells, fiber in our diet

122
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

123
Q

Centrioles

A

Two centrioles make up a centrosome; they produce spindle fibers during cell division

124
Q

Centromere

A

Portion of a duplicated chromosome that holds the two daughter chromatids together

125
Q

Centrosome

A

Area near the nucleus made of two centrioles

126
Q

Cephalad

A

Toward the head

127
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest portion of the brain concerned with coordinating skeletal muscle movements and balance

128
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain; also called aqueduct of Sylvius

129
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Surface of the cerebrum

130
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The right and left halves of the cerebrum

131
Q

Cerebrum

A

The bulk of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres

132
Q

Cerumen

A

Earwax

133
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Glands that produce earwax

134
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

The seven smallest vertebrae found in the neck

135
Q

Chiasmata

A

Figures of chromosomes during crossing-over

136
Q

Chief Cells

A
  1. Secreting cells of the parathyroid glands

2. In the stomach secrete pepsinogen; also known as zymogenic cells

137
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles found only in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs; contain the pigment chlorophyll

138
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells of cartilage

139
Q

Choroid

A

The second layer of the wall of the eye containing blood vessels and pigment cells

140
Q

Chromatids

A

Duplicated copies of a chromosome

141
Q

Chromatin

A

Term used to describe the genetic material inside a nucleus before duplication

142
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastids in plant cells that contain the carotenoid pigments

143
Q

Cilia

A

Small hairs found on cells that function in movement of materials across the cell’s outer surface

144
Q

Ciliary Body

A

Consists of smooth muscles that hold the lens of the eye in place

145
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving the bone in such a way so that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air

146
Q

Cisternae

A

Cavities of an endoplasmic reticulum that are sac or channel-like

147
Q

Citric Acid

A

An intermediate product of the citric acid cycle

148
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone

149
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

Pinching in of an animal cell membrane during cell division

150
Q

Clones

A

Exact duplicates

151
Q

Co Enzyme A

A

Converts acetic acid to acetyl-CoA

152
Q

Coccygeal Vertebrae/Coccyx

A

The vertebrae of the tailbone

153
Q

Collagen

A

A tough fiber found in the matrix of connective tissue

154
Q

Columnar Epithelium

A

Epithelial cells that are tall and rectangular; found lining the ducts of certain glands and in mucous-secreting tissues

Anatomy & Physiology I (1 decks)

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