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Global health > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Age structure

A

the interaction between natality and mortality affects growing and declining populations differently such that they have very different proportions of individuals in certain age classes

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1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

The poor lack the basic resources necessary to sustain life

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2
Q

Birth rate

A

annual number of births per 1000 people in the total population

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3
Q

Birth Spacing

A

the time between births as an indicator of family planning

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4
Q

Bureaucracy

A

a form of social organization based on written rules and procedures, designed to coordinate the actions of large numbers of people

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5
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals that can be supported on a long-term basis by a particular ecosystem

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6
Q

Caste system

A

a stratification system in which movement between strata is virtually closed, so individuals stay, for their entire lives, in the stratum into which they were born

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7
Q

Class system

A

a stratification system in which movement between strata is possible, so individuals can change strata over the course of their lives

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8
Q

Climate

A

the average weather in a region

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9
Q

Colonialism

A

the conquest of one country by another, resulting in the former ruling the latter, claiming its natural resources, and exploiting the population as cheap or slave labor

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10
Q

Complex emergency

A

a crisis that may include natural disasters, drought, famine or war

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11
Q

DALY

A

disability-adjusted life years; estimating the burden of disease of a population by assigning weights to the average number of years lost to disability and death due to various causes

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12
Q

Death Rate

A

annual number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population

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13
Q

Demographic transition

A

a typical pattern of falling birth and death rates due to improved living conditions associated with economic development

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14
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

the number of non-working (kids and seniors) in a population, divided by the number of working age people in the same population

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15
Q

Dependency Theory

A

a theory that explains the poverty of low-income countries as the result of the policies and practices that high-income countries pursue to amass greater wealth while putting low-income countries in a position of relative dependency on them (e.g., extracting resources)

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16
Q

Desertification

A

denuding and degrading a once-fertile land which initiates a desert-producing cycle

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17
Q

Disease

A

a deleterious change to the body’s condition in response to an environmental factor that could be nutritional, chemical, biological or psychological

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18
Q

Distributive Justice

A

the benefits and risks of research and policy should be equally distributed to all people

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19
Q

DOTS

A

directly-observed therapy (short-course); a strategy for assuring drug treatment compliance, usually associated with tuberculosis

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20
Q

Economic culture

A

the system of values, beliefs, and traditions in which economic activities and economic institutions exist

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21
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of disease in the population

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22
Q

Epidemiologic transition

A

a result of technology and nutrition which affects the main burdens of disease of a population. Low income countries experience infectious diseases and nutrition related illnesses. High income countries experience chronic illnesses and age-related diseases.

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23
Q

FAO

A

Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN

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24
Q

Fecundity

A

the physical ability to reproduce

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25
Q

Fertility

A

the actual number of offspring produced

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26
Q

Fertility rate

A

the average number of children per woman (aka Total Fertility Rate or TFR)

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27
Q

Food safety

A

the ability of a community to assure supply and quality of food

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28
Q

Food security

A

the ability of a community to assure food supply to the population

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29
Q

Gini Index

A

a measure of the inequality in the distribution of incomes within a particular country, ranging between 0 (equality) and 100 (inequality)

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30
Q

Global stratification

A

the ranking of the nations of the world in terms of wealth and political power and, to a lesser extent, prestige

31
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

“the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in 1 year”

32
Q

Gross National Income (GNI)

A

“the market value of all goods and services produced in 1 year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country, subtracting gross imports of goods and services and indirect business taxes”

33
Q

Gross National Product (GNP)

A

“the market value of all goods and services produced in 1 year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country”

34
Q

Herd immunity

A

reducing the percentage of a population that is susceptible to an infection reduces the risk for the entire population

35
Q

High-income countries

A

industrial countries with an annual per capita GNI (2011) above $12,276

36
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

an estimate of national development based on composite data on longevity (life expectancy at birth), education (expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling), and living standards (GNI per capita)

37
Q

Human poverty

A

a measure used by the United Nations Development Programme to assess deprivation in three essential elements of life (longevity, knowledge [education], and a decent standard of living)

38
Q

Immigration

A

movement of populations from one region to another

39
Q

Inequality

A

the differential allocation of rewards, opportunities, and other resources among the members of a society

40
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births

41
Q

Internally displaced person (IDP)

A

one who fled their home community because of civil war, famine, natural disaster or another crisis, but did not cross into another country.

42
Q

Kuznets curve

A

the theory that during the transitional stage of development from agriculture to industry, inequality will increase, but conditions will improve once industrialization is established

43
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A

the average number of years a person can expect to live after birth

44
Q

Life span

A

the longest period of life reached by a given population

45
Q

Living systems theory

A

Living systems are by definition open self-organizing systems that have the special characteristics of life and interact with their environment. This takes place by means of information and material-energy exchanges. Systems exist at eight “nested” hierarchical levels: cell, organ, organism, group, organization, community, society, and supranational system.

46
Q

Lower-middle income countries

A

countries with an annual per capita GNI (2011) between $1,006 and $3,975

47
Q

Low-income countries

A

countries with an annual per capita GNI (2011) of $1,005 or less; also referred to as underdeveloped countries

48
Q

Macroeconomic indicators

A

measures of the amount of economic activity in a country

49
Q

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

A

Formulated in 2000 at the UN Millennium Summit, there are 8 MDGs composed of 21 Target achievements. These are explicit goals of many developing countries and therefore, explain the behaviors of these countries

50
Q

Modernization theory

A

a theory that focuses on the cultural conditions that are necessary for a country to become economically developed – that is, fully modern

51
Q

Morbidity

A

the rate of illness during a specific period

52
Q

Mortality

A

the death rate during a specific period

53
Q

Multinational corporations

A

large corporations that engage in production and marketing in numerous countries throughout the world

54
Q

Natality

A

the addition of new individuals to a population by birth

55
Q

Neocolonialism

A

the relationships between multinational corporations and low-income countries in which the economic power of the multinationals dominates low-income countries in ways similar to the political control previously exercised by foreign governments

56
Q

Nutrition transition

A

the burden of nutrition-related illness differs by the demographics of a population. Developing countries tend to experience problems of undernutritions, Middle income countries may experience undernutrition and overfeeding simultaneously, High income countries tend to experience problems of overfeeding

57
Q

Passive immunity

A

an immune response that is acquired through breastmilk or immunoglobulin shots

58
Q

Per capita GNP

A

the total value of the goods and services produced in a country each year, divided by the number of people in the county’s population

59
Q

Population density

A

land area per person

60
Q

Population momentum

A

when a population contains a large number of prereproductive individuals

61
Q

Population planning

A

accounting for current and future population needs for the purpose of policy development

62
Q

Population pyramid

A

an age structure diagram that depicts males and females graphed against a central axis (two back-to-back bar graphs). Normally bars represent five-year age groups, but not always.

63
Q

Precautionary Principle

A

When an activity (policy) threatens to create harm, it is best to be cautious even if there is no solid scientific proof that harm with manifest (e.g., carbon emissions and global warming)

64
Q

Refugee

A

a person who has been forced to involuntarily move from their home country for security relative to war, civil war, political strife, or persecution.

65
Q

Relative poverty

A

the poor lack many of the resources available to the rest of the population, but nevertheless have the basic necessities of life

66
Q

Social class

A

an individual’s socioeconomic position in society based on their role in production

67
Q

Social institutions

A

a set of social processes and social structures that operate to address a social need; teach individuals what to expect of others in terms of values, beliefs, norms, traditions and general behavior

68
Q

Social stratification

A

a system of ranking people in a hierarchy according to certain attributes

69
Q

Sub-replacement fertility

A

a total fertility rate that is not high enough to replace and area’s population

70
Q

Upper-middle income countries

A

countries with an annual per capita GNI between about $3,976 and $12,275

71
Q

Vital statistics

A

the information maintained by a government, recording the birth and death of individuals within a government’s jurisdiction…in the United States [this is done by] the National Center for Health Statistics of the CDC

72
Q

Wealth

A

the material component of stratification, determined by income and other assets

73
Q

WHO definition of health

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

74
Q

World systems theory

A

a theory that emphasizes the interconnections of countries in the global capitalist production process, which results in an uneven distribution of profits across the countries depending on their participation in core or peripheral production activities

Global health (1 decks)

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