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Vocabulary Flashcards

0
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made up of DNA

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1
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, & survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

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2
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule with a double helix shape that contains genetic information

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3
Q

Genes

A

Units of hereditary information(short segments of DNA) that’s direct cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble protein

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4
Q

Zygote

A

A single cell formed through fertilization

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5
Q

Genotype

A

All of a person’s genetic material

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics such as physical characteristics such as physical characteristics & psychological characteristics

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7
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome (XXY)(undeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, tall)

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8
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted & often breaks (mental deficiency)

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9
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing (XO) or the second X chromosome is partially deleted

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10
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

A genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid (results in mental retardation & hyperactivity if not treated)

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11
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occur most of ten in people with African descent

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12
Q

Twin Study

A

The behavioral and similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

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13
Q

Adoption Study

A

Investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who provide a home environment

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14
Q

XXY Syndrome

A

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y

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15
Q

Development

A

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

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16
Q

Life-Span Perspective

A

View development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

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17
Q

Nonnormative Life Events

A

Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

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18
Q

Normative Age-graded Influences

A

Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular group

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19
Q

Culture

A

The behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

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20
Q

Cross-cultural studies

A

Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific

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21
Q

Ethnicity

A

A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

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22
Q

SES

A

The grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

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23
Q

Gender

A

The characteristics of people as males or females

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24
Biological processes
Changes in an individual's physical nature
25
Cognitive processes
Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
26
Socioemotional processes
Changes in an individuals relationships with other people,emotions, and personality
27
Nature-nurture issue
The debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture
28
Scientific method
An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information. The steps include: 1) conceptualize the problem, 2) collect data, 3) draw conclusions, and 4) revise research conclusions and theory
29
Theory
an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions
30
Hypotheses
Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy
31
Psychoanalyic theories
describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
32
Erikson's theory
Eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
33
Piaget's theory
States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
34
Social cognitive theory
The of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors ion development
35
Naturalistic observation
observing behavior in real world settings
36
Case study
an in-depth look at a single individual
37
Longitudinal approach
a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
38
Shared environmental experiences
siblings' common environmental experiences, such as their parents' personalities mad intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status, and the neighborhood in which they live
39
nonshared environmental experiences
the child's own unique experiences, both within the family, that are not shared by another sibling.
40
Germinal period
the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks fate conception
41
Embryonic period
the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception (the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear)
42
Umbilical cord
a life-support system containing two arteries and one vein that's connects the bay to the placenta
43
Placenta
a life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine
44
Fetal period
lasting about seven months, the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies
45
Neurons
nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level on the brain
46
Teratogen
any agent that causes a birth defect. the field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
47
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
a cluster of abnormalities that appears in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
48
Afterbirth
the third stage of birth, when the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
49
Breech position
the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the vagina
50
Apgar scale
a widely used method to asses the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth which evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability
51
Low birth weight infants
an infant that weighs less that 5.5 lbs at birth
52
Preterm infants
those born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation (the time between fertilization and birth)
53
Kangaroo care
treatment for preterm infants that involves skin-to-skin contact
54
Postpartum period
the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth (period lasts for about six weeks)
55
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
A condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause
56
Reflexes
Built- in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control
57
Sucking reflex
A newborn's built-in reaction to automatically suck an object placed in the mouth
58
Moro reflex
A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement
59
Grasping reflex
A neonatal reflex that occurs when something touches the infant's palms. The infant responds by grasping tightly
60
Fine motor skills
Motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
61
Sensation
The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors- the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
62
Ecological view
The view that perception functions to bring in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation
63
Habituation
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus (a child seeing a toy they are used to, boredom, and loosing interest in the toys they have)
64
Shape constancy
The recognition that an object's shape remains the same even though it's orientation to us changes
65
Neuroconstructivist view
Perspective holding that biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and development of the brain and cognitive development are closely linked

Growth & Development (1 decks)

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