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AP Psych Development > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Teratogens

A

Toxic substances that cause birth defects or developmental abnormalities in the womb like alcohol, drugs, tobacco, infections, environment

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2
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary movements in response to stimulation.
Moro: Outstretching of arms
Babinski: Touch bottom of foot toes splay outward

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3
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior like crawl, stand, walk

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4
Q

Critical periods

A

Period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

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5
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Enduring sexual attraction toward others

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6
Q

Schemas

A

A mental concept or framework that helps organize and interpret information

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7
Q

Assimilation

A

Taking in new information and changing our schema to incorporate new information

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8
Q

Accomodation

A

Taking in new information and changing our existing schema to incorporate a new schema

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9
Q

Object Permanence

A

Out of sight out of mind, awareness that objects continue to exist when you can’t perceive them

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10
Q

Egocentrism

A

Difficulty understanding another’s point of view or perspective

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11
Q

Theory of Mind

A

Ability to understand that other people have mental stages, a sense of what others think

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12
Q

Conservation

A

Principle that properties remain the same despite changes in appearance

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13
Q

Reversibility

A

Numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition

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14
Q

Temperament

A

A persons characteristic emotional disposition
Easy: cheerful, relaxed, predictable
Difficult: More irritable, intense, unpredictable

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15
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

An adolescents tendency to believe that others are watching and evaluating them. Self conscious behavior

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16
Q

Personal Fable

A

An adolescents belief that they are special and unique. None of life’s difficulties or problems will affect them regardless of behavior.

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17
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenting and retirement

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18
Q

Continuous and Discontinuous

A

Debate over whether development occurs gradually without gaps or not

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19
Q

Senile Dementia

A

Mental disintegration that accompanies alcoholism, tumor, stroke, and Alzheimers

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20
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive and irreversible brain disease characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, neural death, or change in behavior

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21
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Accumulated knowledge, facts, information, experiences and skills acquired throughout life. Increases with age

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22
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Ability to reason quickly and abstractly, solve novel logic problems, declines with age

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23
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest individual sounds in any language

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24
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest units of meaning in a language

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25
Zone of Proximal Development
What a learner can do with help from a more knowledgeable other (teacher, mentor, parent)
26
Overgeneralization
Misapplying grammar rules too broadly
27
Language Acquisition
the process of learning to understand and use a language, which can be a first or second language
28
Identity Achievement
Gone through a period of moratorium, emerged with commitment to beliefs/occupation
29
Identification Diffusion
No commitment to particular career path, no serious exploration, minimal experimentation
30
Moratorium
No strong commitment to an occupation, beliefs or both actively exploring and considering a variety of professions
31
Foreclosure
Firm commitment to an occupation/belief system Choices based on what others want
32
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
33
Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together
34
Stimulus
Any event or situation that evokes a response
35
Response
Any behavior or action
36
Acquisition
Becoming classical conditioned
37
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response
38
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioning response
39
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned Stimulus to elicit similar responses
40
Stimulus Discrimination
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned Stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
41
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (Bell)
42
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally elicits a response (food)
43
Unconditioned Response (UR)
An unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivating)
44
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response
45
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
46
Higher Order Conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned Stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned Stimulus.
47
Taste Aversion
A learned association between a food and an illness/sickness Biologically primed associations to survive
48
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
49
Law of Effect
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
50
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by punishment.
51
Punishment
Event that decreases behavior Positive: Stimuli is added Negative: Stimuli is removed
52
Reinforcement
Positive: Increases behavior, strengthens response Negative: Increases behavior, stimulus removed
53
Primary Reinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies biological needs
54
Secondary Reinforcer
money, grades, etc
55
Shaping
Procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior
56
Learned Helplessness
The helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated events
57
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
58
Partial Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time Results in slower acquisition, greater resistance to extinction
59
Fixed Ratio
(Exact) Reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses
60
Variable Ratio
(Random) Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
61
Fixed Interval
(Number of responses) Reinforces a response only after a specific time has been elapsed
62
Variable Interval
(Time) Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
63
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
64
Cognitive Maps
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
65
Primary Sex Characteristics
the physical features that determine an individual's sex and are directly involved in reproduction
66
Secondary Sex Characteristics
physical traits that are related to sex but are not directly involved in reproduction. They develop during puberty and include breast development, facial hair, and voice changes.
67
Latent Learning
Learning taken place you are unaware of before an incentive (reward)

AP Psych Development (4 decks)

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