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Biology Unit 2: Population Ecology > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

demography

A

the statistical study of populations

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2
Q

life tables

A

provide information about the life history of an organism and the life expectancy of individuals at each age

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3
Q

population size

A

total number of individuals

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4
Q

population density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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5
Q

quadrat

A

wood, plastic, or metal square that is randomly located on the ground and used to count the number of individuals that are in it

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6
Q

mark and recapture

A
  1. marking animals caught
  2. releasing them back into the ecosystem to re-disperse
  3. new sample is captured after time
  4. count marker in 2nd sample
  5. equation
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7
Q

mark and recapture equation

A

total number (and marked) 1st x total number 2nd / number marked 2nd

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8
Q

species distribution pattern

A

distribution of individuals within a habitat at a particular point in time
-random
-clumped
-uniform

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9
Q

mortality rate

A

percentage of surviving individuals dying at a particular age interval

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10
Q

mortality rate equation

A

number of individuals dying / number of individuals surviving x 1000

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11
Q

survivorship curves

A

graph of the number of individuals surviving at each age interval vs time
- type |
- type ||
- type |||

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12
Q

type | survivorship curve

A

chance of death low early, high late

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13
Q

type || survivorship curve

A

constant entire life

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14
Q

type ||| survivorship curve

A

chance of death high early, low late

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15
Q

k

A

carrying capacity

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16
Q

carrying capacity

A

the max amount of individuals an ecosystem can sustain

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17
Q

r

A

growth rate of populations

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18
Q

r equation

A

births - death / population size

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19
Q

exponential growth

A

growth at which it increases indefinitely ; appears when a population has unlimited resources

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20
Q

j shaped curve growth

A

exponential growth

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21
Q

death rate

A

number of organisms that die during an interval

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22
Q

birth rate

A

number of organisms that are born during an interval

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23
Q

positive r value

A

population increasing in size

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24
Q

negative r value

A

population decreasing in size

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25
Q

0 r value

A

zero population growth

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26
Q

zero population growth

A

0 r value

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27
Q

logistic growth

A

growth at which it increases exponentially until it reaches carrying capacity causing it to go back down ; appears when a population has equal access to resources with limitations of amount

28
Q

s shaped growth curve

A

logistic growth

29
Q

intraspecific competition

A

idea of competition between species affecting growth curve

30
Q

density dependent factors

A

population affects growth and mortality rate
-predation
-competition
-parasites
-disease

31
Q

density independent factors

A

population does not affect growth and mortality rate
-weather
-natural disasters
-pollution

32
Q

k selected species

A

-exist close to their carrying capacity
-tend to be larger
-fewer offspring
-large amount of resources to each offspring
-elephants

33
Q

r selected species

A

-large numbers of offspring
-less parental care and resources for offspring
-self-sufficient
-tend to be smaller
-jellyfish

34
Q

climate

A

long term trends, especially considering temperature and precipitation ; average for a region over time

35
Q

weather

A

short term atmospheric condition, can change depending on the season or even minute to minute

36
Q

nihilism

A

philosophical concept simply meaning nothing matter and its hopeless anyways

37
Q

positive feedback loop

A

occurs in nature when the product of the reaction leads to and INCREASE in the reaction itself

38
Q

negative feedback loop

A

occurs in nature when the product of the reaction leads to a DECREASE in the reaction itself
-including predator and prey cycle as they cancel each other out

39
Q

habitat loss

A

humans are often destroying and taking away Habitats belonging to animals for our own use
- forectm coral reef, grassland, rivers , tc.
- 3.1% forest cover loss 2000-2005

40
Q

habitat loss - wise wood choices

A

“wise wood choices” describes how woods used for flooring, walls, etc. may be harvested illegally leading to more habitat loss. instead, ensuring sustainable legal harvests are used for wood can prevent habitat loss. (the forest stewardship council - FSC)

41
Q

overharvesting

A

harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns

42
Q

overharvesting - tragedy of the commons

A

economic forces driving people towards fishing a population/ common resource to extinction

43
Q

overharvesting - coral reef

A

coral reef harvesting causes species to decline because of its housing to marine species
-can affect turtles, amphibians, braids, plants, and orangutans

44
Q

overharvesting - bush meat

A

wild animals being killed for food
-africa and asia threaten several species with extinction

45
Q

exotic species

A

species that have been intentionally or unintentionally introduces by humans into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve

46
Q

climate change - anthropogenic warming

A

increase in heat due to human emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane caused by burning of fossil fuels and deforestation

47
Q

cc - range shifts

A

species distribution range changing due to relocations and interactions

48
Q

cc - climate gradients

A

climates changing and disappearing ; change accelerating in arctic

49
Q

cc - ocean levels

A

raise in ocean levels because of ice melting in the arctic

50
Q

spectation

A

birth

51
Q

extinction

A

death

52
Q

mass extinction

A

dramatic and sudden loss of biodiversity

53
Q

red list

A

list of extinct and endangered species the international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) keeps
- contains 380 vertebrates that became extinct after 1500 AD

54
Q

extinction rates

A

the number of species expected to go extinct over a period of time based on what humans observe

55
Q

background extinction rate

A

estimated to be about 1 per million species years

56
Q

species year

A

1 species persisting for 1 million years or 1 million species persisting for 1 year

57
Q

species area relationship

A

rate at which new species are seen when the area surveyed is increased
- 90% habitat loss = 50% species extinct

58
Q

CITIES treaty

A

1975 : prevents “listed” species from being transported across nations borders

59
Q

endangered species act

A

US 1973 : when an at risk species is listed by the act, the US fish and wildlife service will plan to protect species numbers

60
Q

migratory bird treats act (MBTA)

A

agreement between the US and Canada 1918, listing over 800 protected species making it illegal to disturb, harm, or kill them

61
Q

cc - kyoto protocol

A

international agreement that commits countries to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (not succeeding)

62
Q

preserve

A

an area of land set aside for protection of the organisms that live there

63
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

1988 : geographical areas that contain high numbers of endemic species

64
Q

endemic species

A

species that are not found anywhere else besides their original area

65
Q

habitat restoration techniques

A
  • introducing keystone species to an environment
  • dam removal
66
Q

captive breeding programs

A

captures animal programs to increase population and reintroduce to the wild (often fail because of limitations while being captured)

67
Q
A

Biology Unit 2: Population Ecology (1 decks)

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