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1
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to lend credence to facts that support our beliefs and dismiss those that do not

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2
Q

Science

A

Systematic study of worldly phenomena through observation and experiment

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3
Q

Tenet

A

A widely held principle or belief

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4
Q

Behavior Analysis

A

The science of human behavior

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5
Q

Applied Behavior Analysis

A

The scientific practice of applying the principles of behavior analysis to solve meaningful human problems

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6
Q

Behavior

A

Any human action that can be observed and measured

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7
Q

Functional Behavior Assessment

A

A process for determining the environmental events that elicit problem behavior

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8
Q

Function

A

How a behavior is used to meet the reinforcement needs of the person exhibiting it. The purpose of a behavior

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9
Q

Behavior Reduction Plan (BRP) / Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

A

Written set of instructions for teaching behavioral skills to replace problem behavior

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10
Q

Skill Acquisition Plan

A

A set of teaching procedures for achieving goals that have been broken down into benchmark objectives

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11
Q

Empiricism

A

Theory that knowledge derives from sensory experience

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12
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are likely to be repeated; behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are not likely to be repeated

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Learning process in which a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US)

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14
Q

Stimulus

A

Any environmental event that elicits a behavioral response

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15
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

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16
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that takes on the eliciting properties of an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with that unconditioned stimulus

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17
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

A stimulus that does not elicit the response of interest

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18
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs in all members of a species; also called an unconditioned response (UR)

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19
Q

Generalization

A

Conditioned responding that happens with novel stimuli that was never paired with other conditioned or unconditioned stimuli

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20
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Responding is conditioned through manipulation of consequences according to the law of effect

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21
Q

Three-Term Contingency

A

Behavior is explained by analyzing it according to the antecedent stimuli and the consequences that follow (i.e., antecedent - behavior - consequence)

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22
Q

Reinforcers

A

Stimulus change that follows a behavioral response and increases the likelihood that response will occur again (strengthens the behavior)

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23
Q

Punishers

A

Stimulus change that follows a behavioral response and decreases the likelihood of the response recurring (weakens the behavior)

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24
Q

Operant

A

The basic unit of behavior

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25
Q

Radical Behaviorism

A

School of behaviorism that views behavior as a neutral event resulting exclusively from interaction with the environment

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26
Q

ABC Recording

A

A method of descriptive data collection in which the antecedents and consequences surrounding a behavior of interest are recorded

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27
Q

Motivating Operation

A

An event or condition that alters the value of consequences and the probability of behaviors that have been previously associated with such consequences

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28
Q

Single Subject Design

A

Research method in which treatment effectiveness is shown by demonstrating change from one condition to the next in an individual or small group

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29
Q

Token Economy

A

A system of behavior change in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens, which can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers

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30
Q

Positive Behavior Support

A

An approach to supporting people who have challenging behavior that utilizes applied behavior analysis aligned with the values of normalization and person-centered care

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31
Q

Functional Analysis

A

Direct form of functional behavior assessment in which antecedents and consequences are systematically tested to determine the controlling variables of a specific target behavior

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32
Q

Functional Communication Training

A

A differential reinforcement technique that teaches the person to engage in communicative responses as a replacement for problem behavior

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33
Q

Delay/Denial Tolerance

A

A component of functional communication training that teaches the learner to first accept delays in receiving requested items/activities, then to accept denials, without displaying problem behavior

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34
Q

Continuous Data Collection

A

Captures every possible behavioral occurrence by recording either every instance of behavior or the actual duration of each instance of behavior

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35
Q

Discontinuous Data Collection

A

Captures a sample of behavior during observation by recording whether the behavior is occurring at designated points in time

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36
Q

Continuous Numbers

A

Numbers that occur in a range; used for collecting data on behaviors with unclear stop and start points

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37
Q

Discrete Numbers

A

Whole numbers used for measuring behaviors that have an easily discernible stop and start

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38
Q

Social Validity

A

The degree to which treatment goals and procedures are acceptable and meaningful to recipients and their communities of support

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39
Q

Dead Man’s Test

A

If a dead man can do it, it is not behavior

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40
Q

Automatic Reinforcement

A

Behavior is maintained by sensory mechanisms, independent of the social environment

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41
Q

Pairing

A

Presenting a stimulus with a highly reinforcing stimulus or highly punishing stimulus in order to condition it to have the same reinforcing or punishing properties. The term is often used to refer to pairing people with preferred items or activities in order to establish the person as a reinforcer

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42
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior occurring in similar circumstances

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43
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

A behavior is followed immediately by the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar circumstances

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44
Q

Satiation

A

A decrease in motivating operations resulting from over-exposure to the reinforcer

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45
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Presentation of an undesired stimulus following a behavior. This leads to a decrease in the future frequency of that behavior

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46
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removal of a desired stimulus following a behavior. This leads to a decrease in the future frequency of that behavior

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47
Q

Behavioral Contrast

A

Changes in consequence delivery in one context that cause behavioral changes leads to opposite changes in behavior in other contexts

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48
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Repeated punishment in the absence of reinforcement for alternative behaviors leads to a cessation of all actions

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49
Q

Normalization

A

Social justice movement designed to make available to all people with disabilities patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances and way of life or society

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50
Q

Restraint

A

Physically holding or securing the individual, either briefly to interrupt and intervene with severe problem behavior or for an extended period of time using mechanical devices to prevent otherwise uncontrollable problem behavior that has the potential to produce serious injury

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51
Q

Seclusion

A

Isolating an individual from others to interrupt and intervene with problem behavior that places the individual or others at risk of harm

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52
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in an individual’s response to stimuli after the stimuli are repeated

53
Q

Response Blocking

A

Physically blocking the completion of a problem behavior

54
Q

Contingent Exercise

A

Requiring a person to perform movements unrelated to the problem behavior

55
Q

Overcorrection

A

Effortful behavior that is functionally or logically related to the problem behavior is required as consequence for the problem behavior

56
Q

Self-Stimulatory Behavior

A

Repetition of non-purposeful movement or sounds

57
Q

Pica

A

Purposeful ingestion of inedible materials

58
Q

Non-Exclusion Time-Out

A

Contingent loss of access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time, while remaining in the originating environment

59
Q

Exclusion Time-Out

A

Contingent removal from reinforcing environments for a specified period of time

60
Q

Response Cost

A

Contingent removal of a specified amount of reinforcement (e.g., time, money, tokens)

61
Q

Verbal Operant

A

A unit of verbal behavior that responds to motivating operations and/or discriminative stimuli and functions to obtain reinforcement from the environment

62
Q

Point-to-Point Correspondence

A

The stimulus and response products match in entirety; that is, the response is an exact duplication of the stimulus

63
Q

Augmentative & Alternative Communication

A

Forms of communication that do not require speaking

64
Q

Sign Language

A

A mode of communication that employs signs made with the hands and other movements, including facial expressions and postures of the body, to communicate messages

65
Q

Prompt

A

A supplement antecedent stimulus that is used when a stimulus does not reliably control a target response

66
Q

Prompt Fading

A

Gradually reducing prompting procedures

67
Q

Response Effort

A

The amount of ease or difficulty with which a person can complete a task. This influences the frequency with which the task will be performed

68
Q

Prompt Dependence

A

Continued reliance on a prompt to initiate the performance of a mastered behavior

69
Q

Stimulus Control

A

Behavioral response occurs in the presence of a particular stimulus, but not in its absence

70
Q

Stimulus Control Transfer

A

Systematic reduction of prompts and reinforcement to achieve the final goal of stimulus control

71
Q

Prompt Delay

A

A stimulus control transfer procedure in which the trainer inserts a pause between the discriminative stimulus and the supplemental prompt in order to give the learner time to respond without depending on the prompt. Delays may be constant (always the same amount of time) or progressive (the pauses are gradually increased)

72
Q

Stimulus Fading

A

Gradually decreasing the saliency of a stimulus prompt

73
Q

Salience

A

Degree to which an object or characteristic is noticeable

74
Q

Task Analysis

A

Breaking a skill down into a sequence of smaller, more manageable components or steps

75
Q

Chaining

A

A teaching procedure in which reinforcement is given for completing the steps in a task analysis

76
Q

Forward Chaining

A

A teaching process in which reinforcement is delivered upon completion of the first step in a task analysis, then for combining the first and second steps, and so on until responsibility for the entire chain is required

77
Q

Backward Chaining

A

A teaching process in which reinforcement is delivered upon completion of the last step in a task analysis, then for combining the last two steps, and so on until the responsibility for the entire chain is required

78
Q

Total Task Chaining

A

A teaching process in which reinforcement is delivered upon completion of each step in a task analysis, and prompts are faded at each step as the skill is acquired

79
Q

Behavioral Momentum

A

Using a series of high-probability requests to increase compliance with low-probability requests

80
Q

Clinical Scientist Model

A

The practice of using a scientific approach to delivering clinical services

81
Q

Evidence Based Practice

A

The integration of best available research with clinical expertise while taking into account client characteristics

82
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Treatments that are presented as if they have a scientific basis, but have not or cannot be supported scientifically

83
Q

Reliability

A

The degree to which data is replicable

84
Q

Interobserver Agreement

A

Percent agreement between data collection simultaneously by two independent observers recording the same observation

85
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which data accurately reflects the phenomenon they are reported to describe

86
Q

Frequency

A

The number of times a behavior occurs; also called “count”

87
Q

Rate

A

Number of times a behavior occurs in a given time frame; expressed “n occurrences per x time period”

88
Q

Duration Data

A

Data that reports the amount of time that passed between the beginning and ending of a behavioral occurrence

89
Q

Latency

A

Amount of time that passes between a stimulus and initiation of the behavioral response

90
Q

Inter-Response Time

A

The amount of time that elapses between iterations of a behavior

91
Q

Partial Interval Recording

A

Method of discontinuous data collection in which behavior is marked as occurring or not occurring at any point during the interval, regardless of duration or frequency

92
Q

Whole Interval Recording

A

Method of discontinuous data collection in which the interval is marked if the behavior occurs throughout the interval

93
Q

Momentary Time Sampling

A

Method of discontinuous data collection in which the interval is marked if the behavior occurs at a designated point within the interval (usually the beginning of the interval)

94
Q

Planned Activity Check (PLA-CHECK)

A

Discontinuous data collection method which applied momentary time sampling methodology to groups. The number of people engaged in the target behavior at the designated time is recorded

95
Q

Permanent Product Recording

A

Recording the outcome of a behavior instead of the behavior itself

96
Q

Trials to Criterion

A

A count of the number of trials required to achieve a predetermined level of performance

97
Q

Treatment Integrity Check

A

Data collection focused on the degree to which program components are implemented correctly

98
Q

Data Level

A

The point on the y-axis around which the data converge

99
Q

Variability

A

The degree to which data points diverge from the line of best fit on a graph. High variability indicates poor control over behavior

100
Q

Data Trend

A

The overall direction of the data

101
Q

Standardized Assessment

A

Tests that are developed using psychometric science and are administered and scored in accordance with prescribed procedures

102
Q

Component Skills

A

Basic skills that serve as building blocks to larger skills known as composite skills

103
Q

Repeated Measures

A

A method of tracking progress by repeating assessments across time

104
Q

Preference Assessment

A

A set of procedures used to identify stimuli that might function as reinforcers

105
Q

Problem Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs too often, too intensely, or in the wrong context

106
Q

Dynamic

A

Characterized by constant responsive change

107
Q

Epigenetic

A

A dynamic relationship between biology, genetics, and environment that creates change in all three

108
Q

Critical Periods

A

A period of development in which proper development is necessary in order to acquire specific skills

109
Q

Topography

A

A description of the behavior’s form

110
Q

Ecological Assessment

A

Assessment that seeks to discover the skills required for successful functioning in a given environment

111
Q

Behavior Function

A

How a behavior is used to meet the reinforcement needs of the person exhibiting it. The purpose of a behavior

112
Q

Descriptive Functional Assessment

A

Method of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a target behavior by observing and recording events as they occur in the natural environment

113
Q

Shaping

A

Behavior change method in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations toward the target behavior

114
Q

Discrete Trial Training

A

An ABA-based intervention in which skills are task analyzed, and each of the smaller (discrete) skills are taught through repetition of stimulus presentation, prompting, and reinforcement; These skills are then systematically recombined into the larger skills or skill sets and are taught for generalization, discrimination, and maintenance

115
Q

Primary Reinforcement

A

Unlearned, biologically innate reinforcement that does not require teaching, such as food

116
Q

Conditioned Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that is learned via pairing with primary reinforcement

117
Q

Discrimination

A

Behavior occurs in the presence of specific stimuli but not in the presence of similar stimuli

118
Q

Multiple Exemplar Training

A

Teaching multiple examples of the SD and the S Delta until the concept is able to be applied to untrained stimuli

119
Q

Generalization

A

Behavior that occurs in response to similar stimuli without additional training

120
Q

Stimulus Control (DTT)

A

When a stimulus reliably elicits a behavior even without direct, immediate reinforcement

121
Q

Behavioral Crisis

A

A situation in which a person’s behavior requires immediate intervention to prevent serious harm

122
Q

Debriefing

A

Formal, systematic questioning of participants following a mission or undertaking in order to obtain useful information

123
Q

Extinction

A

Eliminating a previously learned behavior by withholding reinforcement

124
Q

Response to Intervention

A

A tiered approach to identification and support of students with learning and behavioral needs

125
Q

Informed Consent

A

A process by which a potential consumer of treatment services is provided with a full explanation of that treatment, its risks, benefits, and alternatives, and makes a fully informed decision as to whether to accept the service or not; May be revoked at any time

126
Q

Privacy

A

The right of a person to determine who has access to personal (health) information

127
Q

Confidentiality

A

The duty of a practitioner to ensure no one has access to a client’s personal (health) information without legal consent

128
Q
A

RBT Training Vocabulary (1 decks)

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