Vocabulary

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

new growth, tumor

Question 2

benign

Answer 2

tumor state that doesn’t invade other tissues

Question 3

malignant

Answer 3

tumor state that can invade surrounding tissues

Question 4

metastases

Answer 4

secondary tumors that arose from invansion

Question 5

carcinomas

Answer 5

cancers arising from epithelial cells, most common cancer

Question 6

sarcomas

Answer 6

cancers arising from connective tissue or muscle cells

Question 7

leukemias

Answer 7

cancers of white blood cells

Question 8

lymphomas

Answer 8

cancer of lymphocytes, in which cancer cells are mainly found in lymphoid organs (rather than in blood like leukemias)

Question 9

adenoma vs adenocarcinoma

Answer 9

benign epithelial tumor with glandular organization vs malignant tumor

Question 10

chondroma vs chondrosarcoma

Answer 10

benign vs malignant tumors of cartilage

Question 11

primary tumor

Answer 11

site at which first aberrant mutation occurred and arose, secondary tumors arise from metastasis

Question 12

transit amplifying cell

Answer 12

cell derived from a stem cell that divides a limited number of times before terminally differentiating

Question 13

replicative cell senescence

Answer 13

phenomenon where after a certain number of divisions the cells will ultimately slow down and finally halt

Question 14

micrometastasis

Answer 14

small first clump of newly invading cancer cells, does not guarantee colonization

Question 15

HIF-1alpha

Answer 15

Hypoxia Inducible Factor, gene regulating protein that activates transcription of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF)

Question 16

VEGF

Answer 16

vascular endothelial growth factor, secreted protein that recruits endothelial cells and promotes blood vessel formation

Question 17

stroma

Answer 17

means bedding, connective tissue surrounding glandular and epithelial cells that provides environment need for cells to develop

Question 18

aflatoxin B1

Answer 18

fungal toxin that after processing by cytochrome P450 becomes carcinogenic, contaminate tropical peanuts, causes liver cancer in asia and africa

Question 19

benzo[a]pyrene

Answer 19

chemical in coal tar and tobacco smoke, becomes carcinogenic after cytochrome P450 processing, tumor initiator

Question 20

tumor initiator

Answer 20

carcinogen that damages DNA to “sow seeds of cancer”

Question 21

tumor promoter

Answer 21

non-mutagenic chemicals (doesn’t damage DNA) that activate tumor growth

Question 22

TPA

Answer 22

tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, phorbol ester, artificially activates protein kinase C to induce cellular proliferation

Question 23

proto-oncogenes

Answer 23

gain of function mutation transforms into oncogenes that promotes cancer

Question 24

tumor suppressor genes

Answer 24

loss of function mutation contributes to cancer

Question 25

DNA maintenance genes

Answer 25

mutation of genes leads to DNA instability and contributes to cancer