Vocabulary Flashcards
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a genetic, neurological condition that affects executive functions, attention, motivation, concentration, and focus of attention
cerebral cortex
the surface layer of the brain (and cerebrum) involved in cognition, consciousness, awareness, language, and higher order functioning and voluntary behavior
fibromyalgia
a nonarticular rheumatic disorder characterized by pain, stiffness, and extreme tenderness in the muscles
flow
a highly focused state of attention and gratifying absorption involving a certain degree of challenge and skill, and often resulting in a sense of timelessness
hyperacusis
an extreme sensitivity to sound which is also known as collapsed or decreased sound tolerance (DST)
limbic system
a set of brain structures that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, that manages memories, instincts, and emotions
multisensory (multimodal) integration
the use of a combination of sensory channels, e.g., visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, kinesthetic, and experimental stimuli to engage learning
hierarchy of objectives
a logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy
antecedents (antecedent stimuli)
events that precede a behavior, sometimes setting the occasion for an occurrence of the behavior
self-disclosure
the act of revealing or sharing personal information, thoughts, feelings, or experiences with others
interpersonal
relationships between people, emphasizing communication, connection, and mutual influence
communication domain
the use of music to facilitate and enhance various aspects of communication (receptive and expressive language, verbal and nonverbal communication)
social domain
the use of music to address and enhance social skills, communication, and interactions within a group setting (turn-taking, eye contact, peer interactions, participating in a group discussion)
emotional domain
the use of music to address and explore various emotional aspects of a person’s well-being (expressivity, creativity, spontaneity, mood)
physical domain
the use of music to address and support physical well-being and health (sensory and perceptual-motor skills, sensory integration, gross and fine motor coordination, eye-hand coordination, adaption to physical challenges, breath control, lower blood pressure, regular gait, deep breathing, relaxed muscles)
cognitive domain
the use of music to address and stimulate cognitive processes (memory, problem-solving, executive functions, rational thinking, orientation to time, place, and/or person, attention to task and/or teacher, therapist, parent)
musical domain
the use of music and/or musical elements, e.g., rhythm, melody, harmony, and lyrics, to address and achieve therapeutic goals (musical ability, potential and/or repertoire, freedom to express musically, peak, musical experiences)
spiritual domain
the use of music to explore and address clients’ spiritual or existential concerns, beliefs, and experiences (authenticity, satisfaction)
psychosocial domain
the use of music to address and integrate both psychological and social aspects of a person’s well-being (self-awareness, self-esteem, insight, impulse control, interpersonal interaction, adjustment, etc.)
sensory domain
the use of music to address and stimulate sensory processing and perception (sensory awareness, integration, modulation)
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that eventually results in a gradual loss of muscle control and function (muscle weakness, twitching, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing)
transference
the client’s projection of feelings, ideas, and desires about others onto the therapist
countertransference
the therapist’s projection of feelings, ideas, and desires about others onto the client
projection
a defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or traits onto another person or object
mnemonic strategies
memory-enhancing techniques that utilize musical elements, such as rhythm, melody, and lyrics, to improve the retention and recall of information
augmentative and alternative device (AAC)
a tool or system used to support individuals with communication difficulties in expressing their thoughts, needs, and emotions when traditional speech is challenging or not possible (picture boards, communication books, electronic tablets, speech-generating devices)
vestibular
the sensory system in the inner ear responsible for detecting balance, spatial orientation, and movement (maintaining equilibrium, coordination of body movements)
proprioceptive
the sensory system that provides information about the position, movement, and orientation of the body’s muscles and joints (sense of where an individual’s body parts are in space, enables coordinated and controlled movements)
sensorimotor
the integration of sensory and motor processes during musical experiences (listening, playing instruments, moving to music)
vibroacoustic
the therapeutic use of sound and vibration, typically delivered through specialized devices or equipment, to elicit physical and sensory responses in the body
bereavement
a state of grief and sorrow that encompasses the emotional, psychological, and social responses that individuals go through in response to the death of a loved one (mourning, adapting to life without the deceased)
anticipatory grief
the grief and mourning experienced before an expected loss, typically in the context of an impending death or significant life change
ambiguous loss
a type of grief experienced when a person faces a situation of loss that is unclear, unresolved, or lacks closure
rate of change
the speed or pace at which therapeutic progress or transformation occurs in a client
dynamic range
the variation in intensity or volume levels of musical sounds and expressions (contrast between soft and loud elements in music)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a chronic respiratory condition characterized by obstructed airflow in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties (shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest tightness)
broca’s area
a region in the brain’s frontal lobe that plays a crucial role in language production and speech. responsible for controlling the muscles involved in speech production and organizing the formation of grammatically correct sentences
aphasia
refers specifically to a language disorder resulting from brain damage, involving significant impairments in language functions (difficulty finding words, forming sentences, understanding language, or reading and writing). often associated with strokes, head injuries, or other neurological conditions
dysphasia
a broad term that describes any impairment or difficulty in using and understanding language, particularly due to brain damage or injury (difficulty speaking, listening, or reading and writing)
ataxia
a neurological disorder characterized by a lack of muscle coordination resulting from damage to the cerebellum or its connecting pathways. caused by genetic conditions, head trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or certain infections (unsteady movements, shaky limbs, difficulties with balance and gait)
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing that can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, such as lung diseases, heart problems, anxiety, or physical exertion (shortness of breath, breathlessness)
episodic memory
a type of long-term memory that involves the ability to recall and remember personal experiences, events, and specific details of past occurrences in one’s life
working memory
a cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information for short periods while actively processing it (solving mathematical problems, working with and remembering phone numbers, following instructions)
semantic memory
a type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge, concepts, facts, and meanings about the world (understanding of language, objects, people, and ideas without references to specific personal experiences)
long-term memory
a type of memory storage system in the brain that holds information for an extended period, from minutes to a lifetime
social (pragmatic) communication disorder
a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in using and understanding social communication cues
modeling
the therapeutic technique of demonstrating musical behaviors, activities, or responses for the client to imitate or follow
chaining
a systematic process of breaking down a complex musical task or activity into smaller, manageable steps
errorless learning
a teaching technique in which individuals are guided to learn new skills or information with minimal or no opportunity to make errors
group contingencies
behavioral management techniques that involve applying consequences based on the collective behavior of a group of individuals
conduct disorder
childhood or adolescent behavior disorder characterized by a pattern of persistent and repetitive violations of societal rules and the rights of others (aggressive, destructive behaviors that go beyond typical childhood mischief)
sustained attention
the ability to maintain focus and concentration on a specific task or activity over an extended period without being easily distracted or losing interest
arousal
the level of alertness, wakefulness, and physiological responsiveness of a client during a musical experience or intervention
selective attention
a cognitive process that involves focusing on specific stimuli or information while filtering out irrelevant or less important stimuli in the environment
acute
a condition or illness that has a rapid onset and a relatively short duration (typically intense but temporary)
social psychology
the scientific study of how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence and actions of others
cognitive-behavioral therapy
based on cognitive and behavioral paradigms that emphasizes the interrelationships between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and directs the client to explore healthy and unhealthy patterns and relationships in a directive, action-focused paradigm
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
a childhood behavioral disorder characterized by a pattern of recurrent and persistent defiant, disobedient, and hostile behaviors towards authority figures
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves challenges in social communication and interactions, as well as the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests (difficulty understanding social cues, expressing emotions, maintaining eye contact, forming relationships)
trisomy 18 (edwards syndrome)
a genetic, severe, life-threatening condition and disorder that leads to various physical and developmental abnormalities
dysregulation
the impaired or abnormal functioning of a biological, physiological, or psychological process, leading to difficulties in maintaining stability and balance (emotions, behavior, physiological responses)
disorientation
a state of confusion in which an individual becomes uncertain about their surroundings, time, place, or their own identity that can result from various factors, such as illness, medication, trauma, or psychological distress
disinhibition
a lack of restraint or inhibition over one’s actions, thoughts, or emotions involving acting impulsively or disregarding social norms and inhibitory controls, leading to behaviors that are typically considered inappropriate or socially unacceptable
SMART goals
specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-frame
williams syndrome
a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 7 characterized by distinct facial features, cardiovascular issues, and developmental delays
existential therapy
a system of psychotherapy emphasizing the search for meaning, based on human self-determination and self-awareness
psychoanalytic therapy
explores the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and repressed emotions to gain insights into an individual’s current thoughts, behaviors, and emotional difficulties
reality therapy
focuses on helping individuals take responsibility for their own behaviors and choices to achieve their desired outcomes and lead more fulfilling lives
progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)
a relaxation technique used to reduce stress and tension in the body by systematically tensing and then relaxing different muscle groups
allegro
a fast and lively speed
adagio
a slow and leisurely pace
psychodynamic approach
a psychological perspective that focuses on the interplay between unconscious mental processes, emotions, and early life experiences in shaping an individual’s behavior, thoughts, and personality
neurologic approach
using music to stimulate and engage the brain’s neurological processes and connections based on the understanding that music can activate various regions of the brain and influence cognitive, emotional, and motor functions
holistic framework
a comprehensive and integrated perspective that considers the whole person, taking into account their physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual well-being
behavioral approach
a psychological perspective that focuses on observable behaviors and the influence of the environment in shaping those behaviors
somatic music listening
mindfully and intentionally engaging with music to promote self-awareness and explore bodily sensations and emotions
process-oriented music therapy
a therapeutic approach that prioritizes the therapeutic process itself over specific musical outcomes and emphasizes the exploration of emotions, thoughts, and interpersonal dynamics that arise during musical interactions
rubato
the freedom to vary the tempo or rhythm of a piece of music, typically for expressive purposes
ostinato
a repeating pattern of notes, rhythms, or chords that persist throughout a piece of music
ritenuto
instructs the performer to slow down the tempo immediately, often for expressive purposes
executive functioning
a set of cognitive processes and skills that are crucial for goal-directed behavior, decision-making, problem-solving, and self-regulation (ability to plan, organize, initiate and sustain tasks, shift between activities, control impulses, and monitor one’s own actions and thoughts)
auditory perception
recognizing and interpreting sounds and auditory stimuli that involve the brain’s ability to analyze and make sense of various auditory signals (speech, music, environmental sounds)
displacement
a defense mechanism where an individual redirects their emotions, thoughts, or impulses from one person or object to another less threatening person or object
systematic desensitization
a behavioral therapy technique used to help individuals overcome phobias, fears, or anxieties by gradually exposing them to the feared stimulus in a controlled and relaxed manner
autogenic training
a relaxation technique used to reduce stress and promote physical and mental relaxation that involves the use of self-suggestions and visualization to induce a state of calmness and well-being
dysarthria
a motor speech disorder resulting in difficulties in articulation, pronunciation, and controlling the rate and rhythm of speech
gait
the manner of walking or moving on foot including the sequence of movements and the coordination of various body parts (legs, arms, torso) while walking
sampling bias
a potential distortion or error in research or clinical studies that arises when the participants (sample) selected for the study do not accurately represent the larger population of interest
type II error
occurs when the test incorrectly fails to detect a significant effect or relationship that exists in the population (false negative)
biopsychosocial framework
considers the interplay and integration of biological, psychological, and social factors in shaping an individual’s health and experience of illness
humanistic approach
focuses on the individual’s capacity for self-growth, personal development, and self-actualization that emphasizes the uniqueness of each person, as well as their innate drive to reach their fullest potential
initiation
the process by which a client or participant actively starts or begins a musical interaction or activity
tessitura
the average or most comfortable range of pitches for a particular voice or instrument
fading
the gradual removal of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain a behavior or set of responses on their own
interval time-sampling
one notates whether or not a behavior is occurring during a specific interval of time
duration recording
an observational recording system in which one notates the length of time a behavior occurs
frequency count
notating the number of times a behavior occurs
reliability coefficient
a measure of agreement between observers which may be calculated as the number of agreements between observers divided by the total number of agreements and disagreements, times 100 percent
construct validity
indicates the degree that the test represents certain concepts, attributes, or theoretical foundations
reliability
the degree to which a test or observation is consistent
criterion-referenced validity
denotes how well the test predicts behavior
content validity
the degree to which the test is related to the outcome or domain that it intends to assess
validity
the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure
inner-rater validity
the agreement between observers of the same behavior or response
test-retest reliability
determined by comparing test performance in replications of the same test at least twice
psychometric analyses
ways of determining validity and reliability
assimilation
new information or experiences are incorporated into existing knowledge, allowing individuals to understand and interpret new stimuli based on their pre-existing beliefs or mental frameworks
object permanence
a child’s ability to recognize an object still exists even though it no longer can be seen
parkinson’s disease
a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement control and is characterized by a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms (tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement, difficulty with balance and coordination, cognitive changes, mood disorders, sleep disturbances)
melodic intonation therapy (MIT)
a structured and music-based rehabilitation technique used to help individuals with language impairments, particularly those who have difficulty with expressive speech following a stroke or brain injury that involves the use of melody and rhythm to enhance the production of speech in individuals who have lost their ability to speak fluently
neuroscience framework
understanding human behavior and mental processes that incorporates insights from the field of neuroscience and seeks to explore how brain structures, neural networks, and physiological processes relate to cognitive functions, emotions, and behaviors
community music therapy approach
a therapeutic method that focuses on using music to promote health, well-being, and social connections within a community or group setting that involves engaging individuals of diverse backgrounds and abilities in music-making activities that foster a sense of belonging, empowerment, and cooperation
culture-centered music therapy approach
a therapeutic method that recognizes the influence of culture on individuals’ beliefs, values, and musical expressions that involves tailoring music therapy interventions to respect and incorporate the cultural backgrounds, traditions, and musical preferences of the client
developmental music therapy approach
a therapeutic method that focuses on using music to support and promote the developmental needs and milestones of individuals across the lifespan that involves tailoring music therapy interventions to address the specific developmental goals and challenges of clients at different stages of life
health and wellness music therapy approach
a therapeutic method that uses music to promote and support overall health, well-being, and quality of life that involves using music interventions to address physical, emotional, social, and psychological aspects of health to enhance the individual’s overall sense of wellness
improvisational music therapy approach
a therapeutic method that centers around spontaneous and creative musical interactions between the client and the therapist that involves using musical improvisation as a means of communication, expression, and exploration of emotions and thoughts
medical music therapy approach
a therapeutic method that uses music interventions to address the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of individuals in a medical or healthcare setting that involves the use of music to support medical treatment, enhance pain management, reduce anxiety, and improve overall well-being during medical procedures and hospital stays
iso-principle
the process of matching music to an individual’s mood to facilitate their self-awareness and understanding
evidence-based practice
the use of the most up-to-date and valid research for making clinical decisions. expertise of the clinician and values of the client combine with available evidence to make these choices
auditory discrimination
the ability to hear similarities and differences between sounds, and its finest aspects, phonemes
rett syndrome
a disorder in which a child with normal early development loses manual dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, and language; associated with severe psychomotor retardation and deceleration of head growth
asperger’s syndrome
one type of autism spectrum disorder that is no longer being applied as a specific diagnosis, but shares characteristics of social pragmatic communications disorders
huntington’s disease (chorea)
a genetic disorder, affecting the central nervous system and causing involuntary movements and contortions; may also cause cognitive decline and behavioral symptoms
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
a broad term for head injury sustained in an accident or other sudden onset
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a type of anxiety disorder in which the person re-experiences a trauma with persistent arousal and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, causing significant distress and functional impairment
neuroplasticity
the concept that the brain is adaptable, particularly after injury or insult, and that it can form new connections between brain cell synapses and create diverse sequences of neuropathways
nordoff-robbins music therapy
a clinical music improvisation model founded by Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins that engages clients and the therapist in making music together based on the belief that everyone is capable of musical expression
SOAP note
subjective, objective, assessment, plan
APIE note
assessment, plan, intervention, evaluation
ionian mode
the first and most common diatonic scale (c). results in a bright and cheerful sound
dorian mode
the second mode of the major scale (d) characterized by a specific sequence of whole and half steps, giving it a minor-like sound with a slightly brighter, uplifting quality
phrygian mode
the third mode of the major scale (e) characterized by a specific sequence of whole and half steps, giving it a distinct exotic and somewhat mysterious sound (spanish, flamenco, middle eastern music)
lydian mode
the fourth mode of the major scale (f) characterized by a specific sequence of whole and half steps, including a raised fourth scale degree, giving it a bright, almost dreamy sound
mixolydian mode
the fifth mode of the major scale (g) characterized by a specific sequence of whole and half steps, which includes a lowered seventh scale degree, giving it a distinct bluesy and folk-like sound
aeolian mode
the natural minor scale that starts on the sixth scale degree of the major scale (a). results in a somber or melancholic sound, used to evoke emotional and reflective atmospheres
locrian mode
the seventh and final mode of the major scale (b), characterized by a specific sequence of whole and half steps, which includes a lowered second, third, fifth, sixth, and seventh scale degrees with a dissonant and unstable quality
data-based model
an approach based on information retrieved through assessment, documentation, experimentation, and/or direct observation
baseline
a starting point to serve as a basis for measuring change
norm-referenced tests
tests that compare individual or group scores with averages and other measures of central tendency derived from a wider, selected sample of test takers
projective test
an assessment where the individual responds to a test stimulus and reveals personality traits or unconscious processes
task analysis
a detailed breakdown of the behaviors involved in a particular skill or task, listed in the order of occurrence
single-subject, applied behavior analysis design
assesses the effect of treatment for a single individual or group. refers to a set of “within subject” or “intensive” designs that examine the behavior of one person or group over time
reversal design (ABAB design)
a single-subject, applied behavior analysis design that generally involves observing behavior during baseline, treatment, and a return to baseline to reflect the baseline (phase A) treatment (phase B), and return to the baseline (phase A); a complete reversal is ABAB, involving a final reinstatement of the treatment (phase B)
baseline-treatment design
a design that compares behavior under conditions of no treatment (intervention) and treatment (intervention or therapy) of some kind
correlated groups design
an experimental design whereby two or more groups or conditions are compared. assignment to groups is based on matched pairs or groups related in some way. research subjects may also act as their own controls
experimental group designs
any of a number of designs that employ scientific methods to test a hypothesis and control experimental variables in a highly structured and systematic manner
matched pairs design
first equates two groups of subjects on the basis of some relevant criteria, assigns one to a treatment condition and one to a condition without treatment, and then compares the performance of the two groups
multiple baseline design
a single-subject, applied behavior analysis design in which a treatment is added successively to two or more subjects, behaviors, settings, or other similar units, while other conditions are held constant; the level of the target response(s) is observed throughout the baseline and treatment conditions
random group design (randomized controlled trial)
an experimental group design that randomly assigns subjects to treatment conditions and compares performance of groups undergoing treatment vs. without treatment
repeated measures design
an experimental group design in which repeated observation of research subjects/participants under different treatment or no treatment conditions allows subjects to act as their own controls
olfactory
relating to the sense of smell or the organs involved in smelling
kinesthetic
related to the sense of movement and bodily motion, particularly in terms of physical activities and coordination
perceptual-motor skills
the ability to interpret sensory information and coordinate physical movements effectively (often involves vision, touch, and body movements)
