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IHC > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the messenger molecules used by T cells to send chemical instructions to the immune system and has an effect on the behavior of cells around them ?

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

What is a measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon such as disease, infection or environmental exposure?

A

Biomarker

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3
Q

What molecules combine to form proteins and are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid function groups?

A

Amino Acids

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4
Q

Of the two ways of measuring antibody/antigen binding strength, which measures the strength at a single site?

A

Affinity

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5
Q

Of the two ways of measuring antibody/antigen binding strength, which measures the total binding strength?

A

Avidity

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6
Q

What are the two measures of antibody/antigen binding strength?

A

Affinity and Avidity

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7
Q

What is any substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen and results in a superior immune response?

A

Adjuvant

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8
Q

What is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal?

A

Immunogenicity

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9
Q

What is a state of physical balance?

A

Equilibrium

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10
Q

What is a quantity that, under stated conditions, does not vary with changes in the environment

A

Constant

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11
Q

What is the affinity numerical constant (also known as the association constant) used to describe the bonding affinity of two molecules at equilibrium?

A

Ka (K and subscript a)

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12
Q

What, in general sense, is the process of combining two or more different things of mixed origin?

A

Hybridization

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13
Q

What is the term for “in its’ original place”? For example, in carcinoma in situ, abnormal cells are found only in the place where they first formed.

A

In situ

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14
Q

During QC of an IHC stain it is noticed that a particular marker has not stained and needs to be repeated. The block, however, has been depleted. All of the following are acceptable ways to re-stain the specimen except:
1. Staining an unstained slide with a positive control
2. Staining over a negative control
3. Staining a previous HE of the same specimen
4. Staining over the IHC slide that did not work

A
  1. Staining over the IHC slide that did not work
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15
Q

Staining of a blood or marrow smear for peroxidase aLight chain monoclonality is the hallmark of activity is sometimes helpful in the diagnosis of myeloid leukemia, but intensity of staining is sometimes low. To ensure that the incubation has been adequate:.
1. incubate a control slide that has been smeared with a material known to have enzyme activity, such as a peroxidase-labeled antiserum
2. incubate until some staining is seen, because there is always some stainable peroxidase activity, even in normal leukocytes
3. treat the smear with 1% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 10 minutes before incubating in the peroxidase reaction medium
4. incubate a control smear with added sodium azide to inhibit peroxidase

A
  1. incubate until some staining is seen, because there is always some stainable peroxidase activity, even in normal leukocytes
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16
Q

What is a substance that needs to be analyzed called?

A

Analyte

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17
Q

What means “in addition to the original of something”? For example: The bookkeeper serves in an ancillary role, supporting the treasurer.

A

Ancillary

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18
Q

What are B lymphocytes another name for?

A

B cells

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19
Q

From what and where do B cells develop?

A

from stem cells in the bone marrow

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20
Q

What cells create antibodies?

A

B cells

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21
Q

B cells have antibodies on them only useful to a _____ antigen

A

Specific

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22
Q

Once a B cell is activated, what two specific cells can it eventually become?

A

plasma cell or memory B cell

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23
Q

What is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody?

A

Heavy Chain

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24
Q

What is the technique used to study the protein expressed by cells?

A

Immunophenotyping

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25
Q

What is the word for body fluids?

A

humors

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26
Q

What elements have the same atomic number but a different mass number (number of neutrons present in them)?

A

isotopes

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27
Q

What is the distinct part of a large molecule called?

A

moiety

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28
Q

What is simply a large chain of amino acids?

A

Proteins

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29
Q

What is a measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in a solution?

A

Titer

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30
Q

What is another name for the proteins called immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies

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31
Q

What is left for collection after the removal of cells and fibrin from blood containing antibodies?

A

antiserum

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32
Q

What part of the antibody determine the class and subclass?

A

H chains

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33
Q

In order to assess the effects of over-fixation and the potential need for antigen retrieval on a given specimen, the inclusion of an antibody against what ubiquitous intermediate filament is suggested in all initial antibody panels?

A

Vimentin

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34
Q

When using an alkaline phosphatase detection system:
1. It is always necessary to perform a hydrogen peroxidase quench
2. It is never necessary to perform a hydrogen peroxidase quench, but you must always perform an alkaline phosphatase quench.
3. It is recommended that an alkaline phosphatase quench be performed on frozen tissues
4. Using a quench of any type will result in very weak staining when using an alkaline phosphatase detection system

A
  1. It is recommended that an alkaline phosphatase quench be performed on frozen tissues
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35
Q

The H chains differ in ___ and ___ properties.

A

antigenic, structural

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36
Q

How many identical heavy and light chains are immunoglobulins composed of?

A

two each

37
Q

The two L chains are either of type ___ and ___.

A

kappa, lambda

38
Q

In what three ways does of Ig DISTRIBUTION of kappa and lambda chains differ?

A

class, subclass and between different species

39
Q

What bridges join L to H as well as H to H bridges?

A

disulfide

40
Q

What is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

A

Catalyst

41
Q

What is word describing performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin such as the wings of insects and birds

A

Analogous

42
Q

What is another name for the variable domain?

A

Fc region

43
Q

What is the structural unit, that along with the constant domain, characterizes the immunoglobulin protein chain?

A

Variable Domain, also called the Fc region

44
Q

What does CEA stand for?

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

45
Q

What does the enzyme HRP stand for?

A

Horseradish Peroxidase

46
Q

What types of cells develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissues?

A

Mesenchymal

47
Q

What type of antibody has an affinity for one epitope, antigen or strain of microorganism?

A

Monovalent

48
Q

What is the type of immunity that we have to produce naturally or artificially?

A

Active

49
Q

What type of Active Immunity has me being infected by pathogen and produces antibodies?

A

Natural

50
Q

What type of Active Immunity is created by vaccines, booster shots, etc.?

A

Artificial

51
Q

What statement about the pH of a solution is true?
A. The pH number is the concentration of hydrogen ions or moles per liter
B. A concentrated acid can have a negative pH, such as -1.5
C. The pH is a meaningful value for all liquids, even those that contain no water
D. A solid object, such as a crystal, a hair or section of tissue has a pH value

A

B. A concentrated acid can have a negative pH, such as -1.5

52
Q

In an immunohistochemical staining of formalin fixed tissue, proteolytic enzyme pretreatment of a tissue section:
A. Enhances background staining
B. Unmasks antigen epitopes
C. Is needed to demonstrate all antigens
D. Has precise end-points

A

B. Unmasks antigen epitopes

53
Q

In immunohistochemistry procedures, excess background staining can occur as a result of nonspecific binding of protein to the specimen. This background staining can be reduced by:
A. Using more concentrated primary antibody
B. Using whole serum antibody
C. incubating for a longer time in the primary antibody
D. Applying non-immune serum from the same species as the secondary antibody prior to staining

A

D. Applying non-immune serum from the same species as the secondary antibody prior to staining

54
Q

What are the three critical parameters of the heat-mediated antigen retrieval procedure are?

A

proper temperature, incubation time and pH

55
Q

A brain biopsy reveals a poorly differentiated malignant tumor. The differential diagnosis is primary versus metastatic brain cancer. The most useful antibody panel to resolve this differential is:
A. cytokeratin, vimentin, muscle common actin
B. S-100, cytokeratin AE1/3, Synaptophysin
C. GFAP, Cytokeratin AE1/3, Synaptophysin
D. CEA, leukocyte common antigen, S-100

A

C. GFAP, Cytokeratin AE1/3, Synaptophysin

56
Q

To eliminate the problem of endogenous staining, what particular IHC method is optional?

A

Polymer Based

57
Q

S-100 does not show reactivity with which two types of cells?

A

Smooth and Skeletal muscle

58
Q

Keratin belongs to what family?

A

Intermediate Filaments

59
Q

Following immunoperoxidase staining, it is observed that the positive control stains well, but there is no staining of a specimen expected to be positive. What is the most likely cause?

A

the specimen was not properly fixed.

60
Q

Polymer based detection uses: A ____ backbone that includes _______ antibodies and _______.

A

polymer, secondary, enzymes

61
Q

After an alkaline phosphatase immunostain run was completed , the slides were manually counterstain in hematoxylin, dehydrated, cleared and coverslipped.The eentire run was negative. What is most likely source of error?

A

alkaline phosphatase was dissolved by alcohol

62
Q

When a particular marker has not stained and the block has been exhausted, what is the only unacceptable way to restain?

A

staining over the IHC slide that didnt work

63
Q

What is the primary reason that frozen sections destined for IHC are fixed in some way after sectioning?

A

prevent diffusion of tissue antigens of interest

64
Q

In indirect immunohistochemistry staining method, what is the test slide first treated with?

A

unlabeled antiserum

65
Q

IHC and flow cytometry on malignant cells in pleural effusion show: B72.3 (+), CEA (+), DNA content aneuploid. What do the cells represent?

A

metastatic adenocarcinoma

66
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone Marrow

67
Q

Following avidin-biotin-peroxidase satining, the cytoplasm of scattered single cells in the stroma of both positive and negative control slides is stained. What is the most likely explanation?

A

calls represent avidin-containing mast cells

68
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies highly specific but may show low sensitivity?

A

binding site may be altered

69
Q

What is the technical process of adjusting various conditions in order to produce the greatest amount of specific staining (sometimes referred to as a signal)

A

Optimization

70
Q

How much water would be needed to make a 1:5 dilution of 100% alcohol, with a total volume of 1 liter?

A

200ml

71
Q

What is the best panel to study anaplastic metastatic malignant tumor with the request to rule out malignant melanoma?

A

Vimentin, Cytokeratin, S-100 and HMB45

72
Q

After 24-48 hours in formalin, in what solution should tissue be stored in to preserve antigenicity?

A

70% alcohol

73
Q

Convert 3.5 gallons to liters

A

13.247 liters

74
Q

Fluorochrome -conjugated primary antibodies are an example of?

A

Direct Labeling

75
Q

In IHC, what is a negative control is used to

A

determine what steps contribute to any non-specific staining

76
Q

When selecting reagents for PAP staining, the PAP complex should be in the same animal species as the ________ antibody.

A

primary

77
Q

In order to see colors, a fluorescence microscope must be equipped with what?

A

the correct wavelength filters

78
Q

What does adding sodium hydroxide do to pH?

A

make it higher

79
Q

In peroxidase staining, the colored end product is formed following: reduction of a _______ ______ and oxidation of ________ _______.

A

hydrogen peroxide, chromogenic substrate

80
Q

According to OSHA, which of the following records can be kept for less than 30 years?

A

Fit testing results for personal chemical respirators

81
Q

What is the primary advantage for using non-formalin fixatives in IHC?

A

Prevent loss of antigenicity

82
Q

What IHC stain is considered almost a universal control for over-fixation?

A

Vimentin

83
Q

What kind of quench should be used on frozen tissues?

A

alkaline phosphatase

84
Q

Why do polyclonal antibodies usually show greater sensitivity than monoclonals?

A

they detect more distinct epitopes

85
Q

Archival unstained sections are stained for ER and PR because the original slides were lost. They were negative depite being previously positive. Why?

A

The sections were too old.

86
Q

What IHC stain identifies Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkins Lymphoma?

A

CD30

87
Q

In immunoperoxidase staining, how can the efficiency of the chromogen substrate reaction step be checked?

A

omitting the blockage of endogenous peroxidase

88
Q
A

IHC (1 decks)

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