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zoology 101 exam 4 > vocabulary > Flashcards

vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

scala naturae

A

the belief in ancient times that all life was ordered in a hierarchical with humans at the top due to their intelligence

Aristotle, largely discredited today

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2
Q

fossil

A

geological remains of a once living organism

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3
Q

catatrophism

A

geology theory that the earth was shaped by sudden, unpredictable events that were major but short lived

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4
Q

uniformitarianism

A

geology theory that the earth was shaped by gradual changes over time due to natural processes

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5
Q

inheritance of acquired traits

A

if an organism changes to adapt to environment and lives, than those traits are passed down to next generation

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6
Q

extant

A

modern-day, currently living organisms

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7
Q

endemic

A

species unique to a defined geographic location

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8
Q

over-population

A
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9
Q

struggle for existence

A
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10
Q

heritable

A

characteristic passed down from parent to offspring

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11
Q

Homologous structure

A

functionally different features with similar construction due to common ancestry

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12
Q

vestigal structure

A

structures that have no apparent function, residual parts from a past ancestor

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13
Q

molecular homology

A

similar molecular composition

evidence of common ancestor

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14
Q

analogus structure

A

structure that perform the same or similar function but did not evolve from common ancestor feature

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15
Q

convergent evolution

A
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16
Q

biogeography

A

a study of the distribution of species over space and time

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17
Q

neutral variation

A

traits that do not benefit the organism’s survival, but are kept and passed down

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18
Q

adaptation

A

traits modified over time so that individuals with the trait are more likely to survive and reproduce

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19
Q

Heritable trait

A

traits with a genetic basis

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20
Q

Allele

A

different version of a gene in a population

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression of a gene

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22
Q

Genotype

A

the actual genes

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23
Q

Microevolution

A

generation to generation change in allele frequency in a population

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24
Q

Fixed allele

A

an allele that exists as the only variant for that gene in that population

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25
Q

Polymorphism

A

2+ more versions of a trait present for a species

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26
Q

Mutation

A

mistakes in DNA replication that occur during meiosis

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27
Q

Genetic drift

A

effects of random chance on a population, change in gene frequency

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28
Q

Founder effect

A

a few individuals start a new population

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29
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

a sharp reduction in population size due to a natural disaster
reduces gene frequency

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30
Q

Directional selection

A

a mode of negative natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes

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31
Q

Diversifying selection

A

describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values

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32
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

a type of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value

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33
Q

Sexual selection

A

a mode of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with, and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex

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34
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

the act of competing with members of one’s own sex

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35
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

involves one sex having preferences for members of the opposite sex who possess certain qualities

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36
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring members of other populations (defines a species)

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37
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

defines species as groups of individuals that are morphologically similar to one another and are morphologically distinct from other such groups (physical traits)

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38
Q

Argument from authority

A

a form of argument in which the opinion of an authority on a topic is used as evidence to support an argument

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39
Q

Hybridization

A

crossing of species

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40
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes

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41
Q

Self fertilization

A

the fertilization of plants and some invertebrate animals by their own pollen or sperm rather than that of another individual

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42
Q

Fossil species

A

an extant taxon that cosmetically resembles related species known only from the fossil record

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43
Q

Ring species

A

gene flow occurs between neighboring populations, but at the ends of the ‘ring’, populations don’t interbreed

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44
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow

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45
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

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46
Q

Polyploidy

A

heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes

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47
Q

Hybrid zone

A

locations where hybrids between species, subspecies, or races are found

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48
Q

Pre-zygotic reproductive barrier

A

keep organisms of different species from mating with each other and forming hybrid species

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49
Q

Post-zygotic reproductive barrier

A

the hybrids cannot reproduce, are sterile, have abnormalities

50
Q

Gradualism

A
51
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

evolution that is characterized by long periods of stability in the characteristics of an organism and short periods of rapid change during which new forms appear

52
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

an evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage

53
Q

Mass extinction

A

extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time

54
Q

Oxygen revolution

A

an event stretching over the Proterozoic eon when molecular oxygen levels in the atmosphere rose and carbon dioxide levels decreased

55
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

a form of symbiosis wherein the symbiont lives within the body of its host

56
Q

ecology

A

study of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.

57
Q

population ecology

A

a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations

58
Q

population

A

A group of individuals of the same species within a community

59
Q

density

A

concentration of individuals within a species in a specific geographic locale

60
Q

dispersion- clumped/uniform/random

A

the spreading of a population or organism away from its parents

clumped:individuals are clustered in groups

uniform: individuals of a population are spaced more or less evenly

random: individuals are distributed randomly, without a predictable pattern

61
Q

sex ratio

A

the ratio of males to females in a population

62
Q

age structure

A

The composition of a population in terms of the proportions of individuals of different ages; represented as a bar graph

63
Q

age structure diagram (and types of age structure diagrams)

A

expansive: large percentage of the population is younger group, these populations have higher fertility rates

constrictive: lower percentage of younger people

stationary: somewhat equal numbers for all age groups

64
Q

birth, death rates

A

number of babies born per population
divide babies by pop and * 1000

same with death rate but with dying individuals

65
Q

fertility rates

A

the ratio between the number of live births in a year and the whole female population of childbearing age

66
Q

rate of increase

A

(birth rate - death rate) / initial population

67
Q

life history

A

organism’s pattern of survival and reproduction, along with the traits that directly affect survival and the timing or amount of reproduction

68
Q

generation time

A

the average interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring

69
Q

survivorship

A

proportion of a population that survives from one age to the next

70
Q

survivorship curves (and types of survivorship curves)

A

survivorship curve is a graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group

Type I: High survival until old age
- typical in species with few offspring and high parental care

Type II: constant mortality/survival probability regardless of age

Type III: Low survival at young age
- typically in species with many offspring and low parental care

71
Q

r and K strategies

A
72
Q

Density dependence

A
73
Q

Density independence

A
74
Q

Ecological footprint

A
75
Q

Community

A
76
Q

Assemblage

A
77
Q

Species richness

A
78
Q

Relative abundance

A
79
Q

Dominant species

A
80
Q

Biomass

A
81
Q

Foundation species

A
82
Q

Ecosystem engineer

A
83
Q

Keystone species

A
84
Q

Predation

A
85
Q

Batesian mimicry

A
86
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A
87
Q

Aposomatic coloration

A
88
Q

Selfish herd

A
89
Q

Eyespot mimicry

A
90
Q

Co-evolution

A
91
Q

Symbiosis

A
92
Q

Mutualism

A
93
Q

Endosymbiosis

A
94
Q

Parasitism

A
95
Q

Parasite

A
96
Q

Pathogen

A
97
Q

Commensalism

A
98
Q

Competition

A
99
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A
100
Q

Niche

A
101
Q

Fundamental vs realized niche

A
102
Q

Character displacement

A
103
Q

Resource partitioning

A
104
Q

Competition

A
105
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A
106
Q

Niche

A
107
Q

Fundamental vs realized niche

A
108
Q

Character displacement

A
109
Q

Resource partitioning

A
110
Q

Trophic structure

A
111
Q

Food chain

A
112
Q

Food web

A
113
Q

Primary producer

A
114
Q

Primary consumer

A
115
Q

Secondary consumer

A
116
Q

Tertiary consumer

A
117
Q

Omnivory

A
118
Q

Detritivory

A
119
Q

Diet shifts

A
120
Q

Trophic cascade

A
121
Q

Top down control

A
122
Q

Bottom up control

A

zoology 101 exam 4 (7 decks)

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