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Year 9 Science Exams 2022 3rd Nov > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

A substance that occupies space and has mass.

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2
Q

Element

A

A substance composed of only one type of atom.

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance made of two or more different atoms chemically combined.

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4
Q

Mixture

A

A substance made of two or more different elements or compounds that are not chemically combined.

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5
Q

Atom

A

The smallest part of a chemical element that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

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6
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged (-1) subatomic particle with negligible mass.

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7
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged (+1) subatomic particle with a mass defined as 1.

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8
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle that has no charge (0) and has a mass defined as 1.

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9
Q

Atomic Nucleus

A

The centre of an atom. It is composed of protons and neutrons and possesses most of the mass.

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10
Q

Chemical change

A

A permanent change occurs when two chemicals react to form something new.

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11
Q

Chemical reaction

A

A process in which substances are changed into others

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12
Q

Photosynthesis (word equation)

A

Carbon dioxide + water + (light energy)== glucose + oxygen gas

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light == C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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13
Q

Fertilization

A

The physical joining of male (sperm) and female (ova or ovule) gametes.

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14
Q

Chloroplast

A

Structure in plant cells that contain chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis.

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15
Q

Respiration (word equation)

A

Glucose + Oxygen == Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP energy

C6H1206 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP energy

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that is the site of respiration.

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17
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that share similar features, biological processes, and behaviors, and are capable of inter-breeding with each other.

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18
Q

Adaptation

A

A physical feature, biological process, or behavior that an organism has that allows it to survive and reproduce.

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19
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.

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20
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structure made of DNA that contains genes.

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21
Q

Gene

A

A short length of DNA that carries the genetic code for the production of a specific protein.

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22
Q

Light

A

A type of energy that can be detected by the human eye.

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23
Q

Reflection

A

Bouncing back of light from a surface

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24
Q

Refraction

A

Bending and change in direction of light when light enters from one medium to another

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25
Q

Dispersion

A

Splitting of white light into its spectrum of colors (ROYGBIV)

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26
Q

Lenses

A

Optical devices that refract and focus light

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27
Q

Luminous

A

Gives off light

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28
Q

Medium

A

Substance that allows the transfer of light energy

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29
Q

Angle of incidence

A

Angle made by incident ray with normal

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30
Q

Normal

A

Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to a surface

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31
Q

Angle of reflection/refraction

A

Angle made by reflected/refracted ray with normal

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32
Q

Force

A

A push or a pull, measured in Newtons (N).

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33
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).

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34
Q

Weight

A

The effect of gravity on an object’s mass. Measured in Newtons (N).

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35
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change in velocity over time. Measured in ms-2.

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36
Q

Friction

A

A force that resists the motion of one material against another.

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37
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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38
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy an object possesses due to its motion.

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39
Q

Gravitational potential energy

A

The energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field.

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40
Q

Chemical energy

A

The part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction

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41
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell ( sperm and ovum)

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42
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Type of reproduction involving both male and female

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43
Q

DNA

A

A self-replicating material present in all living organisms that determines their genetic characteristics.

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44
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of ovum

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45
Q

Implantation

A

Fixation of the fertilized egg to the walls of the uterus

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46
Q

Menstruation

A

Monthly, periodic, regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue and unfertilized ovum

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47
Q

Hormones

A

special chemical messengers in the body control most major bodily functions, from simple basic needs like hunger to complex systems like reproduction.

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48
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized ovum

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49
Q

Embryo

A

Early stage of development from a zygote

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50
Q

Puberty

A

The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity

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51
Q

When parallel light rays strike a smooth surface…

A

they are reflected and will still be parallel to each other. If they are parallel to each other, they will all have the same angle of incidence and therefore, the same angle of reflection.

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52
Q

Diffuse reflection occurs…

A

when light is reflected from a rough surface

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53
Q

Real images

A

images that form where light rays actually cross. In the case of mirrors, that means they form on the same side of the mirror as the object since light can not pass through a mirror.

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54
Q

Real images are…

A

always inverted (flipped upside down).

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55
Q

Virtual images

A

images that form where light rays appear to have crossed. In the case of mirrors, that means they form behind the mirror.

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56
Q

Virtual images are…

A

always upright.

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57
Q

Convex mirrors are…

A

made from a section of a sphere whose outer surface was reflective.

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58
Q

Convex mirrors are also known as…

A

diverging mirrors since they spread out light rays. They are typically found as store security mirrors.

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59
Q

Concave mirrors are…

A

made from a section of a sphere whose inner surface was reflective.

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60
Q

Concave mirrors are also known as…

A

converging mirrors since they bring light rays to a focus. They are typically found as magnifying mirrors

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61
Q

radius of curvature (C)

A

The distance from the center of curvature to the mirror.

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62
Q

The center of curvature of a curved mirror is located at…

A

the center of the sphere from which it was made.

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63
Q

The focal point is located…

A

halfway between the mirror’s surface and the center of curvature.

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64
Q

Light travels with a speed at about…

A

300,000 kilometres per second

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65
Q

Blue skies and red sunsets are caused by the:

A

scattering of light

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66
Q

The law of reflection is…

A

the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

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67
Q

Primary colours of pigments

A

Cyan, Yellow, Magenta

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68
Q

Name the primary colours of light.

A

Red, Green, and Blue

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69
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

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70
Q

Concentration of a solution

A

it is a measure of how much of a solute is dissolved in a liquid.

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71
Q

A diluted solution is…

A

is the solution with little solute in the solvent.

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72
Q

A saturated solution is…

A

is the solution with a lot of solute in the solvent.

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73
Q

Solution

A

forms when a substance dissolves in another substance - needs to be a CLEAR before it is called a solution.

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74
Q

Solvent

A

a liquid that dissolves a substance

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75
Q

Solute

A

the substance which is dissolved by the solvent in a solution

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76
Q

Saturated solution

A

a solution formed when no more substance will dissolve.

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77
Q

Super-saturated solution

A

a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances, eg. At room temperature.

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78
Q

Soluble

A

a substance that is able to dissolve

79
Q

Insoluble

A

a substance which can’t dissolve or dissolve only little

80
Q

solubility

A

the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent.

81
Q

Suspension

A

has much larger particles that can be seen by the naked eye. (muddy water)

82
Q

Colloid

A

a mixture in which a substance (very fine particles) disperse in a liquid. These particles can’t be seen and can pass through the filter paper.

83
Q

Emulsion

A

is a mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One liquid (in tiny droplets) disperses in another liquid, eg. Oil and Water.

84
Q

Emulsifier

A

a chemical that makes the emulsion more stable, not separating out. Eg. Detergents, Egg yolks and mustard.

85
Q

Sperm are created at the rate of __________ each second

A

1500

86
Q

It takes _____ days for the egg to travel to the uterus.

A

6-12

87
Q

Which colour of light is most strongly refracted?

A

violet light

88
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like material holding organelles in place or helps them move around when needed (it is in between the organelles).

89
Q

Nucleus

A

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; the “command center” of the cell.

90
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis. Found “free” in cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (which makes is Rough ER).

91
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Part of the cell’s internal membrane system studded with ribosomes; helps to transport and export materials through and from the cell.

92
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Part of the cell’s internal membrane system which helps to transport and export materials throughout the cell and assemble lipid-based components of the cell membrane.

93
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or secretion. Looks like a stack of pancakes.

94
Q

Vacuole

A

Saclike storage structures in the cell.

95
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of cellular respiration which produces energy in the form of ATP; the “powerhouse” of the cell! MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA

96
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Regulates what comes in and out of the cell (like the security guard) such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, food, and wastes. It is a bi-lipid membrane.

97
Q

Cell Wall

A

The structure outside of the cell membrane that is used to provide support and protection. Present in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes.

98
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

transports materials. (canal through cytoplasm often connects the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane) may or may not contain certain ribosomes.

99
Q

chloroplast

A

ONLY found in plant cells. The site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll (green). Uses the sun’s energy to make food (sugar called glucose) for the plant.

100
Q

sepals

A

Leaf-like parts that cover and protect the flower bud

101
Q

Petals

A

modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators.

102
Q

stamens

A

The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.

103
Q

filament

A

Supports the anther

104
Q

Anther

A

the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.

105
Q

pistils

A

The female reproductive part of a flower

106
Q

Style

A

The stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

107
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

108
Q

endosperm

A

food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows

109
Q

seed coat

A

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule.

110
Q

Plumule

A

the part of a plant embryo that will, when matured, become the leaves

111
Q

radicle

A

the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root

112
Q

cotyledon

A

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

113
Q

Dicot

A

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves(cotyledons)

114
Q

Germination

A

the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow

115
Q

Translocation

A

the movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration and the other processes
(only in the phloem)

116
Q

Transpiration

A

a process that involves the loss of water vapor through the stomata of plants. The loss of water vapor from the plant cools the plant down when the weather is very hot, and water from the stem and roots moves upwards or is ‘pulled’ into the leaves.

117
Q

Primary Growth

A

gives the plant height, it’s the initial growth direction of up or down

118
Q

Lateral Growth

A

adds layers to stem/trunk to support growth

119
Q

Why do tropical trees have no rings

A

trees have rings due to seasonal changes. In tropical climates trees usually have no rings because there is little seasonal change; there is no water

120
Q

Seasonal Growth in summer and spring

A

There is a lot of growth due to good conditions such as more light and higher temperature

121
Q

Seasonal Growth in winter and autumn

A

Due to a lack of growth, there are very dense clusters of cells.

122
Q

Flower

A

Reproductive organ of a plant. It produces seeds

123
Q

Flower stalk

A

Holds up the flower for pollinatoin

124
Q

Auxillary bud

A

Any bud situated on the sides of the stems

125
Q

Terminal bud

A

The bud at the very top of the plant where new growth happens

126
Q

Midrib

A

Gives structure to the leaf

127
Q

Veins

A

transport both water and minerals (via xylem) and food energy (via phloem) through the leaf and on to the rest of the plant.

128
Q

Blade

A

large surface area

129
Q

Petiole

A

Holds the leaf up to receive sunlight

130
Q

Stamen*

A

The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther.

131
Q

Anther

A

The part of the stamen where pollen is produced

132
Q

Pistil*

A

The ovule produces part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma.

133
Q

Sepal

A

The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.

134
Q

Matured ovaries and ovules

A

The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.

135
Q

Stigma

A

The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.

136
Q

Ovary

A

the part of the pistil where ovules are produced.

137
Q

Monocot

A

An angiosperm that has one seed leaf(cotyledon)

138
Q

Angiosperm

A

flowering plant

139
Q

Cuticle cells

A

A waterproof layer that stops the leaf losing too much water

140
Q

Palisade cells (mesophyll)

A

have lots of chloroplasts to absorb light energy for photosynthesis

141
Q

Epidermis cells

A

The epidermis is the outer single-layered group of cells covering a plant, such as the leaves, stems, and roots.

142
Q

Amino acids are used…

A

to make protein

143
Q

Cellulose is used…

A

to make cell walls

144
Q

Fats are used…

A

in cell surface membranes

145
Q

Oils are used…

A

in energy stores found in some nuts

146
Q

Starch is used…

A

in energy stores found in some seeds and special organs like potatoes

147
Q

Spongy cells (mesophyll)

A

These cells have intracellular shapes producing air spaces in the leaf, which allows the carbon dioxide to diffuse through to get to the palisade cells, and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf.

148
Q

Air space (plants)

A

Leaf air spaces increase the efficiency of gas exchange

149
Q

Stomata

A

to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Stomata are tiny, microscopic and critical for photosynthesis. the stomata is open during the daytime to allow gas exchange.

150
Q

Guard cells

A

Guard cells are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores.

151
Q

Cornea

A

transparent layer that protects the pupil

152
Q

Pupil

A

A hole in the front of the eye that light passes through

153
Q

Iris

A

The coloured part of the eye. It helps to open and close the pupil

154
Q

Lens

A

Focuses the light to form a clear image

155
Q

Sclera

A

Thick tissue that makes up the outside of the eyeball and keeps it in shape

156
Q

Retina

A

The shiny layer at the back of the eyeball. Where the rods and cones receive the image

157
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sends the signal of the image to the brain.

158
Q

The pupil contracts when…

A

there is a lot of light to prevent the retina from being damaged.

159
Q

The pupil expands when…

A

there is less light to improve the quality of the image we see.

160
Q

Glaucoma

A

The cornea/lens becomes milky. The image formation on the retina can be blurry/ impaired

161
Q

Refractive index

A

tells us how much a substance will bend light.

162
Q

Xylem

A

The xylem transports water and nutrients from the roots to the stems and leaves and provides mechanical support and storage.

163
Q

A single vascular bundle always contains…

A

both xylem and phloem vascular tissues

164
Q

Phloem

A

The phloem transports sugar(sucrose and amino acids) that’s made during photosynthesis up and down from the leaves to storage areas such as seeds and fruits.

165
Q

Fertilisation to embryo formation *4

A

1)fertilisation
2)Cell division
3)Implantation
4)Embryo forms

166
Q

Active energy

A

The energy that can be measured. It can cause work(change to an object)

167
Q

Potential energy

A

The stored energy that can’t be measured (it only can be predicted). It has the potential to cause work(change to an object)

168
Q

Law of Conservation of energy

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred or transformed

169
Q

Work

A

energy making change to something

170
Q

Transferred energy

A

passed from one object to another (same type of energy given and received)

171
Q

Transformed energy

A

changes into a different type of energy

172
Q

Convex lenses can form…

A

virtual image

173
Q

Concave lenses can form…

A

both real and virtual images

174
Q

Thermal energy

A

energy from moving particles (the faster the hotter)

175
Q

Light energy

A

Energy from the movement of rays(photons)

176
Q

Sound energy

A

Energy from the vibration of an object

177
Q

Chemical potential energy

A

Stored in chemical bonds

178
Q

Nuclear potential energy

A

energy stored in atoms

179
Q

Elastic potential energy

A

energy stored in stretched and coiled objects

180
Q

Electrical energy

A

the movement of electrically charged particles

181
Q

Name 5 energy sources

A

Hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, and fossil fuels

182
Q

Monocot characteristics *5

A

1 cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered vascular bundles, parallel leaf veins and flower parts grow in multiples of three.

183
Q

dicot characteristics *5

A

2 cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular bundles, net-like leaf veins and flower parts grow in multiples of 4 or 5

184
Q

Organelles

A

Parts in a cell which have specific functions

185
Q

Siphoning

A

Siphons are tubes which draw fluid over the rim of a tank to a lower point. After an initial pressure change to initiate the flow, siphons operate continuously due to the pull of gravity.

186
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than in another.

187
Q

Equilibrium (diffusion)

A

The state in which the concentrations of the diffusing substance in the two compartments are the same or become equal.

188
Q

Name 8 methods of separation

A

Evaporation, Filtration, Distillation, Magnetic Separation, Centrifuge, Decanting, Crystallisation and Chromatography.

189
Q

MRS GREN

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

190
Q

Evaporation

A

Process of turning a liquid into gas

191
Q

Filtration

A

Process in which solid particles in a liquid are removed by the use of a filter

191
Q

Distillation

A

A method based on differences in volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. (Separates liquids from other liquids)

192
Q

Chromatography

A

technique for separating dissolved chemical substances by taking advantage of their different rates of migration across sheets of paper.

193
Q

What unit is gravity measured in?

A

newtons (N).

Year 9 Science Exams 2022 3rd Nov (1 decks)

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