Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Matter
A
A substance that occupies space and has mass.
2
Q
Element
A
A substance composed of only one type of atom.
3
Q
Compound
A
A substance made of two or more different atoms chemically combined.
4
Q
Mixture
A
A substance made of two or more different elements or compounds that are not chemically combined.
5
Q
Atom
A
The smallest part of a chemical element that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
6
Q
Electron
A
A negatively charged (-1) subatomic particle with negligible mass.
7
Q
Proton
A
A positively charged (+1) subatomic particle with a mass defined as 1.
8
Q
Neutron
A
A subatomic particle that has no charge (0) and has a mass defined as 1.
9
Q
Atomic Nucleus
A
The centre of an atom. It is composed of protons and neutrons and possesses most of the mass.
10
Q
Chemical change
A
A permanent change occurs when two chemicals react to form something new.
11
Q
Chemical reaction
A
A process in which substances are changed into others
12
Q
Photosynthesis (word equation)
A
Carbon dioxide + water + (light energy)== glucose + oxygen gas
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light == C6H12O6 + 6 O2
13
Q
Fertilization
A
The physical joining of male (sperm) and female (ova or ovule) gametes.
14
Q
Chloroplast
A
Structure in plant cells that contain chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis.
15
Q
Respiration (word equation)
A
Glucose + Oxygen == Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP energy
C6H1206 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP energy
16
Q
Mitochondria
A
Organelle that is the site of respiration.
17
Q
Species
A
A group of organisms that share similar features, biological processes, and behaviors, and are capable of inter-breeding with each other.
18
Q
Adaptation
A
A physical feature, biological process, or behavior that an organism has that allows it to survive and reproduce.
19
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.
20
Q
Chromosome
A
Threadlike structure made of DNA that contains genes.
21
Q
Gene
A
A short length of DNA that carries the genetic code for the production of a specific protein.
22
Q
Light
A
A type of energy that can be detected by the human eye.
23
Q
Reflection
A
Bouncing back of light from a surface
24
Q
Refraction
A
Bending and change in direction of light when light enters from one medium to another
25
Dispersion
Splitting of white light into its spectrum of colors (ROYGBIV)
26
Lenses
Optical devices that refract and focus light
27
Luminous
Gives off light
28
Medium
Substance that allows the transfer of light energy
29
Angle of incidence
Angle made by incident ray with normal
30
Normal
Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to a surface
31
Angle of reflection/refraction
Angle made by reflected/refracted ray with normal
32
Force
A push or a pull, measured in Newtons (N).
33
Mass
The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
34
Weight
The effect of gravity on an object's mass. Measured in Newtons (N).
35
Acceleration
The rate of change in velocity over time. Measured in ms-2.
36
Friction
A force that resists the motion of one material against another.
37
Energy
the capacity to do work
38
Kinetic energy
The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
39
Gravitational potential energy
The energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field.
40
Chemical energy
The part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
41
Gamete
Sex cell ( sperm and ovum)
42
Sexual reproduction
Type of reproduction involving both male and female
43
DNA
A self-replicating material present in all living organisms that determines their genetic characteristics.
44
Ovulation
Release of ovum
45
Implantation
Fixation of the fertilized egg to the walls of the uterus
46
Menstruation
Monthly, periodic, regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue and unfertilized ovum
47
Hormones
special chemical messengers in the body control most major bodily functions, from simple basic needs like hunger to complex systems like reproduction.
48
Zygote
Fertilized ovum
49
Embryo
Early stage of development from a zygote
50
Puberty
The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity
51
When parallel light rays strike a smooth surface...
they are reflected and will still be parallel to each other. If they are parallel to each other, they will all have the same angle of incidence and therefore, the same angle of reflection.
52
Diffuse reflection occurs...
when light is reflected from a rough surface
53
Real images
images that form where light rays actually cross. In the case of mirrors, that means they form on the same side of the mirror as the object since light can not pass through a mirror.
54
Real images are...
always inverted (flipped upside down).
55
Virtual images
images that form where light rays appear to have crossed. In the case of mirrors, that means they form behind the mirror.
56
Virtual images are...
always upright.
57
Convex mirrors are...
made from a section of a sphere whose outer surface was reflective.
58
Convex mirrors are also known as...
diverging mirrors since they spread out light rays. They are typically found as store security mirrors.
59
Concave mirrors are...
made from a section of a sphere whose inner surface was reflective.
60
Concave mirrors are also known as...
converging mirrors since they bring light rays to a focus. They are typically found as magnifying mirrors
61
radius of curvature (C)
The distance from the center of curvature to the mirror.
62
The center of curvature of a curved mirror is located at...
the center of the sphere from which it was made.
63
The focal point is located...
halfway between the mirror's surface and the center of curvature.
64
Light travels with a speed at about...
300,000 kilometres per second
65
Blue skies and red sunsets are caused by the:
scattering of light
66
The law of reflection is...
the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
67
Primary colours of pigments
Cyan, Yellow, Magenta
68
Name the primary colours of light.
Red, Green, and Blue
69
Diffusion
the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
70
Concentration of a solution
it is a measure of how much of a solute is dissolved in a liquid.
71
A diluted solution is...
is the solution with little solute in the solvent.
72
A saturated solution is...
is the solution with a lot of solute in the solvent.
73
Solution
forms when a substance dissolves in another substance - needs to be a CLEAR before it is called a solution.
74
Solvent
a liquid that dissolves a substance
75
Solute
the substance which is dissolved by the solvent in a solution
76
Saturated solution
a solution formed when no more substance will dissolve.
77
Super-saturated solution
a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances, eg. At room temperature.
78
Soluble
a substance that is able to dissolve
79
Insoluble
a substance which can't dissolve or dissolve only little
80
solubility
the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent.
81
Suspension
has much larger particles that can be seen by the naked eye. (muddy water)
82
Colloid
a mixture in which a substance (very fine particles) disperse in a liquid. These particles can't be seen and can pass through the filter paper.
83
Emulsion
is a mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One liquid (in tiny droplets) disperses in another liquid, eg. Oil and Water.
84
Emulsifier
a chemical that makes the emulsion more stable, not separating out. Eg. Detergents, Egg yolks and mustard.
85
Sperm are created at the rate of __________ each second
1500
86
It takes _____ days for the egg to travel to the uterus.
6-12
87
Which colour of light is most strongly refracted?
violet light
88
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like material holding organelles in place or helps them move around when needed (it is in between the organelles).
89
Nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; the "command center" of the cell.
90
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis. Found "free" in cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (which makes is Rough ER).
91
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Part of the cell's internal membrane system studded with ribosomes; helps to transport and export materials through and from the cell.
92
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Part of the cell's internal membrane system which helps to transport and export materials throughout the cell and assemble lipid-based components of the cell membrane.
93
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or secretion. Looks like a stack of pancakes.
94
Vacuole
Saclike storage structures in the cell.
95
Mitochondria
The site of cellular respiration which produces energy in the form of ATP; the "powerhouse" of the cell! MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA
96
Cell Membrane
Regulates what comes in and out of the cell (like the security guard) such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, food, and wastes. It is a bi-lipid membrane.
97
Cell Wall
The structure outside of the cell membrane that is used to provide support and protection. Present in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes.
98
endoplasmic reticulum
transports materials. (canal through cytoplasm often connects the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane) may or may not contain certain ribosomes.
99
chloroplast
ONLY found in plant cells. The site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll (green). Uses the sun's energy to make food (sugar called glucose) for the plant.
100
sepals
Leaf-like parts that cover and protect the flower bud
101
Petals
modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators.
102
stamens
The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.
103
filament
Supports the anther
104
Anther
the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.
105
pistils
The female reproductive part of a flower
106
Style
The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
107
Pollination
The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants
108
endosperm
food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows
109
seed coat
A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule.
110
Plumule
the part of a plant embryo that will, when matured, become the leaves
111
radicle
the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root
112
cotyledon
first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant
113
Dicot
An angiosperm that has two seed leaves(cotyledons)
114
Germination
the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
115
Translocation
the movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration and the other processes
(only in the phloem)
116
Transpiration
a process that involves the loss of water vapor through the stomata of plants. The loss of water vapor from the plant cools the plant down when the weather is very hot, and water from the stem and roots moves upwards or is 'pulled' into the leaves.
117
Primary Growth
gives the plant height, it's the initial growth direction of up or down
118
Lateral Growth
adds layers to stem/trunk to support growth
119
Why do tropical trees have no rings
trees have rings due to seasonal changes. In tropical climates trees usually have no rings because there is little seasonal change; there is no water
120
Seasonal Growth in summer and spring
There is a lot of growth due to good conditions such as more light and higher temperature
121
Seasonal Growth in winter and autumn
Due to a lack of growth, there are very dense clusters of cells.
122
Flower
Reproductive organ of a plant. It produces seeds
123
Flower stalk
Holds up the flower for pollinatoin
124
Auxillary bud
Any bud situated on the sides of the stems
125
Terminal bud
The bud at the very top of the plant where new growth happens
126
Midrib
Gives structure to the leaf
127
Veins
transport both water and minerals (via xylem) and food energy (via phloem) through the leaf and on to the rest of the plant.
128
Blade
large surface area
129
Petiole
Holds the leaf up to receive sunlight
130
Stamen*
The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther.
131
Anther
The part of the stamen where pollen is produced
132
Pistil*
The ovule produces part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma.
133
Sepal
The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
134
Matured ovaries and ovules
The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.
135
Stigma
The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
136
Ovary
the part of the pistil where ovules are produced.
137
Monocot
An angiosperm that has one seed leaf(cotyledon)
138
Angiosperm
flowering plant
139
Cuticle cells
A waterproof layer that stops the leaf losing too much water
140
Palisade cells (mesophyll)
have lots of chloroplasts to absorb light energy for photosynthesis
141
Epidermis cells
The epidermis is the outer single-layered group of cells covering a plant, such as the leaves, stems, and roots.
142
Amino acids are used...
to make protein
143
Cellulose is used...
to make cell walls
144
Fats are used...
in cell surface membranes
145
Oils are used...
in energy stores found in some nuts
146
Starch is used...
in energy stores found in some seeds and special organs like potatoes
147
Spongy cells (mesophyll)
These cells have intracellular shapes producing air spaces in the leaf, which allows the carbon dioxide to diffuse through to get to the palisade cells, and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf.
148
Air space (plants)
Leaf air spaces increase the efficiency of gas exchange
149
Stomata
to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Stomata are tiny, microscopic and critical for photosynthesis. the stomata is open during the daytime to allow gas exchange.
150
Guard cells
Guard cells are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores.
151
Cornea
transparent layer that protects the pupil
152
Pupil
A hole in the front of the eye that light passes through
153
Iris
The coloured part of the eye. It helps to open and close the pupil
154
Lens
Focuses the light to form a clear image
155
Sclera
Thick tissue that makes up the outside of the eyeball and keeps it in shape
156
Retina
The shiny layer at the back of the eyeball. Where the rods and cones receive the image
157
Optic nerve
Sends the signal of the image to the brain.
158
The pupil contracts when...
there is a lot of light to prevent the retina from being damaged.
159
The pupil expands when...
there is less light to improve the quality of the image we see.
160
Glaucoma
The cornea/lens becomes milky. The image formation on the retina can be blurry/ impaired
161
Refractive index
tells us how much a substance will bend light.
162
Xylem
The xylem transports water and nutrients from the roots to the stems and leaves and provides mechanical support and storage.
163
A single vascular bundle always contains...
both xylem and phloem vascular tissues
164
Phloem
The phloem transports sugar(sucrose and amino acids) that's made during photosynthesis up and down from the leaves to storage areas such as seeds and fruits.
165
Fertilisation to embryo formation *4
1)fertilisation
2)Cell division
3)Implantation
4)Embryo forms
166
Active energy
The energy that can be measured. It can cause work(change to an object)
167
Potential energy
The stored energy that can't be measured (it only can be predicted). It has the potential to cause work(change to an object)
168
Law of Conservation of energy
Energy can't be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred or transformed
169
Work
energy making change to something
170
Transferred energy
passed from one object to another (same type of energy given and received)
171
Transformed energy
changes into a different type of energy
172
Convex lenses can form...
virtual image
173
Concave lenses can form...
both real and virtual images
174
Thermal energy
energy from moving particles (the faster the hotter)
175
Light energy
Energy from the movement of rays(photons)
176
Sound energy
Energy from the vibration of an object
177
Chemical potential energy
Stored in chemical bonds
178
Nuclear potential energy
energy stored in atoms
179
Elastic potential energy
energy stored in stretched and coiled objects
180
Electrical energy
the movement of electrically charged particles
181
Name 5 energy sources
Hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, and fossil fuels
182
Monocot characteristics *5
1 cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered vascular bundles, parallel leaf veins and flower parts grow in multiples of three.
183
dicot characteristics *5
2 cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular bundles, net-like leaf veins and flower parts grow in multiples of 4 or 5
184
Organelles
Parts in a cell which have specific functions
185
Siphoning
Siphons are tubes which draw fluid over the rim of a tank to a lower point. After an initial pressure change to initiate the flow, siphons operate continuously due to the pull of gravity.
186
Concentration gradient
A concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than in another.
187
Equilibrium (diffusion)
The state in which the concentrations of the diffusing substance in the two compartments are the same or become equal.
188
Name 8 methods of separation
Evaporation, Filtration, Distillation, Magnetic Separation, Centrifuge, Decanting, Crystallisation and Chromatography.
189
MRS GREN
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
190
Evaporation
Process of turning a liquid into gas
191
Filtration
Process in which solid particles in a liquid are removed by the use of a filter
191
Distillation
A method based on differences in volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. (Separates liquids from other liquids)
192
Chromatography
technique for separating dissolved chemical substances by taking advantage of their different rates of migration across sheets of paper.
193
What unit is gravity measured in?
newtons (N).
