Vocabulary Flashcards
inevitable
adj.
that you cannot avoid or prevent
syn: unavoidable
- It was inevitable that there would be job losses.
meteorite
n. 隕石
meteor 流星
meteoroid 飛行中在外太空的金屬或石塊
intact
adj. not broken, damaged, or spoiled
- Only the medieval tower had remained intact.
- His reputation survived intact.
confine
v.
- LIMIT to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject ( SYN: restrict )
- We confined our study to ten cases. - KEEP SOMEBODY IN A PLACE to keep someone in a place that they cannot leave, such as a prison
- He was allegedly confined in a narrow dark room for two months.
invariable
adj. invariably adv.
1. always happening in the same way, at the same time etc
- His invariable answer was ‘Wait and see.’
2. never changing
- Mass, unlike weight, is invariable.
scribe
n. 抄寫員
tally
v. 符合, 吻合; n. 計數，紀錄，比分
- The final tally was $465,000.
- Keep a tally of (=write down) the number of cars that pass.
drudgery
n. /ˈdrʌdʒəri/
hard boring work
- domestic drudgery
likewise
adv.
in the same way (=similarly)
- Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.
- He voted for the change and he expected his colleagues to do likewise.
likely
adj. probable or expected
municiple
adj.
connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government
- municipal elections/councils
facilitate
v.
to make it easier for a process or activity to happen
- Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.
exclamation
a sharp cry of strong feeling
- exclamation mark/point (!)
intimidate
v.
to frighten or threaten somebody so that they will do what you want
- They were accused of intimidating people into voting for them.
peruse
v. to read something, especially in a careful way
- She leant forward to peruse the document more closely.
aversion
n. strong dislike
- He had an aversion to getting up early.
malevolence
n. /məˈlevələns/ ( syn: malice ) a desire to harm other people - an act of pure malevolence - There are also immaterial entities - the spirits of the dead, and friendly and malevolence beings, the kind that we today called demons, fairies and angels.
antipathy
n.
an intense dislike
- He is a private man with a deep antipathy to/towards the press.
around the clock
all day and all night
- Kim has been working round the clock to finish it in time.
forthcoming
adj.
- a forthcoming event, meeting etc is one that has been planned to happen soon
- the forthcoming elections
- Keep an eye on the noticeboards for forthcoming events. - willing to give information about something
- She’s never very forthcoming about her plans - ready or made available when needed
- Financial support was not forthcoming.
- Help was immediately forthcoming.
pull through something
get better after a life-threatening illness or operation
- The doctors think she will pull through.
- He relied on his experience to pull him through.
decent
adj.
- of a good enough standard or quality
- a decent meal/place to live
- Mark did a decent job as a replacement for Turner. - (of people or behaviour) honest and fair; treating people with respect
- Everyone said he was a decent sort of guy.
entitled
adj. to have rights and privileges
- The college attracts both the entitled children of wealthy parents and a large number of scholarship students.
inquisitive
adj.
- ( negative ) asking too many questions and trying to find out about what other people are doing, etc. ( = curious )
- Don’t be so inquisitive. It’s none of your - business! - very interested in learning about many different things ( = enquiring )
- a highly inquisitive mind
- The young man possessed a sharp and inquisitive mind.
- An Ache’ man told the inquisitive anthropologists stories of his prime years in the jungle.
phosphorus
P
deleterious
adj. /ˌdeləˈtɪriəs/
harmful
- the deleterious effect of stress on health
biomass
n. 生質; 生物量
biomass fuel/energy
multitudinous
adj. 各式各樣都有
hypha
n. 菌絲
dilute
v. 稀釋, 沖淡
dilute juice with water
nodule
n. a small round raised part, especially a small swelling on a plant or someone’s body
teeming
adj. 擠滿人的, 人山人海的
- the teeming streets of the city
metropolis
n. 大都會 /məˈtrɑːpəlɪs/
- The city has become a huge, bustling metropolis.
plankton
n. 浮游生物
pigment
n. 色素, 顏料
larva
n. 幼蟲
prospect
n. /ˈprɑːspekt/
the possibility that something will happen
- They faced the prospect of defeat in the elections.
resort to
( = recourse )
to make use of something, especially something bad, as a means of achieving something, often because there is no other possible solution
- They felt obliged to resort to violence.
- They achieved their demands without having to resort to force.
meandering
adj. 曲折的; 不著邊際的
1. a meandering river
2. long meandering speech
terrain
n. 地形; 地勢
- We had to drive over some rough terrain.
gravel
n. 砂礫, 礫石
accretion
n. 堆積, 積聚
accomplished
adj. skilled
sheer
adj.
used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except;
- a sheer coincidence
- The sheer dimensions of the surfaces involved, plus the physical properties of the plaster, meant it was inevitable that Renaissance artists would rely on assistants- apprentices, they were called-to help create their masterpieces.
- The sheer size of space enclosed within buildings like the basilica of London must have been astonishing.
trait
n. (個人的)特質
proliferation
n. /prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/
the sudden increase in the number or amount of something; a large number of a particular thing
- attempts to prevent cancer cell proliferation
- Nuclear had proliferated before it was safe, and there were accidents.
- But this proliferation of castes did not change the basic principle of the system, and any infringement of its rules pollutes the person and society as a whole.
innumerable
adj. 數不清的
repertoire
n. 曲目
stout
adj. 結實的, 厚實的
1. a pair of stout hiking shoes
2. a stout man
daub
v. (隨意的)塗抹 n. 污漬
1. daub with graffiti
2. a daub of red paint
disregard
v. /ˌdɪsrɪˈɡɑːrd/
to ignore something or treat it as unimportant
- Safety rules were disregarded.
- He totally disregarded all the advice he was given.
conceive
v. 構想, 懷胎
recess
n. /rɪˈses/
1. BREAK TIME/a period of time during the year when the members of a parliament, committee, etc. do not meet
- Parliament went into its long summer recess.
- BREAK TIME/a period of time between lessons at school
- He wouldn’t play with me at recess. - PLACE/a part of a wall that is set further back than the rest of the wall, forming a space ( =alcove )
- a recess for books - PLACE/the part of a place that is furthest from the light and hard to see or get to
- He stared into the dark recesses of the room.
nooks and crannies
nook 隱密處
cranny 裂縫
readily
adj. quickly and easily
ample
adj. 充足的
stark
adj. 簡單的, 無修飾的, 粗陋的, 明顯的
1. a stark room
2. in stark(=extreme) contrast to
evocative
adj.
making people remember something by producing a feeling or memory in them
- a picture that is wonderfully evocative of a hot, summer’s day
- evocative music
prompt
v. make something happen
1. I don’t know what prompted him to leave
studious
adj. 用功的; 精心安排的, 謹慎的
1. a studious student
2. studious attention
confer
v.
- confer (with somebody) (on/about something): to discuss something with somebody, in order to exchange opinions or get advice
- confer with my lawyer
- He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision. - confer something (on/upon somebody): to give somebody an award, a university degree or a particular honor or right
- An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Columbia University.
pertinent
adj.
directly relating to something that is being considered ( SYN: relevant )
- a pertinent question/remark
- We’re dealing with a range of behavior. Therefore the pertinent question becomes: What is the range of the human being?
tidbit
n.
- a small piece of food that tastes good
- a few tidbits for children - a small but interesting piece of information, news etc
- interesting tidbits about the history of the castle
euthanize
v. 安樂死
gorge
v. 狼吞虎嚥的 n. 峽谷
brazen
adj.
used to describe a person, or the actions of a person, who is not embarrassed about behaving in a wrong or immoral way
- brazen cheating
- He told me a brazen lie.
emblazon
v. if something is emblazoned with a name, design etc, it has that design on it where it can easily be seen
- a T-shirt emblazoned with a political slogan
remnant
n. 殘餘的部分
asteroid
n. 小行星
aftermath
n. (不愉快的事件的)後果
spectator
n. 觀眾
elaborate
adj.
- having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way ( = intricate )
- pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns - carefully planned and organized in great detail ( = complex )
- a very elaborate telecommunications network
- In the years following 9500 BC, the descendants of the Natufians continued to gather and process cereals, but they also began to cultivate them in more and more elaborate ways.
aural
adj. connected with hearing and listening
- aural and visual images
rebuttal
n. 反駁
provocation
n. /ˌprɑːvəˈkeɪʃn/
the act of doing or saying something deliberately in order to make somebody angry or upset
- You should remain calm and not respond to provocation.
- He fired a shot without any provocation.
- And I think as somebody who wants to build a resonant body of work, I think we have to focus on evocation, not provocation.
- For decades, North Korea has chosen a path of confrontation and provocation, including the pursuit of nuclear weapons.
retaliate
v. /rɪˈtælieɪt/
to do something harmful to somebody because they have harmed you first
- The boy hit his sister, who retaliated by kicking him.
impose
v.
1. to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used
- Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.
- to force somebody/something to have to deal with something that is difficult or unpleasant
- He described the limitations imposed by his disease.
- This system imposes additional financial burdens on many people.
(to) tuck into sth (food)
痛快地吃
land sb. in sth.
使某人陷入困境
- land you in serious trouble
- Revealing confidential information to a rival company could land you in serious trouble with your boss.
- The demonstration outside the embassy landed some of the protesters in jail overnight.
- He landed himself in deep/hot water (= in a very difficult or unpleasant situation) by lying to the tax office about his earnings.
digress
wander; stray; get sidetracked; go off in another direction
(v.) 離題
dis- 離 / gradi ( to walk )
1. degression 題外話
ostensible
adj.
seeming to be the reason for or the purpose of something, but usually hiding the real reason or purpose
- an ostensible motive/advantage
- The ostensible reason for his resignation was ill health.
uncanny
eerie, strange, weird, mysterious
(adj. ) 可怕的；怪誕的；神秘的
1. an uncanny resemblance 驚人的相似
2. uncanny ability 神奇的能力
candor
frankness, openness, sincere expression
(n.) (針對棘手的事情)坦白；率真；誠懇表達
= candour, candid
- The two presidents have had candid talks about the current crisis.
morose
gloomy, moody, glum, grumpy, ill-tempered, depressed
(adj.) 悶悶不樂的；沮喪的；脾氣暴躁的
adept
adj. /əˈdept/
skilled
- He became adept at getting even the shyest students to talk.
- But you’ll see, as the semester progresses and you start learning more about musical forms, you’ll become a more adept listener and you’ll start noticing patterns.
saturated
soaked, thoroughly wet, full of moisture
(adj. ) 浸透的; 溼透的
1. saturated with oil
2. saturated the media
pragmatic
Practical, having to do with actual practice, concerned with everyday affairs as opposed to theory or speculation
(adj.) 實際的; 重實用的
congenial
adj.
- pleasant to spend time with because their interests and character are similar to your own
- congenial colleague - pleasant because it suits your character
- congenial things
- a congenial working environment
- His studies in Leiden proved congenial to him.
capricious
adj. /kəˈprɪʃəs/
unpredictable; likely to change at any moment
- She was as capricious as her mother had been.
- a capricious climate
- She’s actually suing saying that her evaluation is arbitrary and capricious.
- These rules are not capricious and they are not arbitrary.
blatant
adj. /ˈbleɪtənt/ something bad that is blatant is very clear and easy to see, but the person responsible for it does not seem embarrassed or ashamed - the blatant sound of horns - a blatant lie - a blatant error - a blatant attempt to impress the boss
obligatory
required, necessary, binding, mandatory
(adj.) 必須的; 必須遵守的; 義務性的
negligible
unimportant, trifling, of little consequence
(adj. ) 不重要的
1. a negligible concern 微不足道的事
adamant
unyielding; firm in opinion, unrelenting, implacable
(adj.) 不屈服的, 不讓步的
sporadic
adj. /spəˈrædɪk/
happening only occasionally or at intervals that are not regular ( syn: intermittent )
- sporadic success
- sporadic crimes/violence/fighting
- Sociopolitical relations, too, tended to be sporadic.
vanguard
the forefront of an action or movement, leading position or persons in a movement
(n.) 先鋒，前鋒
concur
to agree, be in accord with, unite in opinion
(v.) 同意，與…一致，意見一致
precociousness
(n.) 早熟
aloof
apart, at a distance, removed, withdrawn
(adj.) 冷漠的; 遠離的
creed
belief, professed faith or opinion, especially a system of religious belief
(n.) 信仰，主張( 尤指宗教信仰 )
tawdry
cheap and showy, gaudy, garish, sleazy
(adj. ) 華麗而俗氣的; 低級庸俗的
1. tawdry clothing
2. tawdry reputation 壞名聲
peevish
irritable; grouchy; ill-tempered; difficult to please
(adj. ) 易怒的; 難以取悅的
1. pet peeve 讓人抓狂的事情
arduous
very difficult, hard to achieve or accomplish
(adj. ) 非常困難的; 難以達成的; 需要努力的
1. an arduous task
2. an arduous responsibility
personable
attractive, pleasing in appearance, handsome, comely, fair, presentable
(adj.) 有吸引力的; 英俊的
resolute
firmly determined or settled, resolved, having a set opinion or purpose, steadfast, unwavering, persevering
(adj.) 心意堅定的; 不動搖的; 堅忍的
supposition
an assumption, theory, hypothesis
(n.) 假設 理論 假說
arbitrary
unreasonable; based on personal feelings or preferences rather than on reason, logic, or law
(adj. ) 武斷的；不理性的，根據個人情感或偏好的
1. arbitrary government 專制的政府
2. arbitrary price 隨意制定的價格
monotonous
lacking variety, tediously uniform, unvarying and dull
(adj.) 缺乏變化的 千篇一律的 單調沉悶的
legacy
an inheritance; something handed down from an ancestor or from the past
(n.) 前人傳下來的東西; 遺產
cultural legacy
manifold
numerous and varied, consisting of many kinds, containing many elements, features, or characteristics
(adj.) 為數眾多且多樣的；包含取多元素或特徵的
pliant
bending easily, flexible, adaptable, workable
(adj.) 易彎曲的；有彈性的；適應力強的
retort
a quick reply, especially one that is cutting or witty
n.) 反駁；回嘴( 尤指尖銳機智的回答
obstinate
adj. /ˈɑːbstɪnət/ ( syn: stubborn )
1. refusing to change your opinions, way of behaving, etc. when other people try to persuade you to; showing this
- He can be very obstinate when he wants to be!
- [usually before noun] difficult to get rid of or deal with
- an obstinate stain
- the obstinate problem of unemployment
lacerate
to tear, cut roughly, rend, mangle
(v.) 撕裂；割破；傷害
omnipotent
adj.
having total power; able to do anything
- an omnipotent god
- How can a loving, omnipotent God permit disease, war and suffering?
unscrupulous
untrustworthy, dishonorable, deceitful, corrupt, lacking integrity or moral principles
(adj.) 不可信賴的；騙人的；無恥的
renaissance
a revival, rebirth, resurgence, renewal of life or vigor
(n. ) 復興；再生；再現
1. a cultural renaissance
2. a moral/spiritual renaissance
3. a renaissance in the economy
genesis
a coming into being, beginning, origin, birth creation
(n. ) 形成；起源；創始
1. the genesis of a work of art
2. the genesis of an important social movement
3. the genesis of a distinguished career
warrant
to justify, give good reasons for, authorize, sanction
(v.) 證明…是正當的；為…提出充分理由；授權、批准
cantankerous
adj. difficult to deal with, disagreeable, argumentative, quick to quarrel or to exhibit ill will
- a cantankerous old man
- cantankerous relatives
flippant
disrespectful in a frivolous way, treating something serious in a trivial manner
(adj. ) 輕率的；無禮的
1. flippant language 用語隨便
2. a flippant remark 無禮的評論
3. flippant comments
subjugate
v.
DEFEAT: to defeat somebody/something
CONTROL: to gain control over somebody/something
- a subjugate of the king (臣民)
- subjugate the people
- subjugate an addiction / an impulse / an emotion
- For instance, many scholars surmise that the Hindu caste system took shape when Indo-Aryan people invaded the Indian subcontinent about 3,000 years ago, subjugating the local population.
wry
twisted, crooked, lopsided, askew, distort in an odd, amusing way
(adj. ) 曲解的；荒謬的；諷刺的
1. a wry smile/grin 苦笑
2. a wry remark
3. a wry sense of humor
urbane
polished, sophisticated, suave, cosmopolitan
urbane conversation
(adj.) 彬彬有禮的；文雅的
1. urbane conversation
jargon
specialized and often pretentious language; speech or writing that is highly technical and difficult to understand
(n. ) 行話；非常技術性且難以理解的
1. medical jargon
2. legal jargon
inviolable
(adj.) secure; safe from assault, infringement, or destruction, sacred, untouchable, unassailable, incorruptible
不可侵犯、違反的; 不能收買的
1. an inviolable peace 不容破壞中斷的和平
2. an inviolable contract 不能違反、改變的合約
3. an inviolable oath/promise 神聖、無疑、不能被收買的誓約
4. inviolable rights 不能被擅自侵占的地方
prudent
cautious, careful, planning wisely, exercising sound judgment in practical matters
(adj.) 謹慎的; 明智規劃的
= discreet, judicious, circumspect
commodious
adj.
spacious, having plenty of room, comfortably convenient
- a house or room that is commodious is very big
proximity
nearness, closeness, the state of being in the vicinity of something
(n. ) 接近 靠近
1. the proximity of their houses
2. the proximity of historic events
3. proximity of blood relation
4. the proximity of two ideas
advocate
to support, plead for, be in favor of, defend by argument; especially, to speak or write in favor or in defense of a person or cause
(v.) 支持；擁護；主張
delegate
to entrust with authority or power
(v.) 授權；委託；委派
unprecedented
adj. that has never happened, been done or been known before
- Most researchers believe that these unprecedented accomplishments were the product of a revolution in Sapiens’ cognitive abilities.
- we’re considering various strategies to help some threatened species survive this unprecedented, this warming trend, which, as you know, is caused mainly by greenhouse gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
- This would have brought about an unprecedented transformation in human capabilities and lifestyles.
poignant
piercing, incisive, and keen
(adj. ) 尖銳的；辛辣的；強烈的；有穿透力的
1. a poignant odor/beauty/look (感官上)
2. a poignant drama/family reunion (情感上)
3. a poignant delight/critique/wit ( 犀利、挖苦的 )
nebulous
adj. not clear, vague
- nebulous writing
- a nebulous idea/purpose/goal
clandestine
kept secret, done in secrecy, especially for an evil, immoral, or illegal purpose
(adj. ) 祕密的，暗中的( 尤其為了邪惡、不道德或非法的目的 )
1. a clandestine affair
2. a clandestine business
3. a clandestine intelligence operation 秘密情報工作
tirade
a long drawn-out speech
(n.) 長篇大論的譴責 攻擊性演說
recur
to happen again, occur again, especially at intervals or after some lapse of time
(v.) 再發生( 尤其每隔一段時間就會發生的 )
tacit
unspoken, silent, implied or understood without words
(adj. ) 沉默的；默示的
- tacit consent 默許
- a tacit agreement 默契
- tacit knowledge ( know-how, base on experience )
- tacit approval/support
- By tacit agreement, the subject was never mentioned again.
allegation
n.
a public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing somebody of doing something that is wrong or illegal
- Allegation that Mr. Dwight was receiving money from known criminals have caused a scandal.
- an unsubstantiated allegation of child abuse
gullible
adj.
easily deceived or cheated
容易受騙的
- a gullible person
benign
kindly, good-natured, gracious, mid, having or showing a gentle disposition
(adj. ) 仁慈的、友善的、寬厚的、溫和的
1. a benign old man
2. a benign intention
3. a benign omen 吉祥的預兆
peripheral
external, outer, lying at or forming the outside or boundary of something; hence, not essential, irrelevant
(adj. ) 外面的；周圍的；周邊的；無關緊要的
1. explore the periphery of the polar icecap
2. peripheral issues
rebuff
v. to refuse bluntly, reject sharply, turn down abruptly
- She rebuffed all suggestions that she should resign.
animosity
ill will, hostility, antagonism, strong dislike or hatred
(n.) 惡意、敵意；仇恨，憎恨
= malevolence
tenuous
thin, slender, slight, flimsy, weak, not dense or substantial, lacking a string basis
(adj. ) 纖細的；稀薄的；虛弱的；貧乏的
1. a tenuous grip
2. a tenuous proposal
complacent
adj.
pleased with a situation, especially something you have achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or change things – used to show disapproval
- a complacent smile
- a complacent behavior
- a complacent attitude towards the problem
acme
the peak, highest point, summit, zenith, especially the point of culmination, the highest possible point in the development or progress of something
(n. ) 頂點
1. the acme of his career
defunct
adj. dead, extinct, obsolete; no longer in existence, effect, operation, or use - a defunct law - a defunct organization - a defunct person
abet
To encourage, support, help, aid, promote, assist in achieving a purpose
(v. ) 鼓勵、支持、協助、促使
1. aid and abet 協助及教唆犯罪
2. abet the cause of justice
haggard
worn out, tired, gaunt, drawn, emaciated
(adj.) 疲累的, 憔悴的, 消瘦的
waive
to relinquish voluntarily, give up, forgo
(v. ) (自願)放棄
1. waive discussion
2. waive formalities ( formality = 禮節、例行公事)
carnal
bodily, pertaining to the flesh as opposed to the spirit, sensual, corporeal
(adj. ) 肉體的；感官的
1. carnal desires
2. carnal lust
3. carnal knowledge
sanction
to approve, allow, permit, authorize, certify, ratify
(v. ) 1.批准；2. 制裁
1. not sanction unmarried sexual relations
2. impose economic sanctions on the country
ambiguous
uncertain, unclear, doubtful, dubious, questionable, puzzling, having an obscure or indefinite meaning
(adj. ) 含糊的；疑惑的，困惑的
1. an ambiguous intention
2. an ambiguous statement
spendthrift
wasteful, spending extravagantly or foolishly, squandering one’s resources.
(adj.) 浪費的，以揮霍或愚蠢的方式花錢的
mollify
v. to make somebody feel less angry or upset
- mollify his anger
- mollify conflicts
- Humans, for their part, can address the rock, to mollify or threaten it.
unequivocal
clear and direct, definite, straightforward, certain; having a single, obvious meaning; capable of being interpreted in only one way
(adj. ) 清楚又直接的，明確的；直率的
1. unequivocal response
malleable
capable of being shaped, able to be molded or manipulated, adaptable, impressionable
(adj. ) 可塑的；適應力強的；易受影響的
1. malleable metals
2. a malleable actor
verbose
adj. /vɜːˈbəʊs/
wordy, having too many words, long-winded, full of verbiage
- Legal writing is often unclear and verbose.
discern
v. 辨別
1. discern a figure in the darkness
2. It is difficult to discern any pattern in these figures.
curate
v. 1. 策(展) 2. to pull together, sift through, and select for
curate our own experience
revelation
n. 揭發、啟示錄
plausible
adj.
1. (of an excuse or explanation) reasonable and likely to be true
- a plausible explanation/excuse
- (of a person) good at sounding honest and sincere, especially when trying to trick people
- a plausible salesman
metamorphose
n. 1. 脫胎換骨的 2. (兩棲、昆蟲)變態
deity
n. god or goddess
momentous
adj. very important or serious, especially because there may be important results
( syn: historic )
- a momentous decision for the family
irrigation
n. 1. 灌溉 2. 沖洗傷口、器官
1. an irrigation system
2. colonic irrigation
seep
v. （液体）渗出；渗漏
n. seepage /ˈsiːpɪdʒ/
- Also, the walls weren’t completely waterproof- moisture could seep in, buildings were often damp.
amoeba
n. 變形蟲
excretion
n. 排泄
- the excretion of toxic substances through the skin
v. excrete
- But they not only take in some minerals as nutrients, they also excrete others as waste products.
concentration
n. 1. 集中 2. 濃度
the concentration of salt
evolve
v. 進化、逐步發展
1. Humans evolve from apes
wonder
v. 疑惑、(禮貌的)是否能…；感到驚訝
n. 驚訝；奇觀
the wonders of Ancient Greek
imposing
adj. 壯觀的、宏偉的 = impressive
an imposing mansion
mild
adj. 1. 溫和的 2.(天氣)暖和的
mild weather
gosling
n. a young goose
assortment
n. 各式各樣、集錦
impediment
n. 妨害、阻止
- War has been an additional impediment to progress
- These are at best a waste and at worst an impediment to the transfer of pollen in the air.
hindrance
n. obstacle
1. I’ve never considered my disabilities a hindrance.
precipitous
adj. 陡峭的 =steep
wriggle
v. 扭動、蠕動
wavy
adj. 蜷曲的、波浪似的
perish
v. 死、消滅 be wiped out
perishable 易消滅的、易腐敗的
allude to
影射
conquistador
A Spanish conqueror of the Americas
shimmer
v.
to shine with a soft light that looks as if it shakes slightly
- When driving in the car on a hot summer day, you may see what looks like shimmering water on the road, which, as science tells us, is really just a mirage
inadvertent
adj. 無意中; unintentional, careless
- He inadvertently deleted the file.
- cooking inadvertently opened the way to the jumbo brains of Neanderthals and Sapiens.
- People began eating more wheat, and in exchange they inadvertently spread its growth.
excursion
n. 遠足, a short journey
herd
n. 獸群
a herd of cattle/elephants/goats
anthropology
n. 人類學
reptile
n. 爬蟲類
hide
v. 躲藏 n. 獸皮、(可觀察鳥獸的)隱身處
conduct
v. 進行、實施
improper conduct
timber
n. 木材
plank
n. 木板、木條
cedar
n. 雪松
pelt
n. (死去動物的)毛皮、皮
beaver pelt
rarity
n. 稀有、罕見
elk
n. moose
deciduous
adj. (樹木)落葉性的 evergreen
- deciduous trees
- Deciduous teeth are also called children’s teeth, baby teeth or first teeth. Deciduous teeth are smaller and whiter than permanent teeth.
shed
v. (葉子)掉落；流(淚、血)
shed leaves
beech
n. 山毛櫸
shrub
n. 灌木
fern
n. 蕨類
moss
n. 苔癬
stampede
v. 逃竄
descendant
n. 子孫
barter
v. 以物易物
tap
v. 開發、利用(資源)；輕拍
1. tap the energy of winds
versatile
adj. 用途廣泛的
meringue
n. 蛋白霜
dynamite
n. 炸藥
postulate
v. /ˈpɑːstʃəleɪt/ ( syn: hypothesize )
to suggest or accept that something is true so that it can be used as the basis for a theory, etc.
- It was the Greek astronomer, Ptolemy, who postulated that the earth was at the center of the universe.
- It has been postulated that the condition is inherited.
- One was the particular study site he happened to use as a springboard for his sweeping postulate of a lifeless abyss.
contract
v. 縮小( =shrink)；n. 契約
deplete
v. (資源)使用殆盡
- If we continue to deplete the earth’s natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment.
- So the upper levels of the soil eventually get depleted of these materials, while the lower levels get enriched with them.
underway
adj. in progress
exploit
v. /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
開發、利用(資源)；榨取(人)
1. exploit sth: (disapproving)to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself
- He exploited his father’s name to get himself a job.
- She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited.
- exploit sb.: (disproving)to treat somebody unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return
- exploit the workers
- Foreign students being exploited
- The workers are ruthlessly exploited by their employers. - to use something well in order to gain as much from it as possible
- The company has been successful in exploiting new technology to the full. - to develop or use something for business or industry
- No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica.
- exploit natural resources
incandescent lamp
白熾燈
conduit
n. (水、電)導管
apprentice
n. 徒弟、研習生
apprenticeship 研習期間
grant
v.
to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do something
- My request was _____.
- The judge _____ an injunction preventing the newspaper from printing the names.
n.
an amount of money given to someone, especially by the government, for a particular purpose
- The university gets a government _____.
- We just got a _____ to hire a part-time library assistant for our photography archives.
asylum
n. (政治)避難、庇護；精神病院
aesthetic
adj. 美的
- There are practical as well as aesthetic reasons for planting trees.
intricate
adj. 複雜的
1. intricate plot
predominant
adj. /prɪˈdɑːmɪnənt/
1. most obvious or easy to notice
- Yellow is the predominant colour this spring in the fashion world.
2. having more power or influence than others
- the predominant group in society
- a predominant culture
carcinogen
n. 致癌物
insecticide
n. pesticide
deceptive
adj. 欺騙的
duplicity
n. 欺騙，雙面人的行為
delusive
adj. false
1. the delusive hope
incidence
n. 事件；(事件)發生率
influenza
n. flu
hereditary
adj. 遺傳的、世襲的
1. hereditary diseases
2. hereditary estate
infectious
adj. 感染的、傳染的
reincarnation
n. 輪迴
incarnation: a person who represents a particular quality, for example, in human form
splashdown
n. a landing by a spacecraft in the sea
tentative
adj. 暫時性的、不確定性的
1. tentative agreement
provisional
adj.
for the present time but likely to change
- provisional goverment
roam
v. wander
roam the city streets
stratum
n.
pl. strata
地層、岩層
a layer of rock, soil, or similar material
- The cliffs are characterized by remarkable zigzagging strata of shale and sandstone.
seismology
n. 地震學
hydrogen
H
methane
CH4
strain
n. 種類、特質
1. a new strain of bacteria
incentive
n. 刺激、激勵
1. The desire for profit is an incentive to work.
enact
v. /ɪˈnækt/
1. to pass a law
- A package of economic sanctions is to be enacted against the country.
2. to perform a play or act a part in a play
- The stories are enacted using music, dance and mime.
act
n. 法令、條例
alimentary
adj. 食物的、營養的
alimentary canal
消化道
be endowed with
- to make someone or something have a particular quality, or to believe that they have it
- Her resistance to the Nationalists endowed her with legendary status. - to naturally have a good feature or quality
- She was endowed with good looks.
blight
n.
- to have a bad effect on something, especially by causing a lot of problems
- His arrival cast a blight on the wedding day. - an unhealthy condition of plants in which parts of them dry up and die
- the vines suffered blight and disease
- Wheat got sick, so Sapiens had to keep a watch out for worms and blight.
famine
n. not enough food, starvation
blighter
n. 討人厭的人
scoundrel
n. a mean or wicked person
rogue
adj. /rəʊɡ/
not behaving in the usual or accepted way and often causing trouble
- Officials are concerned about rogue regimes that may have nuclear weapons.
- What happens when a spy goes rogue?
prosperity
n. 繁盛(尤其指經濟上的)
1. a country’s future prosperity
affluent
adj.
having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc
- affluent nations/neighborhoods
- the original affluent society
n. affluence
- The owners of these grand buildings wanted to decorate the walls, to reflect their own affluence and prestige.
augment
v. 提高、加強，increase the size or value
augment his income
hiatus
縫隙
distraught
adj. /dɪˈstrɔːt/
very upset because of something bad that has happened, so that you cannot think clearly
- The missing child’s distraught parents made an emotional appeal for information on TV.
- The boy’s hospital bed was surrounded by distraught relatives.
platonic
柏拉圖式的
platonic love
myriad
adj. a very large number
- But for countless generations they did not stand out from the myriad other organisms with which they shared their habitats.
- An archaeologist working 100,000 years form now could piece together a reasonable picture of Muslim belief and practice from the myriad objects he unearthed in a ruined mosque.
by all means
certainly, of course
momentary
adj. lasting for only an instant
paleontology
n. 古生物學
penance
n. 自我懲罰;(基督教的)苦修,贖罪
reckless
adj. 魯莽的
nudge
v. 輕拍
dubious
adj. not certain about something and suspecting that something may be wrong; not knowing whether something is good or bad
(syn: doubtful)
- I was rather dubious about the whole idea.
hallucinate
v. 產生幻覺
customary
adj. usual, expected, routine
- In some cultures it is customary for the bride to wear white.
consummate
v. 圓房; 使完美 adj. 完全的, 完美的
1. The marriage was never consummated.
2. a consummate liar/athlete/gentleman
accolade
n. /ˈækəleɪd/
praise or an award for an achievement that people admire
- He was granted the ultimate accolade - his face on a postage stamp.
evade
v.
to avoid or escape from someone or something
- The escaped prisoners evaded recapture for long.
- She leaned forward to kiss him but he evaded her by pretending to sneeze.
custody
n. 照管, 監護 (guarding)
1. The mother got/received custody of the child.
hideous
adj. very ugly, offensive, shocking
mesmerize
v. to fascinate or hypnotize
unnerve
v. to make nervous or upset
nostalgic
adj. 懷舊的
vicarious
adj.
experienced by watching or reading about someone else doing something, rather than by doing it yourself
- vicarious pleasure
drastic
adj. 猛烈的
albeit
although
snivel
v. 抽噎, 哭鼻子
tremor
n. a shaking movement
inescapable
adj. unavoidable
feud
n. /v. 世仇，長期不和
- Nothing mattered any longer not the fact that Harry was younger, not the fact that Harry was the son of his rival, not the fact that they had been feuding for years.
conviction
n.
- a very strong belief or opinion
- a woman of strong political convictions
- The students possess the conviction that they can make a difference to their community. - the feeling of being sure about something and having no doubts
- He was able to say with conviction that he had changed. - a decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime, or the process of proving that someone is guilty
- Applicants are checked for criminal convictions.
- This was her third conviction for theft.
resign
v. 辭去(職務); 放棄(工作)
disdain
v. 輕視、蔑視
vindictive
adj. unreasonably cruel and unfair towards someone who has harmed you
- The criticism is both vindictive and personalized.
absolution
n.
贖罪、寬恕
- She was granted/given absolution.
unrequited
adj. 單相思的
1. unrequited love
delirious
adj. 神智不清的；狂喜的
rudimentary
n. basic, 粗陋的
wean sb off sth
戒除
wean addicts to cocaine
deteriorate
v. to become worse
- Ethel’s health has deteriorated.
- America’s deteriorating economy
frail
weak
reconciliation
n. 和解
immaculate
spotless; perfect
intoxicated
adj. 喝醉的；中毒的
mortify
To embarrass or humiliate
- The thought of the incident still mortified her.
ensue
v. 結果發生
bleak
adj.
- (of a situation) not giving any reason to have hope or expect anything good
- The future looks bleak for the fishing industry. - (of the weather) cold and unpleasant
- a bleak winter’s day
feign
v. to pretend that you have a particular feeling or that you are ill, tired, etc.
- You know everyone feigns surprise when you tell them how old you are.
involuntary
adj. an involuntary movement, etc. is made suddenly, without you intending it or being able to control it
- A sharp tap on the knee usually causes an involuntary movement of the lower leg.
mythology
n. 神話
interdisciplinary
adj. 跨學科的、跨領域的
1. interdisciplinary courses
speculation
n. 推測、判斷
champion
v. 支持、聲援
attribute
n. 特質、屬性；v. 歸因於; 認為是出自誰的作品
- He attributes his success to his coach.
- His doctor attributes his health problems to a poor diet and a lack of exercise.
- The two great epic poems of ancient Greece, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are often attributed to the Greek poet Homer.
ascribe
something to someone/something,歸因於
apparent
adj. 顯然的、表面上的
factual
adj. 事實的、真實的
envision
n. 展望、預計
- It’s a common fallacy to envision these species as arranged in a straight line of descent, with Ergaster begetting Erectus, Erectus begetting the Neanderthals, and the Neanderthals evolving into us.
established
adj. 確立的、既定的、被認可的
efficacious
adj. 奏效的、有效的
whereby
adv. /conj. 藉以；在…的情況下
1. We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other.
a penchant for something
n.
if you have a penchant for something, you like that thing very much and try to do it or have it often
- a penchant for skiing/exotic clothes
- Yes. She was actually a writer for several years… but she did have a penchant for math and engineering, so… she read a lot about it on her own.
pantomime
n. 嬉鬧劇
impersonate
v. 模仿
impersonal
adj. 沒有人情味的
1. Hospitals always seems so impersonal - row of identical beds in dull grey rooms.
objectify
v. 物化
substantial
adj. important； 大的；大體上的
The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women.
Neolithic
New Stone Age
obsidian
n. 黑曜石
flake
v. (成片的)剝落
hatchway
n. 艙口、天窗
plaster
n. 灰泥、灰漿；v. (灰泥)抹、粉刷；大量張貼
- in plaster 打著石膏
- The Maya excavated depressions( = shallow hole), or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs.
soot
n. 煤灰
excavation
n. (古物)發掘
speculate
v. 推測
spectate
v. (比賽)觀看
cereal crops
n. 穀物
rodent
n. rat and mice
hibernate
v. 冬眠
grapple
v.
to fight or struggle with someone, holding them tightly ( syn: wrestle )
- grapple with: Two officers grappled with the gunman.
- In the displays, pairs of bees faced each other, slowly flew vertically to a height of about three meters, and then grappled each other to the ground.
turmoil
n. 騷亂
disillusion
v. 幻滅
1. I hate to disillusion you, but pregnancy is not always wonderful - I was sick every day for six months.
by and large
generally, but not completely, true
- There are a few small things that I don’t like about my job, but by and large it’s very enjoyable.
- By and large, I enjoyed my time at school.
tundra
n. 苔原帶、凍原帶
cessation
n. ending or stopping
1. a cessation of the bombing campaign
avalanche
n. 雪崩
seedling
n. 幼苗
graze
v. 1. 擦傷(皮膚) 2. 放牧
1. grazing animals
lichen
n. 地衣
prostrate
adj.
1. lying on the ground and facing downwards
- prostrate herself on the bare floor of the church
2. so shocked, upset, etc. that you cannot do anything
- A woman, prostrate with grief, lay wailing on the ground.
rigor
n. /ˈrɪɡə/
= rigour
great care and thoroughness in making sure that something is correct
- Their research seems to me to be lacking in rigor.
equatorial
adj. near the equator；赤道附近
prevalent
adj. 流行的、盛行的
1. The diseases are more prevalent among young children.
meteorology
n. 氣象學
rule of thumb
經驗法則
manifestation
n. 顯示、表明
voice box
n. 喉頭
overt
adj. 公開的
covert
adj. /ˈkəʊvɜːrt/
secret or hidden, making it difficult to notice
- Every measure, both overt and covert, is being taken against terrorists.
electrode
n. 電極
seal
n. 海豹、封口 v. 密封、批准
diminish
v.
reduce
- I want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.
- If these artists did use a camera obscura, does that diminish their stature?
tract
n.
1. the digestive/reproductive/urinary etc tract
- the urinary/respiratory/digestive tract
2. a large area of land
- vast tract of woodland
- They concentrated their studies on a thirteen-hectare tract of tropical dry forest that contained numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees.
3. a short piece of writing, especially about a moral or religious subject
- a moral/political/religious tract
be devoid of
lack of sth
He seems to be devoid of compassion
susceptible
adj.
1. very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by something
- Among susceptible children, this disease can develop very fast.
- The areas that are now desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals.
2. if something is susceptible of an action, that action can be done to it
- The facts are susceptible of other explanations.
- Working conditions are susceptible of improvement by legislation.
trample
v. 踩、踐踏
Somebody trampled all over my flowerbeds.
pulverize
v. 把…壓/磨成粉；defeat
pulverized coal/bones
crustal
adj. (地球的)外殼
progressive
adj. 逐漸的；(思想、體制)先進的
excess
n.
an amount that is more than acceptable, expected, or reasonable
- An excess of enthusiasm is not always a good thing.
gill
n.
鰓
- Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish, but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted, such as during extended periods of drought.
walrus
n. 海象
vestigial
adj. being a small remaining part ；(身體部位)退化的
a vestigial organ/limb/tail
hemp
n. 麻藥
chief
adj. most important or main
moor
v. To hold in place with ropes or anchors.
1. We moored the boat to a large tree root.
succulent
adj. 多汁的
1. succulent plant 多肉植物
stoma
n. /ˈstəʊmə/
pl. stomata
氣孔
dormant
adj. 睡眠
hibernate is the long-dormant state
- f
wipe out
eliminate something completely
commemorate
v. 紀念, 緬懷
- to commemorate those who lost their lives in the war
- a parade to commemorate the town’s bicentenary
- I worked on the photography exhibition last year, the one that was commemorating the university’s 100th anniversary.
patron
n. 贊助人
patriotism
n. 愛國主義
1. inspire the confidence and patriotism
2. ignite the fire of patriotism
take hold
become effective, established 變強；確立地位
- the link between Columbus and the United States took hold
- The economic recovery is just beginning to take hold now.
cast
v. 分配…演出
cast - cast - cast
1. He was often cast as the villain.
destined
adj. 注定
1. These plans are destined to fail.
marsh
n. 濕地
像是Everglades的樣子
germinate
v. 發芽
The beans will only germinate if the temperature is warm enough.
substrate
n. 基質，讓有機物生長
例如土壤->植物
- The soil is the substrate of most seed plants.
- In the case of substrate inhabitants it may be space, as in many shallow-water bottom-dwelling marine organisms.
*substratum
n.
a layer of something, especially rock or soil, that is below another layer
- the substratum of society
- Coral reefs are found where there is a firm substratum.
silt
n. (河口)淤泥, 泥沙
siltation : the process of blocking something with sand or soil; the sand or soil that blocks something
- At present they are coming under a variety of threats, of which two of the most important are dredging and the effects of increased siltation brought about by accelerated erosion from neighboring land areas.
sulfur
S 硫
estuary
n. 河口
reclamation
n. (土地)開墾, 改造 /ˌrekləˈmeɪʃn/
land reclamation = land fill
fringe
n. 邊緣；瀏海
dredge
v.
- to remove mud or sand from the bottom of a river, harbour etc, “or” to search for something by doing this
- dredge the canal
- They dredged for oysters.
- It was his dredge that was inadequate. Its opening was so small and the holes in the net so large that the dredge inevitably missed animals. - 在…..撒(flour, sugar)
- dredge the cake with icing sugar
feasible
adj.
that is possible and likely to be achieved
- Uh, true-and for decades that’s exactly what’s prevented the idea from being feasible, or even just taken seriously: Um, where do we find a material strong enough, yet light weight enough, to act as a cable or track.
foster
v. 1.促進, 2.撫養
- foster peace and harmony
- Patrick is then placed with an unloving foster mother.
sedentary
adj. 久未活動的
- To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad’s life and become sedentary.
fluctuate
v. (持續)起伏不定
- There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.
brusque
adj. 粗糙的
- There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.
pastoral
adj. 牧師的、牧人的 , (n.)放牧, 畜牧
- priest n. 神父, 牧師, 神職人員
- shepherd n. 牧羊人 v. 帶領, 領導
- pasture n. 牧場
domesticate
- v. 馴養
- The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants.
contention
n.
- a strong opinion that someone expresses
- Her main contention is that doctors should do more to encourage healthy eating.
- A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestors-each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toe-seemed to provide strong support for Darwin’s contention that species evolve gradually. - argument and disagreement between people
- Whether Mithen’s explanation is satisfactory is open to “contention”, and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors.
orientation
n. (新工作)培訓、準備 → 入學指導
- Female Professor: Can’t find your orientation session?
Student: Uh-huh. What a way to begin… lost going to orientation…
prominent
adj. 傑出的
- Right-the department has many prominent alumni.
plummet
v. 暴跌，急遽下降
- House prices have plummeted in recent months.
constituent
n. /kənˈstɪtʃ.u.ənt/
要素
- All these diverse constituents are aggregated together to form chondritic meteorites, like Allende, that have chemical compositions much like that of the Sun.
- The compound cellulose is the major constituent of most plant tissue- it mineralizes relatively quickly.
refractory
adj. 難以治療的；難以控制的
- This is a chronic and disabling condition that is refractory to treatment.
- a refractory child
nebula
n. 星雲
sludge
n. 爛泥
- We seemed to spend the last mile of the walk knee-deep in sludge.
foster
v. 1.促進, 2.撫養
- foster peace and harmony
- Patrick is then placed with an unloving foster mother.
sedentary
adj. 久未活動的
- To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad’s life and become sedentary.
fluctuate
v. (持續)起伏不定
- There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.
brusque
adj. 粗糙的
1. a brusque manner
pastoral
adj. 牧師的、牧人的
- priest n. 神父, 牧師, 神職人員
- shepherd n. 牧羊人 v. 帶領, 領導
- pasture n. 牧場
domesticate
v. 馴養
- The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants.
contention
n. 爭論
- Whether Mithen’s explanation is satisfactory is open to “contention”, and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors.
orientation
n. (新工作)培訓、準備 → 入學指導
Female Professor: Can’t find your orientation session?
Student: Uh-huh. What a way to begin… lost going to orientation…
plummet
v. 暴跌，急遽下降
- House prices have plummeted in recent months.
constituent
adj. 難以治療的；難以控制的
- This is a chronic and disabling condition that is refractory to treatment.
- a refractory child
nebula
n. 星雲
sludge
n. 爛泥
- We seemed to spend the last mile of the walk knee-deep in sludge.
subordinate
adj. 從屬的, 下級的
- One of them is in charge, one of them is subordinate, and their body language clearly is detailing which is which.
- a subordinate role 配角
supplicant
n. 懇求者
- When you are the supplicant, when you are there asking for help, your behaviors are more contrite.
erogenous
adj. (身體部位)喚起情慾的
- This is your erogenous zone.
virile
adj. 陽剛氣的, 強壯的
- Or you get these social aardvarks who wanna squeeze your hands to demonstrate that they’re strong and virile and so forth.
leave a bad taste in one’s mouth
留下不愉快的記憶
- It just leaves a bad feeling in our mouth, so. Bad people are identified by bad behaviors. No one is bad until we see the demonstrable bad behaviors.
savanna
n. (非洲)稀樹草原
- A hundred thousands years ago, we were all in Africa savanna.
- As a breeze blows through the savanna, a snake-shaped tube stretches into the air and scans the horizon like a periscope.
feline
n. 貓科動物
- We were surrounded by predators: Hyenas, lions, lionesses, these large felines.
paleo-
prefix, 史前，原始
- This is our paleocircuits.
potentiate
v. 使能夠、加強
- The gesture potentiate the message.
limbic
n. 大腦邊緣系統
- It causes what I called limbic hijacking.
vigilant
adj. very careful to notice any signs of danger or trouble( SYN: alert, watchful )
- It makes us hypervigilant.
- We have to be vigilant in defending the truth against misinformation.
- Following the bomb scare at the airport, the staff have been warned to be extra vigilant.
whammy
n. 霉運
- But here’s the whammy. It also limits the amount of time that we want this person to be nearest or around us.
mentality
adj. 心態
- Developers and testers have different mentalities.
proactive
adj. 主動的、積極的
- So we were being proactive and effective.
- Companies are going to have to be more proactive about environmental management.
inferior
adj. /ɪnˈfɪr.i.ɚ/
差的
↔ superior
- The Project Split product was of inferior quality.
- It was clear the group were regarded as intellectually/morally/socially inferior.
- So although we aren’t sure exactly how many people took an active role in actually painting the ceiling, we can see areas which are really inferior to Michelangelo’s work… that must’ve been painted by his apprentices.
affliction
n. /əˈflɪkʃn/
pain and difficulty or something that causes it
- affliction of the modern workplace
- She suffered terrible afflictions in her life.
diarrhoea
/ˌdaɪ.əˈriː.ə/
n. 腹瀉
- diarrhoea and sickness
chronic
adj. (疾病, 不好的)慢性的、長期的
- chronic diseases/conditions
pronounced
adj. 明確的, 明顯的
- Are micro-expressions more pronounced when people are on Zoom calls?
tachometer
n. 時速表
- As in the tachometer in your car, it moves very fast.
in essence
= fundamentally
authenticity
n. 真確性
- One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity.
obsolete
adj. out of date
- Gas lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was invented.
- Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete –the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature.
medium
n. 媒介
- They told the story through the medium of dance.
- Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.
prolific
adj. 多產的; plenty
- a prolific author/inventor
- He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation.
- Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.
emulsion
n. 乳狀液
- Mixing oil and vinegar together produces an emulsion.
- emulsion paint 乳膠漆
genuine
adj.
- a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel ( syn: sincere )
- a genuine fear of invasion
- ‘Did he really?’ Her surprise seemed genuine. - something genuine really is what it seems to be ( syn: real )
- genuine leather - someone who is genuine is honest and friendly and you feel you can trust them
- He’s a very genuine person.
prestige
n. 威望, 聲望
adj. prestigious
- It lent prestige to those artists who used photographs as models for paintings.
- After photography became regarded as an art form, portrait painting became less prestigious, um, less respected as an art form.
- So, it didn’t get much more prestigious than that.
disruptive
adj. 破壞性的
- When a student engages in disruptive behavior in the classroom, it negatively impacts both the teacher’s ability to teach and other students’ ability to learn.
banish
v. 放逐
- The group banished this demon.
- I was banished to a distant corridor.
dredge something up
- to mention something that has been forgotten, especially something unpleasant or embarrassing
- Newsweek magazine dredged up some remarks which he made last year.
- That means most of us come into the office each day struggling to dredge up the desire to do, well, anything. - to manage to remember something, especially something that happened a long time ago
- Robertson tried to dredge up an image of her in his mind.
enticing
adj. something that is enticing is so attractive and interesting that you want to have it or know more about it
- It was a hot day and the water looked enticing.
domesticity
n. 家庭生活, 家務
- The lack of domesticity, offers a relief, from what can be, the fullest comforts of home.
- a scene of happy domesticity
secrete
v. if a part of an animal or plant secretes a liquid substance, it produces it
- OK, venomous snakes are the ones that secrete poisonous substances, or venom-like the snakes of the viper family, or of cobras.
constrictor
= boa constrictor
n. 蟒蛇，用身體絞死動物
cobra
n. 眼鏡蛇，毒殺動物
genre
n. (藝術)類型
- To explain why Neel experimented with genres other than portraiture.
objective
adj. 客觀的
- Realism — an artist would try to make it as accurate, and objective as possible.
vicinity
n. 鄰近地區；close to a particular amount or measurement
- The stolen car was found in the vicinity of the station.
- All meteorites are of the same age, somewhere in the vicinity of 4.5 billion years old.
- And if you look at her work —we’re talking in the vicinity of 3,000 paintings— if you look at them, it’s like this gallery of the whole century.
hamper
v. to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving something
- She tried to run, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase.
- It is already hampering the oyster harvest and the Dungeness crab fishery, and it interferes with the recreational use of beaches and waterfronts.
retraction
n. 撤回
- The newspaper printed a retraction for their previous error.
- I think the paper should publish a retraction—or at the very least an apology to Sally.
editorial
n. 社論、社評
- OK, um… if I remember correctly, what you’re referring to wasn’t a news story, but an editorial, right?
demean
v. 羞辱、貶低
- I wouldn’t demean myself by asking my parents for money.
- Well, yes, but the thing about the statue—Sally made the simple comment that it was in really bad condition and should be replaced, and, well, the tone in the editorial was demeaning.
publicity
n. 宣傳活動、關注
- We have planned an exciting publicity campaign with our advertisers.
- Haven’t you heard the saying “All publicity is good publicity”?
satirize
v. /ˈsætəraɪz/
to use satire to make people see someone’s or something’s faults
satire : a way of criticizing something such as a group of people or a system, in which you deliberately make them seem funny so that people will see their faults
- a play satirizing the fashion industry
- It was satirical, or at least it was meant to be.
rural
adj. 農村的、鄉村的
- It wasn’t only poking fun at Sally but the whole idea that our school is sort of rural, and, you know, not cosmopolitan.
cosmopolitan
adj. 國際大都會的 /ˌkɑːz.məˈpɑː.lɪ.t̬ən/
- New York is a highly cosmopolitan city.
roll with it
順其自然
- Well, sometimes it’s best just to roll with it.
chiefdom
n. 酋長國 /ˈtʃiːfdəm/
- There are four levels in total: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
band
n. 一群人
- There are four levels in total: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.
- The former president still has a small band of supporters.
forage
v.
1. to search widely for food
- The children had been living on the streets, foraging for scraps.
- They usually hunt, gather, and forage whatever foods are available to them, instead of domesticating animals and planting crops.
2. to search for something with your hands in a bag, drawer etc
- She foraged around in her purse and produced her ticket.
n. food supplies for horses and cattle
- forage crops
peasant
n. (舊時的, 貧窮的)農夫
- The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops.
husbandry
n. 種植，養殖 /ˈhʌzbəndri/
- animal husbandry
- The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops.
fodder
n. 飼料 /ˈfɑːdər/
- All the left-over crops are chopped up and used as cattle fodder.
- The one in the foreground is carrying salt out of the desert, while the one in the background is carrying fodder for the animals heading back in.
- The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops.
hops
n. 啤酒花
horticulture
n. 園藝
- This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector.
hectare
n. 公頃
overtake
v.
1. to go past a moving vehicle or person ahead of you because you are going faster than they are
- Always check your rear view mirror before you overtake (another car).
2. to go past something by being a greater amount or degree
- However, toward the end of the seventeenth century, they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis.
- It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century.
in line with
similar to or at the same level of something
- We’re seeking a pay rise that’s in line with inflation.
in line with
similar to or at the same level of something
- We’re seeking a pay rise that’s in line with inflation.
apart from
- except for, not considering 除了；不考慮，不算；此外
- Apart from the salary/Salary, it’s not a bad job. - as well as
- Apart from his earnings as a football coach, he also owns and runs a chain of sports shops.
choir
n. 合唱團 /ˈkwaɪ.ɚ/
- I don’t play any instruments, but I sing in the university choir.
heyday
n. 全盛時期
- In their heyday, they sold as many records as all the other groups in the country put together.
conservatory
n. /kənˈsɝː.və.tɔːr.i/
1. a room (or sometimes a building) with glass walls and a glass roof. Conservatories are used for sitting in to enjoy the sun, and to protect plants from cold weather.
- The Garfield Park Conservatory is one of the largest and most stunning conservatories in the nation.
2. a school or college at which people are trained in music and theatre
- musical conservatory
- She originally studied to be a classical pianist, but jazz was in its heyday back then, and when she got out of the conservatory, she was invited to join a jazz orchestra, and the opportunity was just too good to turn down.
speculative
adj. 推測的、推斷的
- The article was dismissed as highly speculative.
informant
n. 線人、提供消息的人
- Our survey is based on information from over 200 informants.
antiquity
n. 古代
- Although the remarkable antiquity of Australia`s rock art is now established, the sequences and meanings of its images have been widely debated.
- Before creating this sculpture, she studied all the masterpieces of classical antiquity.
underlie
v.
underlie something to be the basis ( important ) or cause of something
- These ideas underlie much of his work.
- It is a principle that underlies all the party’s policies.
adj. underlying
underlying cause/principle/problem: the cause, idea etc that is the most important, although it is not easily noticed
- the underlying causes of her depression
- There is an underlying assumption that younger workers are easier to train.
indigenous
adj. 當地的、本土的
- So who are the indigenous people of this land?
- This was described by Darwin for indigenous New Zealand species of animals and plants, which died out when competing species from Europe were introduced.
motif
n. 圖樣；中心思想 /moʊˈtiːf/
- We chose some curtains with a flower motif.
- The motif of betrayal is crucial in all these stories.
varnish
v. 上亮光漆
- They decided to spend the weekend varnishing their boat.
- For a long time, people thought the varnish used to coat and protect the violins was special.
glaze
v. 上釉料、使光亮
- Glaze the pastry with beaten egg.
meerkat
n. 狐蒙 /ˈmɪr.kæt/
- The meerkat dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa.
vocalization
n. 發聲
Vocalization is used for other reasons.
hatchling
n. (從蛋孵出的)幼獸: bird, fish, sea turtle, snake
- Hatchlings are really vulnerable.
arguably
adv. it can be argued—used to say that a statement is very possibly true even if it is not certainly true
大概、可能
- Senna was arguably the greatest racing driver of all time.
- Although automobiles and airplanes would further reduce travel times in the next century, the impact of the railroad was arguably more profound.
aerial
adj.
1. from a plane
- aerial attack
- an aerial photograph
- Even today aerial photographs of Mesopotamia clearly show the massive remnants of ancient irrigation systems.
2. in or moving through the air
- When the two bees hit the ground, they separated, faced off, and performed another aerial display.
aqueduct
n. /ˈækwədʌkt/
高架渠，用來用送山谷間的水，羅馬帝國
- When archeologists first looked around the emperor’s state, they found an aqueduct designed to carry water to the villa.
artifact
n. an object that is made by a person, especially something of historical or cultural interest
- ancient Egyptian artifacts
- Archeologists found ceramic artifacts from Lamanai’s late postclassic period on an island to prove that trade was still going on.
artery
n.
1. 動脈
2. a main road, railway line, river etc
- The routes were to become great arteries of trade between Africa and the Mediterranean world.
backdrop
n. the conditions or situation in which something happens (事件的)背景
against a backdrop of sth
- a love story set against a backdrop of war and despair
- The fall in real wages took place against a backdrop that has come to be called the Price Revolution.
calendrical
adj. 曆法的
- Agriculture encourages the development of writing and calendrical systems so that records can be kept.
