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Ethics in America > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

A priori

A

A stated position is “a proiri” if it is true without experiment or proof

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2
Q

Absolute right (absolutism)

A

A right that cannot be ethically violated

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3
Q

Act utilitariansim

A

Consequentialist theory states that the results of an action determine if that action is good or bad

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4
Q

Agnostic

A

Someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in the existence of God

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5
Q

Altruism

A

An individuals concern for the welfare of others rather than for his or her own welfare

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6
Q

Arete’

A

Greek for “excellence” or “virtue” . The concept of being the best one can be

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7
Q

Autonomy

A

Self-determintaion or free will

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8
Q

Axiology

A

The study of the nature and meaning of values, in particular ethical values

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9
Q

Beneficent

A

An ethical obligation to act in the best interest of others

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10
Q

Benevolence principle

A

Belief that the happiness and good of others is desirable and that such happiness should be spread as equally and as widely as possible among that effected beings

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11
Q

Capital punishment

A

Punishment by death

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12
Q

Categorical imperative

A

Moral law independent of human emotions or desires and that such law was universal and could be determined be reasoning

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13
Q

Civil disobedience

A

The concept claims that an unjust law is no law at all

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14
Q

Coercion

A

Forcing someone to act in a certain way by using threats of harm or punishment

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15
Q

Communitarianism

A

An extension of David Humes theories states that there are things of value, such as solidarity and reciprocit, which are only relevant to the group, not to the individual

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16
Q

Compensatory justice

A

Type of justice based on compensating for wrongs or losses experienced

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17
Q

Conscience

A

awareness of conscious of actions being morally right or wrong

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18
Q

Consequential ethics

A

Ethical view that the consequences of an act determine if that act is good or bad

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19
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Belief that good or bad depends on the person’s culture

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20
Q

Cyrenean ethics

A

view that anything that brings immediate please is acceptable

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21
Q

Deism

A

Affirms the existence of a divine being who created the natural eniverse, but denies any additional interaction between the deity and its creation

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22
Q

Deontological ethics (non-consequential)

A

Ethical view that actions are good or bad in themselves, independent of the consequences

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23
Q

Derivative rights

A

describes rights that you have based on other rights

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24
Q

Discrimintation

A

treating people unfairly becasue of a bias based on some characteristic such as race and shit

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25
Q

Distributive justice

A

Attempts to determine how to “distribute” benefits and obligations

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26
Q

Divine command theory

A

Widely accepted religious concept of morality

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27
Q

Double Effect Doctrine

A

Basic principle of natural law theory, this doctrine arises when an action produces both

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28
Q

Dogmatism

A

Stubborn refusal to accept challenges to point of view

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29
Q

Duty

A

obligation to act in a certain way

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30
Q

Egoism

A

Ethical theory based on the premise that one should act in ones own best self-interest

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31
Q

Epicureanismm

A

form of the ancient Greek hedonist theory: Epicureanists believed that a good and virtuous life is attained by the pursuit of personal pleasure, in moderation

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32
Q

Ethical egoism

A

form of consequentialist ethical theory that argues that individuals should act in their own self-interest

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33
Q

Ethics (moral philosophy)

A

Poses questions about what is “right” and “wrong” and about what is “better” and “worse”

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34
Q

Euthanasia

A

literally means painless killing or painless death usually used to describe the doctor-assisted death of patients or disabled people

35
Q

Existentialism

A

Branch of modern philosophy that explores an individuals lack of an essential nature, the absolute freedom to creat his or her essence, and the modern problems of meaninglessness, alienationg, the absurdity of life, and the absence of a rational meaning in the universe

36
Q

Extrinsic good

A

act that is good or bad based on its effects or consequences

37
Q

Feminism

A

Social and political movement supporting the cencetp that women should be considered equal to men

38
Q

Four Noble Truths ( Buddhism-based)

A

existenece consists of suffering, cravings are the source of suffering and bind us to existence, suffering can be overcome by eliminating cravings, and suffering can be overcome by means of an eight-step path, resulting in enlightenment

39
Q

Fundamental rights

A

Basic righst necessary for the attainment of other (derivative) rights

40
Q

Golden rule theory

A

the maxim that states that we should act towards others as we would like them to act towards us

41
Q

Harm principle

A

John Stuart Mill’s principle state that competent individuals should be free to do or not do as they wish, except where they might harm others

42
Q

Hedonic calculus

A

Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian system of measuring the relative good and bad consequences of an action

43
Q

Hedonism

A

Form of consequential ethics that identifies “pleasure” as the primary good or virtue

44
Q

Hypothetical imperative

A

Coure of action that is determined by what the individual wants or desires

45
Q

Impartiality

A

position of objectivity resulting in fair or equal treatment

46
Q

Imperative

A

requirement or command to act in a certain way

47
Q

Indeterminism

A

View that some things, including human choice, are not caused or determined

48
Q

Indivudualism

A

focus that emphasizes he person over the group

49
Q

Intrinsically good

A

Action that is considered good in itself without regard to the consequences of the action

50
Q

Intuitionism (ethical non-naturalism)

A

Ethical theory that proposes that ethical principles are know by intuition

51
Q

Karma

A

central idea of Hindu and Buddhist religions that holds that our inner self is affected by our actions in this life and in future, reincarnated lives

52
Q

Legas rights

A

rights that are defined by civil laws and enforced by penalties

53
Q

Meta-ethics

A

Study of the terminology, systems, and concepts of ethics

54
Q

Moral agent

A

being capable of considering and making moral judgments and taking actions consistent with those judgments

55
Q

Moral egoism

A

idea that we “should” act in our own self-interst

56
Q

Moral objectivism

A

actions are absolutely right or wrong without regard to either conseguence or point-of-view

57
Q

Moral relativism

A

Express the view that morals are a function of culture

58
Q

Moral subjectivism

A

form of relativism that contends that ethics are relative to the individual and cannot be judged by another

59
Q

Natural (Moral) Law

A

morals are based on a natural order and is created by a deity or higher-power

60
Q

Naturalism

A

Ethical beliefs based loosely on an acceptance that things are good because that’s how things are

61
Q

Non-malfeasance

A

ethical obligation to do no harm to others

62
Q

Normative (moral) ethics

A

search for a norm or a standard of behavior

63
Q

Objectivism ( non-relativism)

A

certain acts are right or wrong, withour regard to consequences, or human opinion, or desire

64
Q

Pascal’s wager

A

the idea that even if all arguments for God’s existence fail, it is still more prudent bet to believe in God, because if God does not exist we have eternity to gain, and if God does not exist, we have lost little by believing

65
Q

Personal relativism

A

believe that ethics are not absolute or universal but vary depending on different factors

66
Q

Prima facie rights

A

Latin phrase for “on the surface” or “at first glance”

67
Q

Psychological egoism

A

Form of conseqeuntialist ethical theory that argues that individuals always act in their own self interest

68
Q

Rationalism

A

belief that human reason can explain everything

69
Q

relativism

A

belief that ethics are not absolute or universal but vary depending on different personal or cultural factors

70
Q

Retributive (retribution) justice

A

an approach to justice that focuses on punishments to repay the criminal wrong

71
Q

Rights

A

entitlement to some action without restraint or interference from others

72
Q

Rule utilitarianism

A

Esablishes certain rules to follow in certain circumstances

73
Q

Sentience

A

ability to feel pleasure and pain

74
Q

Social contract

A

a form of natural law theory that suggests that individuals mutually agree to give up some individual freedoms in order to enjoy the safety and benefits of the group ( society)

75
Q

Soul

A

living but immaterial thing that animates ones consciousness, maintains an identity throughout life, and survives beyond death

76
Q

Stoicism

A

Form of natural law ethical theory that suggests that individuals have a duty to follow nature rather than convention

77
Q

Subjectivism

A

extreme version of relativism that states that others cannot judge a persons belief

78
Q

Teleological ethics (consequential ethics)

A

view that the consequences of an act determine if that act is good or bad

79
Q

Theism

A

Belief that a personal god exists and is onvolved in human affairs

80
Q

Universal moral principle

A

Ethical principal that is valid always and everywhere

81
Q

Utilitarianism (utility theory)

A

consequential theory supported by Bentham and Mill that suggests that an action is good when it creates the greatest good for the greatest number

82
Q

Values

A

positive moral principle

83
Q

Virtue ethics

A

based on “doing what is right”, that is, consistently practicing virtuous behaviors

Ethics in America (3 decks)

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