vocabulary 1/24

Question 1

enclosure movement

Answer 1

The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.

Question 2

crop rotation

Answer 2

Crop rotation is also used to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over time. The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the population level of pests by (1) interrupting pest life cycles and (2) interrupting pest habitat

Question 3

industrial revolution

Answer 3

The Industrial Revolution is the name given the movement in which machines changed people’s way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, the people of England began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines.

Question 4

factors of production

Answer 4

The factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services. Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Question 5

mechanization

Answer 5

Mechanization or mechanisation (British English) is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

Question 6

factory system

Answer 6

The factory system is a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labour.

Question 7

cottage industry

Answer 7

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home

Question 8

entrepreneur

Answer 8

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Question 9

tenements

Answer 9

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments.

Question 10

mass production

Answer 10

“Mass production”, “flow production” or “continuous production” is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines.

Question 11

ford ism

Answer 11

Fordism is a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.

Question 12

corporation

Answer 12

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Question 13

strikes

Answer 13

hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.

Question 14

unions

Answer 14

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context

Question 15

collective

Answer 15

done by people acting as a group.

Question 16

bargaining

Answer 16

negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction

Question 17

eli whitney

Answer 17

Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

Question 18

james watt

Answer 18

James Gaius Watt served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. Often described as “anti-environmentalist”, he was one of Ronald Reagan’s most controversial cabinet appointments.

Question 19

henry bessemer

Answer 19

Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.

Question 20

richard arkwright

Answer 20

Sir Richard Arkwright was an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

Question 21

robert fulton

Answer 21

Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.

Question 22

samuerl morse

Answer 22

Samuel Finley Breese Morse was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs

Question 23

henry ford

Answer 23

Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Question 24

immigration

Answer 24

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Question 25

leisure

Answer 25

free time

Question 26

emigration

Answer 26

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad

Question 27

push and pull factors

Answer 27

Definition. Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.

Question 28

textiles

Answer 28

a type of cloth or woven fabric

Question 29

middle class

Answer 29

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

Question 30

jane adams

Answer 30

Jane Adams is an American actress. She made her Broadway debut in the original production of I Hate Hamlet in 1991, and won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the 1994 revival of An Inspector Calls

Question 31

child labor laws

Answer 31

The federal child labor provisions, authorized by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, also known as the child labor laws, were enacted to ensure that when young people work, the work is safe and does not jeopardize their health, well-being or educational opportunities.

Question 32

stuart mill

Answer 32

John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy.

Question 33

utilitarianism

Answer 33

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. “Utility” is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animals.

Question 34

meji restorationism

Answer 34

The Meiji Restoration (明治維新, Meiji Ishin), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored …