Vocabs Flashcards
phrasal verb
1 if a meeting, event, or a football game kicks off, it starts
What time does the laser show kick off?
The match kicks off at noon.
with
The series kicked off with an interview with Brando.
2 informal if you kick off a discussion, meeting, event etc, you start it
OK Marion, would you care to kick off?
kick something ↔ off (with something)
I’m going to kick off today’s meeting with a few remarks about the budget.
3 kick somebody off something informal to remove someone from a team or group
Joe was kicked off the committee for stealing funds.
Kick off
noun
1 [countable, uncountable] the main ideas or facts about something, without the details
a research proposal outline
outline of
an outline of world history
broad/rough/general outline
a broad outline of the committee’s plans
in outline
A debt reduction scheme was agreed in outline (=people agreed on its main points).
2 [countable, uncountable] a line around the edge of something which shows its shape
outline of
The outlines of animals were cut into the rock.
an outline map of Europe
in outline
figures drawn in outline
3 [countable] a plan for a piece of writing in which each new idea or fact is separately written down
Always write an outline for your essays.
Outline
hrasal verb
1 to start using a supply of something, especially money
I’m going to have to dig into my savings again.
2 to try to find out about something unknown or secret
He had been digging into her past.
→ dig in
→ dig→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
dig into
• Human destruction of the archaeological record might be caused by burials of the kind just described being dug into earlier deposits.
• He dug into his coat and handed Miguel a thick envelope.
• They dig into mud, so supply river sand, at least, not gravel.
• I stood up, dug into my deep pocket, and handed over the little package.
• S. specialists dug into the earth in several spots and found small pieces of what appeared to be human remains.
• They used the pitchforks to dig into the raked mounds of debris and to add them to the growing mountain.
• They dug into the sand with interest.
• They dug into the water as though into the ground and pulled it back, piling it behind him like dirt.
Dig into something
phrasal verb
if something jumps out at you, it is extremely noticeable, often in a way you do not like
I don’t like jewellery that jumps out at you.
Jump out at somebody
Let’s start doing something
Lets get rolling
phrasal verb
1 British English informal to arrive at a particular place, after going to other places first SYN end up
I took a long holiday in Italy and finished up in Rome.
2 British English informal to get into a particular state or situation as the result of what you have done, especially without planning or expecting it SYN end up
He tried to bribe a police officer and finished up in jail.
with
Brett got into a fight and finished up with a broken wrist.
3 finish something ↔ up to eat or drink all the rest of something, so there is none left
Come on, finish up your drinks!
Finish up
Finish up with
نظرسنجی
Opinion poll
تست روانشناسی
Psychometric test
hrasal verb
to move or happen faster, or to make something move or happen faster OPP slow down
The truck speeded up going down the hill.
speed something ↔ up
The new system will speed up the registration process.
Speed up
noun [uncountable]
the ability to do calculations and understand simple mathematics → literacy
The report suggests that students need to improve their numeracy skills.
Numercy
noun [countable]
1 someone who is being considered for a job or is competing in an election
a presidential candidate
candidate for
There are only three candidates for the job.
2 British English someone who is taking an examination
Candidates are not allowed to use a calculator in this exam.
3 someone or something that is likely to experience or get something
candidate for
The school is an obvious candidate for extra funding.
The novel must be a prime candidate for the award.
Candidate
remove an inferior or unwanted component of a group or collection.
“we must raise the level of research and weed out the poorest work”
Weed out
phrasal verb
1 to be good enough to do a particular job or to reach a particular standard
We’ll give you a week’s trial in the job to see how you measure up.
If they don’t measure up they can withdraw from the process
to
How will the Secretary General measure up to his new responsibilities?
2 to measure something before you do something, for example before you put in new furniture, cupboards etc
I’d better measure up before I start laying the carpet.
measure something ↔ up
Measure up any items that you want to keep in the kitchen
Measure up
verb [transitive] formal
1 to be more than a particular number or amount
Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week.
His performance exceeded our expectations.
2 to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do
He was fined for exceeding the speed limit.
The riot police had exceeded their authority.
To exceed standard requirements
Exceed
noun [countable]
1 [usually plural] formal your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc
American children did less well in math than their peers in Japan.
Staff members are trained by their peers.
→ peer group, peer pressure
2 a member of the British nobility → House of Lords, peerage
Peer
1 to start a company, organization, system, etc that is intended to exist or continue for a long time SYN found
The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s.
Our goal is to establish a new research centre in the North.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say set up or start a company or organization, rather than use establish:
The company was set up in 1976.
2 to begin a relationship with someone or a situation that will continue
establish relations/links/contact etc (with somebody)
Hungary established diplomatic relations with Chile in 1990.
I wondered why he should bother to try and establish contact with me.
3 to find out facts that will prove that something is true
The police must establish the facts of the case before proceeding.
establish that
The autopsy established that he had been murdered.
establish whether/if
I was never able to establish whether she was telling the truth.
4 to make people accept that you can do something, or that you have a particular quality
establish yourself (as/in)
He had three years in which to establish himself as prime minister.
He’d already begun to establish quite a reputation as a journalist.
Establish
1 ASK [intransitive] to make a serious public request for help, money, information etc
appeal for
Church and community leaders have appealed for calm.
appeal to
Farmers have appealed to the government for help.
appeal to somebody to do something
The police have appealed to anyone with information to come forward and talk to them.
2 ASK TO CHANGE DECISION [intransitive, transitive] to make a formal request to a court or someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed
She is not happy with the decision and plans to appeal.
appeal against
Both men intend to appeal against their convictions.
appeal to
Appealing to the referee does not often result in a decision being changed.
3 BE ATTRACTIVE [intransitive] if someone or something appeals to you, they seem attractive and interesting
appeal to
The programme appeals to young children.
The idea of working abroad really appeals to me.
appeal
verb [transitive]
1 to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted → eradicate
eliminate a need/possibility/risk/problem etc
The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.
There is no solution that will totally eliminate the possibility of theft.
eliminate something/somebody from something
Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet.
Eliminate=weed out
adjective
1 having enough skill or knowledge to do something to a satisfactory standard OPP incompetent
A competent mechanic should be able to fix the problem.
very/highly/extremely competent
She’s a highly competent linguist.
competent to do something
I don’t feel competent to give an opinion at the moment.
He is the only party leader competent enough to govern this country.
2 satisfactory but not especially good
The workmen did a competent job.
3 technical having normal mental abilities
We believe the patient was not mentally competent.
A psychiatrist said McKibben was competent to stand trial.
Competent
adjective informal
knowing a lot about modern technology and how to use it
Tech-savy
someone who’s constantly evaluating their current job situation against their career goals;
Career-minded
a book for recording the names, addresses, and phone numbers of friends, acquaintances, etc.
a facility on a computer or mobile phone which allows a user to store details of their personal contacts.
Address book
Verb
Search for and find (a talented performer) to employ or promote, especially in sport or entertainment.
Nowadays companies reward those employees who talent-pot for the company.
Talent-spot
noun [countable, uncountable]
something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc → motivation
As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.
create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
incentive to do something
Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
economic/financial/tax etc incentives
a recycling drive backed with financial incentives
Incentive
1 [transitive] to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another
associate somebody/something with something
I don’t associate him with energetic sports.
2 → be associated (with somebody/something)
3 → associate with somebody
→ See Verb table
noun [countable]
someone who you work or do business with SYN colleague
one of his business associates
adjective
→ associate member/director/head etc
Associate (verb, noun, adjective)
adjective [only before noun]
1 happening or existing before, but not now → present, previous
the former Soviet Union
Their farm has been reduced to half its former size.
► see thesaurus at last
2 having a particular position in the past SYN ex-, → present
my former husband
former President Clinton
3 → in former times/years
4 → somebody/something’s former self
noun
1 → the former
2 → first/second/sixth etc former
Former
noun
1 [uncountable] a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it
Gillian and Darren greeted the speakers with great enthusiasm.
We went along to the local diving club, full of enthusiasm.
They go about their tasks with little enthusiasm.
enthusiasm for
Britain’s apparent lack of enthusiasm for such a scheme
Employers showed little enthusiasm for the new regulations.
He shares your enthusiasm for jazz.
I left university fired with enthusiasm for work.
A delay of two hours did not dampen their enthusiasm.
2 [countable] formal an activity or subject that someone is very interested in
Enthusiasm for
noun [countable, uncountable] formal
when someone sends someone or something to another person to be helped or dealt with
referral to
The doctor will give you a referral to a specialist in your area.
Only 39 percent of patients were seen within four weeks of referral.
In india 75 percent of recruits come through employee referrals!
Referral
noun [countable]
1 British English an official plan that is intended to help people in some way, for example by providing education or training SYN program American English
The money will be used for teacher training schemes.
a pension scheme
scheme for
schemes for two new cross-city lines
scheme to do something
a new scheme to boost exports
pilot scheme (=something that is done on a small scale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)
The pilot scheme proved to be a great success.
► see thesaurus at plan
2 a clever plan, especially to do something that is bad or illegal – used to show disapproval
a get-rich-quick scheme
scheme to do something
a scheme to pass false cheques
3 a system that you use to organize information, ideas etc → schematic
a classification scheme
4 → in the scheme of things
→ colour scheme
verb [intransitive]
to secretly make clever and dishonest plans to get or achieve something SYN plot
scheme to do something
She schemed to kill him with poison.
scheme against
He became aware that people were scheming against him and called an emergency meeting.
She’s nothing but a lying, scheming little monster!
Scheme
noun
1 LIQUID/GAS/ELECTRICITY [countable usually singular] a smooth steady movement of liquid, gas, or electricity
flow of
He struggled to swim against the flow of the water.
I tied a towel round his leg to try to stem the flow of blood.
2 TRAFFIC [countable usually singular, uncountable] the steady movement of traffic
a new road system to improve traffic flow through the city centre
3 GOODS/PEOPLE/INFORMATION [countable usually singular] the movement of goods, people, or information from one place to another
flow of
the flow of funds from the US to Europe
There has been a steady flow of people leaving the area.
They have accused the government of trying to block the free flow of information.
an attempt to stem the flow of refugees across the border
4 SPEECH/WRITING [uncountable] the continuous stream of words or ideas when someone is speaking, writing, or thinking about something
I didn’t want to interrupt her flow, so I said nothing.
5 OF THE SEA [singular] the regular movement of the sea towards the land
the ebb and flow of the tide
6 → in full flow
7 → go with the flow
8 → go against the flow
→ cash flow, → ebb and flow at ebb1(3)
Examples from the Corpus
flow
• the ebb and flow of the tide
• And it is bad for his cash flow.
• Sink mixers have divided flow so that the hot and cold water do not mix until they have left the tap.
• a lava flow
• The momentum derives not from a lulling flow or titillating suspense but from astoundingly acrobatic leaps from perch to perch.
• Money flow measures the volume of shares traded every time a stock goes up or down.
• The civil war has severely disrupted the flow of humanitarian aid to the region.
• Under the function-oriented approach to the flow of authority, the night cashiers work for a head cashier.
• the flow of oil from the Middle East
• The road repairs should not affect traffic flow.
stem … flow
• Rose stemmed the flow, encouraged the ebb, and he allowed it to be that way.
• She stemmed the flow of tears that came, knowing they would sting his body.
• After the game Kasparov said that Karpov had to play 24 … d3 to stem the flow of the White attack.
• But that is not likely to do much to stem the flow.
• The brigadier tried to stem the flow with a tourniquet.
• Sandbags were used to stem the flow but several corridors were soon under water.
• To stem the flow, he advocates strict trade protections, including high tariffs on imported goods.
stem … flow
• Rose stemmed the flow, encouraged the ebb, and he allowed it to be that way.
• She stemmed the flow of tears that came, knowing they would sting his body.
• After the game Kasparov said that Karpov had to play 24 … d3 to stem the flow of the White attack.
• But that is not likely to do much to stem the flow.
• The brigadier tried to stem the flow with a tourniquet.
• Sandbags were used to stem the flow but several corridors were soon under water.
• To stem the flow, he advocates strict trade protections, including high tariffs on imported goods.
interrupt … flow
• Remember here that some people do not like seeing you write down their words for it interrupts their flow of thought.
• At least it interrupts the flow of retired vice- marshalls.
• I had to interrupt her flow of catastrophes to suggest that we try to understand what was going on beneath the surface.
• Do this as a separate routine after writing if you are concerned not to interrupt the flow of composition.
• For example, Dickens is fond of parenthetical constructions which allow the generalizing authorial voice to interrupt the narrative flow.
• There are some folks who believe the two two-minute intermissions unnecessarily interrupted the flow of the film.
• The pads can be inserted into an undergravel set up as a gravel tidy without interrupting the free flow of water.
ebb and flow
• There is always an ebb and flow, an inner energy used to enhance mood and expression.
• But he related well to me, although his engagement ebbed and flowed.
• Inside the room I saw the pulsing ebb and flow of light that meant a fire.
• In the harbour you got a secondary ebb and flow between the main tides.
• A moaning north wind that ebbed and flowed like the sound of surf and ocean waves.
• Nixon always will remain a vivid figure for those of us who watched the ebb and flow of his remarkable career.
• The ebb and flow of controversy in television news items did not produce corresponding trends in public interest and discussion.
• It was ebb and flow, up and down, punch and counterpunch that didn’t want to end.
Related topics: Nature, Transport
flow2 ●●● W3 verb [intransitive]
1 LIQUID/GAS/ELECTRICITY when a liquid, gas, or electricity flows, it moves in a steady continuous stream
flow over/down/through etc
These gates regulate the amount of water flowing into the canal.
If the windows are shut, air cannot flow freely through the building.
2 GOODS/PEOPLE/INFORMATION [always + adverb/preposition] if goods, people, or information flow from one place to another, they move there in large numbers or amounts SYN pour, flood
Money has been flowing into the country from Western aid agencies.
The number of refugees flowing into the area is still increasing.
3 TRAFFIC if traffic flows, it moves easily from one place to another
The new one-way system should help the traffic to flow better.
4 ALCOHOL if alcohol flows at a party, people drink a lot and there is a lot available
Beer and whisky flowed freely as the evening wore on.
5 WORDS/IDEAS if conversation or ideas flow, people talk or have ideas steadily and continuously, without anything stopping or interrupting them
Everyone was relaxed and the conversation flowed freely.
6 SEA when the sea flows, it moves towards the land
We watched the tide ebb and flow.
7 FEELINGS if a feeling flows through you or over you, you feel it strongly
flow through/over
She felt hot rage flowing through her.
8 CLOTHES/HAIR if clothing or hair flows, it falls or hangs loosely and gracefully
Her long hair flowed down her back.
9 → flow from something
Flow
1 to choose someone for a position or a job
officials appointed by the government
appoint somebody to something
He’s been appointed to the State Supreme Court.
appoint somebody to do something
A committee was appointed to consider the plans.
appoint (somebody) as something
O’Connell was appointed as chairman.
2 formal to arrange or decide a time or place for something to happen
The committee appointed a day in June for celebrations.
Everyone assembled in the hall at the appointed time (=at the time that had been arranged).
—appointee /əˌpɔɪnˈtiː, ˌæpɔɪn-/ noun [countable]
a presidential appointee
Appoint
adjective
1 spending or costing a lot of money, especially more than is necessary or more than you can afford
Would it be too extravagant to buy both?
an extravagant lifestyle
2 doing or using something too much or more than is necessary
extravagant with
Don’t be too extravagant with the wine.
an extravagant display of loyalty
3 if someone makes extravagant claims, promises etc, they make big claims or promises that are not true or real
extravagant claims about the drug’s effectiveness
4 very impressive because of being very expensive, beautiful etc
extravagant celebrations
—extravagantly adverb
—extravagance noun [countable, uncountable]
the extravagance of the Royal Palace
His only extravagance (=the only expensive thing he bought) was fine wine.
adjective
1disapproving spending a lot of money when it is not necessary
It’s a bit too extravagant to buy both.
Even when in debt, he continued to enjoy anextravagant lifestyle.
2very extreme and not based on real facts
The advertisements makeextravagant claims, guaranteeing that you will stop smoking within 10 days.
Extravagant
verb [transitive]
1 to advise someone to do something, especially because you have special knowledge of a situation or subject
recommend (that)
I recommend that you get some professional advice.
Doctors strongly recommend that fathers should be present at their baby’s birth.
recommend doing something
I would never recommend using a sunbed on a regular basis.
Sleeping tablets are not recommended in this case.
It is dangerous to exceed the recommended dose.
recommend somebody to do something
Students are recommended to make an appointment with a counselor.
► see thesaurus at advise
2 to say that something or someone is good, or suggest them for a particular purpose or job
I recommend the butter chicken – it’s delicious.
Can you recommend a good lawyer?
recommend something to somebody
I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in chemistry.
recommend something for something/somebody
Which type of oil do you recommend for my car?
recommend somebody for something
I have decided to recommend you for the directorship.
highly/thoroughly recommend
The hotel is highly recommended.
► see thesaurus at suggest
3 → something has much/little/nothing to recommend it
Recommend
verb [transitive]
1 to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof SYN presume
assume (that)
I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you’d gone out.
it seems/is reasonable to assume (that)
It seems reasonable to assume that the book was written around 70 AD.
somebody can safely assume that (=it is almost certain)
I think we can safely assume that interest rates will go up again soon.
let us/let’s assume (that) (=used when thinking about a possible event or situation and its possible results)
Let us assume for a moment that we could indeed fire her. Should we?
Assume
ریسک مالی
Financial exposure
adjective [only before a noun]
relating to the period of time during which a new employee is tested to make sure they are suitable for a job
Applicants hired should work a suitable probationary period of between one and six months.
probationary employees
Probationary period
verb (enrolled, enrolling) [intransitive, transitive]
to officially arrange to join a school, university, or course, or to arrange for someone else to do this
enrol on/for British English
I decided to enrol for ‘Art for Beginners’.
enrol in especially American English
Californians are rushing to enroll in special aerobics classes.
Enrol
a person whose job is to search for talented performers who can be employed or promoted,
Talent scout
It is used when you want to say a situation is kinda crazy
It was nuts!
A situation suddenly becomes violent and noisy specially with people arguing or fighting
all hell breaks loose
If you are left to sink or swim, you are given no help so that you succeed or fail completely by your own efforts:
My employer gave me no help when I started my new job - I was just left to sink or swim.
sink or swim
noun
1 [countable] an arrangement for a meeting at an agreed time and place, for a particular purpose
an appointment to do something
I’d like to make an appointment to see the doctor.
appointment with
He has an appointment with a client at 10.30.
All consultations are by appointment only.
2 [countable, uncountable] when someone is chosen for a position or job
appointment of
Other changes included the appointment of a new Foreign Minister.
appointment as
They congratulated him on his appointment as chairman.
Barron recently received an appointment as vice chairman.
3 [countable] a job or position, usually involving some responsibility
appointment as
He has taken up an appointment as Professor of Chemistry.
Appointment
Influence their judgement
Can color someone’s view
نگهداشت کارکنان
ورب
Retain
Attract and retain
adjective
planning for and thinking about the future in a positive way, especially by being willing to use modern methods or ideas
Forward-looking
Forward-thinking
So
Therefore
very modern and using the latest ideas and methods:
state-of-the-art
equipment/facilities/technology
The center is 20 years old and will need capital improvements to remain state-of-the-art.
We can work remotely with the help of state of the art IT and technology
state of the art
1a list of the subjects to be discussed at a meeting
What’s the first item on the agenda?
High on the agenda of today’s meeting of the G8 is global warming.
2a list of things that someone considers important or that they are planning to do
The recent strengthening of the dollar - and how to stop it - should be at the top of the agenda.
3hidden agenda someone’s secret plan or aims, rather than the ones that they say that they have
The union accused the company board of having a hidden agenda.
Agenda
اطمینان دادن
مطمئن شدن
Asssure
Be assured
noun [uncountable]
the activity of collecting money for a specific purpose, especially in order to help people who are ill, old etc
Fundraising
افق دید کسی رو گسترش دادن
broaden one’s horizons
بدیهی فرض کردن
Take for granted
پشت سر گذاشتن
گذراندن
verb (past tense underwent /-ˈwent/, past participle undergone /-ˈɡɒn $ -ˈɡɒːn/) [transitive]
if you undergo a change, an unpleasant experience etc, it happens to you or is done to you
The country has undergone massive changes recently.
He has been released from prison to undergo medical treatment in the United States.
She has been undergoing tests since Monday.
Teachers should be expected to undergo mid-career training and development.
Undergo
1 GET WORSE [intransitive] if a serious situation deepens, it gets worse – used especially in news reports
The recession continues to deepen.
a deepening international crisis
2 BECOME STRONGER [intransitive, transitive] to become stronger or greater, or to make something stronger or greater
Jeanne liked Simon as a friend but she did not want the relationship to deepen.
The idea only deepened his gloom.
The mystery deepened (=became even more mysterious).
Students explore new ideas as they deepen their understanding (=understand more) of the subject.
3 EXPRESSION ON SOMEBODY’S FACE [intransitive] literary if someone’s smile or frown deepens, they smile even more or frown even more
Her worried frown deepened.
4 WATER [intransitive, transitive] if water deepens, or if someone deepens it, it becomes deeper
The river deepens beyond the town.
The harbour was deepened to take bigger boats.
5 COLOUR [intransitive] literary if light or a colour deepens, it becomes darker
The twilight deepened.
6 SOUND [intransitive] if a sound deepens, it becomes lower
His voice deepened as he relaxed.
7 BREATH [intransitive] if your breathing deepens, you take more air into your lungs
Deepen
especially British English if you are on a residential course, you are living in the institution where you are studying
→ residential
Examples from the Corpus
residential course/school etc
• They joined the six-day residential course after a careful selection process.
• Casey is now in a residential school for children with emotional problems and / or learning disabilities.
• As a challenge the chief of the Poltava guberniia Department of Education offered him the directorship of this residential school for war-orphans.
• In fact I hear that several Outward Bound schools are offering fortnight-long residential courses on the safe removal of the fleecy top.
• The money raised will pay for two outdoor residential courses, organised for college students and Fairbridge.
• The residential course will be a combination of talks, demonstrations and hands-on experience.
• Therefore, the concerns raised do not apply
Residential course
adjective
something that is well-established has existed for a long time and is respected or trusted by people
a well-established law firm
a well-established scientific theory
Examples from the Corpus
well-established
• The training program is now well-established.
• For the later range of radiocarbon dates this calibration is well-established.
• There will be plenty of money available from rich companies, just as soon as socioecology becomes as well-established as graphology and palm-reading.
• In some cases Labour’s quangos merge existing ones, or replace well-established bodies.
• In the process, some old, well-established concepts, are radically reframed.
• Gain all the well-established health advantages of eating meals high in dietary fibre content.
• If the tank is well-established, however, they will normally find enough microorganisms to keep them going during this initial period.
• In recent years, it has become clear that the troves of these explosives are bought and sold in well-established networks.
• a well-established photographer
• Skyservice is a small but well-established Toronto-based charter carrier that announced in June it wants to start an upscale airline
Well-established
1 a part of something that is different from or affected differently from the whole in some way
segment of
segments of the population
2 oranges.jpg a part of a fruit, flower, or insect that it naturally divides into
Decorate with orange segments.
3 technical the part of a circle that is separated from the rest of the circle when you draw a straight line across it
4 technical the part of a line or of a length of something between two points
segment of
segments of DNA
Examples from the Corpus
segment
• An ant’s body is divided into three distinct segments.
• Their stories are bountiful in this engagingly mounted documentary, running Sunday night in three one-hour segments on the History Channel.
• Microprocessor sales represent one of the largest segments of the chip market.
• There is also a list of the next segments to be tried in the lattice.
• For the dragonflies, mould small curved lengths and mark on segments with a cocktail stick.
• The diagram has one segment filled in; pupils could fill in the others themselves, working either in groups or individually.
• Decorate the cake with orange segments.
• orange segments
• Each sales team targets its efforts at a particular segment of the general population.
• The program included a short segment about pet owners.
Segment
1to organize and control an activity or the work that people or an organization doSYNMANAGE
A team leader was appointed to oversee the project.
2 to be responsible for making investments
He oversaw $80 billion in assets in his previous post.
3to check that an activity is being performed honestly and legallySYNREGULATE
The government set up a state watchdog to oversee the country’s alcohol production.
Oversee
in an early state of development
the country’s emerging oil industryنوظهور
Emerging
verb [intransitive]
to choose one thing or do one thing instead of another
opt for
We finally opted for the wood finish.
opt to do something
Many young people are opting to go on to college.
to choose one thing rather than another
opt for
Faced with voluntary redundancy, nearly half the managers opted instead for early retirement.
opt against
The airline opted against a cut in fares because such a move is almost always matched quickly by rivals.
opt to do something
Policyholders opting to get out early would be entitled to about 48 cents on the dollar.
Opt
CARRY OUT [transitive] to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts
conduct a survey/investigation/review etc
We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.
conduct an experiment/a test
Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?
conduct a campaign
They conducted a campaign of bombings and assassinations.
conduct an interview
The interview was conducted in English.
The memorial service was conducted by the Rev. David Prior.
It was the first time that I had conducted business in Brazil.انجام دادن
Conduct
حد گستره
Extent
view2 ●●○ verb [transitive]
1 to think about something or someone in a particular way SYN see
view something as something
The law should be viewed as a way of meeting certain social goals.
view something from a … perspective/standpoint
It’s an issue that can be viewed from several perspectives.
view something with caution/suspicion/scepticism etc
The local people viewed newcomers with suspicion.
2 formal to look at something, especially because it is beautiful or you are interested in it
view something from something
The mountain is best viewed from the north side.
Thousands of tourists come to view the gardens every year.
view a house/an apartment/a property (=go to see a house etc that you are interested in buying)
3 formal to watch a television programme, film etc
an opportunity to view the film before it goes on general release
View
large in size, amount, or degree
The house stands in extensive grounds.
Fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests.
the extensive use of pesticides
2 containing or dealing with a lot of information and details
Extensive research is being done into the connection between the disease and poor living conditions.
The exhibition has received extensive coverage in the national press.
گسترده
Extensive
view2 ●●○ verb [transitive]
1 to think about something or someone in a particular way SYN see
view something as something
The law should be viewed as a way of meeting certain social goals.
view something from a … perspective/standpoint
It’s an issue that can be viewed from several perspectives.
view something with caution/suspicion/scepticism etc
The local people viewed newcomers with suspicion.
2 formal to look at something, especially because it is beautiful or you are interested in it
view something from something
The mountain is best viewed from the north side.
Thousands of tourists come to view the gardens every year.
view a house/an apartment/a property (=go to see a house etc that you are interested in buying)
3 formal to watch a television programme, film etc
an opportunity to view the film before it goes on general release
View
verb [intransitive]
to work together with another person, company, or organization to achieve something
collaborate with
Firms are collaborating with other firms to spread rising research and development costs.
collaborate on
They will collaborate on a series of research projects.
Collaborate
adjective
1 a piece of clothing that is tailored is made to fit very well
a tailored suit
2 made or done specially for someone’s particular need or situation
tailored financial advice
Tailored programmers
Tailored
adjective
1 having official approval to do something, especially because of having reached an acceptable standard
an accredited counsellor
an accredited language school
2 if a government official is accredited to another country, they are sent to that country to officially represent their government there
the UK accredited representative
Accredited
noun 1 [countable] something that limits your freedom to do what you want SYN restriction constraint on Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. the constraints of family life financial/environmental/political etc constraints There have been financial and political constraints on development. impose/place constraints on somebody/something constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes 2 [uncountable] control over the way people are allowed to behave, so that they cannot do what they want
Constraint
phrasal verb
1 pass something ↔ on to give someone a piece of information that someone else has given to you
pass something ↔ on to
She said she’d pass the message on to the other students.
2 pass something ↔ on
a) to give something, especially a disease, to your children through your genes
b) to give a slight illness to someone else
to
One catches the virus and they pass it on to the rest.
3 pass something ↔ on to make someone else pay the cost of something
pass something ↔ on to
Any increase in our costs will have to be passed on to the consumer.
4 to die – use this when you want to avoid saying the word ‘die’
Pass on
محرمانه
Confidential
verb formal
1 [intransitive, transitive] to go to an event such as a meeting or a class
Only 12 people attended the meeting.
Please let us know if you are unable to attend.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say go (to) or come (to) instead of attend:
I didn’t go to the parents’ meeting.
Please let us know if you can’t come.
2 [intransitive, transitive] to go regularly to a school, church etc
I am the first child in my family to attend college.
3 [transitive] formal to happen or exist at the same time as something
the peculiar atmosphere which attends such an event
4 [transitive] to look after someone, especially because they are ill
On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors.
Attend
verb
1 CARRY OUT [transitive] to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts
conduct a survey/investigation/review etc
We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food.
conduct an experiment/a test
Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?
conduct a campaign
They conducted a campaign of bombings and assassinations.
conduct an interview
The interview was conducted in English.
The memorial service was conducted by the Rev. David Prior.
It was the first time that I had conducted business in Brazil.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say do or carry out rather than conduct:
They’re doing a survey of opinions about organic food.
2 MUSIC [intransitive, transitive] to stand in front of a group of musicians or singers and direct their playing or singing → conductor
conduct an orchestra/choir
The orchestra is conducted by John Williams.
Who will be conducting?
3 → conduct yourself
4 ELECTRICITY/HEAT [transitive] if something conducts electricity or heat, it allows electricity or heat to travel along or through it → conductor
Aluminium, being a metal, readily conducts heat.
5 SHOW SOMEBODY SOMETHING [transitive always + adverb/preposition] formal to take or lead someone somewhere
conduct somebody to something
On arrival, I was conducted to the commandant’s office.
conducted tour (of something) (=a tour of a building, city, or area with someone who tells you about that place)
a conducted tour of Berlin
Conduct
Conduct a survey
noun
1 [countable] a sudden clear understanding of something or part of something, especially a complicated situation or idea
insight into
The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.
The research provides new insights into the way we process language.
2 [uncountable] the ability to understand and realize what people or situations are really like
a woman of great insight
Insight
To give insight into
To provide insight into
noun [countable]
1 someone who teaches a sport or practical skill
a driving instructor
ski instructors
Instructor
جانشینی، توالی
noun
1 → in succession
2 → a succession of something
3 [uncountable] the act of taking over an official job or position, or the right to be the next to take it → accession
If the prince dies, the succession passes to his son.
succession to
the queen’s succession to the throne
Examples from the Corpus
succession
• Like many rich kids, Georgie was raised by a succession of underpaid nannies.
• There followed a succession of minor criminal offences, mostly against youngsters with whom he shared lodgings.
• The project has had a succession of legal problems.
• A succession of situations each one more impossible than the last, may be what will best serve you.
• There is no clear succession, for example.
• We lost four important games in succession.
• His elder brother Edwin was next in succession to the baronetcy, but he was a total invalid.
• Next in succession came the dinner preparation.
• One of the prime differences between the systems is in the practicalities of succession.
• Increasingly, the tendency is to work for a large number of companies in rapid succession.
• Thus high office remains accessible to a relatively wide range of royal kin and commoners wield significant power over the succession.
Succession
verb
1 [intransitive, transitive] to try or intend to achieve something
aim to do something
We aim to finish by Friday.
be aimed at doing something
an initiative aimed at reducing road accidents
aim for something
We’re aiming for a big improvement.
2 → aim something at somebody
3 [intransitive, transitive] to choose the place, person etc that you want to hit or reach and point a weapon or another object towards them
Denver aimed his gun but did not shoot.
aim at/for
The pilot was aiming for the runway but came down in a nearby field.
Aim
noun 1 [countable] something that limits your freedom to do what you want SYN restriction constraint on Constraints on spending have forced the company to rethink its plans. the constraints of family life financial/environmental/political etc constraints There have been financial and political constraints on development. impose/place constraints on somebody/something constraints imposed on teachers by large class sizes 2 [uncountable] control over the way people are allowed to behave, so that they cannot do what they want
Constraint
phrasal verb
1 pass something ↔ on to give someone a piece of information that someone else has given to you
pass something ↔ on to
She said she’d pass the message on to the other students.
2 pass something ↔ on
a) to give something, especially a disease, to your children through your genes
b) to give a slight illness to someone else
to
One catches the virus and they pass it on to the rest.
3 pass something ↔ on to make someone else pay the cost of something
pass something ↔ on to
Any increase in our costs will have to be passed on to the consumer.
4 to die – use this when you want to avoid saying the word ‘die’
Pass on
someone who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn a particular skill or job
Apprentice
1 MAKE SOMETHING CONTINUE to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before
Careers Officers maintain contact with young people when they have left school.
Britain wants to maintain its position as a world power.
A lot depends on building and maintaining a good relationship with your customers.
The hotel prides itself on maintaining high standards.
How can we maintain control of spending?
2 LEVEL/RATE to make a level or rate of activity, movement etc stay the same
It is important to maintain a constant temperature inside the greenhouse.
This is the most efficient way to build up and maintain a reasonable level of physical fitness.
3 SAY to strongly express your belief that something is true SYN claim
maintain (that)
Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline in educational standards.
maintain your innocence (=say that you did not commit a crime)
He maintained his innocence and said the allegations were ‘ridiculous’.
4 LOOK AFTER SOMETHING to keep a machine, building etc in good condition by checking and repairing it regularly
The report found that safety equipment had been very poorly maintained.
The company is responsible for maintaining public telephone boxes.
5 PROVIDE MONEY/FOOD to provide someone with the things they need, such as money or food SYN provide for
How can you maintain a family on $900 a month
maintain
someone who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn a particular skill or job
Apprentice
1a line of connecting pipes, often under the ground or sea, used for taking gas, oil etc over long distances
a plan to build a 250-kilometer pipeline to supply the city with water
2be in the pipeline if a plan, idea, or event is in the pipeline, it is still being prepared, but it will happen or be completed soon
The company has other distribution deals in the pipeline which will be announced over the next few weeks.
Pipeline
Related topics: Food, Education, Technology
in‧take /ˈɪnteɪk/ noun
1 [singular, uncountable] the amount of food, drink etc that you take into your body
intake of
Try to reduce your intake of fat.
a high/low intake
a high intake of carbohydrates
food/alcohol/calorie etc intake
Sickness may develop from inadequate fluid intake.
2 [countable, uncountable] the number of people who join a school, profession etc at a particular time
intake of
an intake of around 120 students each year
Intake (noun)
noun
1 [countable] an organization that consists of a group of people who have the same aims, do the same kind of work etc
the Association of Master Builders
→ housing association► see thesaurus at organization
2 [countable, uncountable] a relationship with a particular person, organization, group etc
association with
his close association with the Green Party
3 → in association with somebody/something
4 [countable] a connection or relationship between two events, ideas, situations etc
association between
the strong association between the disease and middle-aged women
5 [countable] a feeling or memory that is related to a particular place, event, word etc
Scotland has all kinds of happy associations for me
Association
همتای
noun [countable]
someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in a different place
somebody’s counterpart
Belgian officials are discussing this with their French counterparts.
Counterpart
a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual
the economic recession of the early 1980s
There is deep recession in the UK.
into/out of recession
attempts to pull the country out of recession
رکود اقتصادی
Recession
Economic recession
اعلام کردن
1 STATE OFFICIALLY [transitive] to state officially and publicly that a particular situation exists or that something is true
A state of emergency has been declared.
declare that
The court declared that Brown’s case should be reviewed.
declare somebody/something (to be) somebody/something
Several countries wanted Antarctica to be declared a ‘world park’.
The city was declared to be in a state of siege.
I declare you man and wife.
declare something illegal/invalid etc
The war was declared illegal by the International Court of Justice.
Mr Steel has been declared bankrupt (=it has been officially stated that he cannot pay his debts).
We celebrate September 16, the day when Mexico declared independence from Spain (=officially stated that it was no longer ruled by Spain).
► see thesaurus at say
2 STATE WHAT YOU THINK [transitive] to say publicly what you think or feel
‘It’s not fair, ’ Jane declared.
He declared his intention to stand for president.
declare that
Carol held a press conference and declared that she was innocent.
declare yourself (to be) something
Edward declared himself angry and frustrated.
3 → declare war (on somebody/something)
4 MONEY/PROPERTY ETC [transitive]
a) to state on an official government form how much money you have earned, what property you own etc
All tips are counted as part of your earnings and must be declared.
b) to tell a customs official that you are carrying goods on which you should pay tax when you enter a country
5 → declare an interest
6 CRICKET [intransitive] to choose to end your team’s turn before all your players have batted
Declare
خشم
Outrage
استعلام
Enquiry
Inquiry
شرکت های خدمات پایه مثل آب و برق و …
مطلوبیت
سودمندی
Utilities companies
Utility
noun [countable, uncountable]
formal the pay you give someone for something they have done for you
high rates of remuneration
—remunerate /rɪˈmjuːnəreɪt/ verb [transitive]
Examples from the Corpus
remuneration
• Four-fifths of chief executives favoured legislation requiring companies to have a remuneration committee dominated by outsiders.
• Petitions to the Admiralty for remuneration for his discovery brought nothing.
• Accordingly, in future the limit will rise with increase in the hourly remuneration rates, which should ease the position.
• Although many officials and newspapers proposed that they be paid a modest salary, only the chief headmen received official remuneration.
• Systems of formal warnings to control absence also seem to be less effective than the terms of the remuneration scheme.
• Third, the remuneration system became performance-related.
Remuneration
سود هر سهم
Earnings per share
سودی که سالانه به صاحبان سهام در شرکت پرداخت میشه
Dividend
1 extremely large SYN huge
vast amounts/numbers/quantities/sums etc (of something)
The government will have to borrow vast amounts of money.
The refugees come across the border in vast numbers.
vast areas/expanses/tracts etc (of something)
vast areas of rainforest
In the past five years, there has been a vast improvement in graduation rates.
► see thesaurus at big
Vast
افشاگری
Disclosure
وقتی قوانین رو بدون اینکه بپرسی رعایت میکنی
ADJECTIVES
blind obedience (=when you obey rules or a person without thinking about why)
I followed my father’s commands with blind obedience.
unquestioning obedience (=when you obey rules or a person without questioning whether they are right)
Even soldiers must not follow all orders with unquestioning obedience.
absolute/complete/total obedience
The King required absolute obedienc
Support حمایت کردن
Advocate
1 to punish someone or treat them unfairly
penalize somebody for (doing) something
Two students were penalized very differently for the same offence.
Women feel professionally penalized for taking time off to raise children.
2 to punish a team or player in sports by giving an advantage to the other team
The team was penalized for wasting time.
Penalize
in advance (of something)
before something happens or is expected to happen
I should warn you in advance that I’m not a very good dancer.
Many thanks, in advance, for your help.
six months/a year etc in advance
Book tickets 21 days in advance.
Could you distribute copies well in advance of the meeting?
In advance
adjective
1 contrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other SYN opposing
Two contrary views emerged.
The men shouted contrary orders.
contrary to
The government’s actions are contrary to the public interest.
2 → contrary to popular belief/opinion
3 formal a contrary wind is not blowing in the direction you want to sail
Contrary
verb [transitive]
to examine someone or something very carefully
He scrutinized the document.
She scrutinized his face.
► see thesaurus at examine
→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
scrutinize
• For example, unlike the United States, mergers should be very closely scrutinized.
• There were predictable objections from departments which did not want to have their own policy advice scrutinized by outside experts.
• The coach’s assistants stood along the field and scrutinized every move we made.
• The Tests themselves have been carefully scrutinized for balance and consistency to ensure they are reliable time and time again.
• We fussed over Janir, scrutinizing his every move and expression.
• But one thing is certain, they will be the most scrutinized players in franchise history.
Scrutinize
تنبیه کردن
1 to punish someone or treat them unfairly
penalize somebody for (doing) something
Two students were penalized very differently for the same offence.
Women feel professionally penalized for taking time off to raise children.
2 to punish a team or player in sports by giving an advantage to the other team
The team was penalized for wasting time.
Penalize
con‧tra‧ry1 /ˈkɒntrəri $ ˈkɑːntreri/ ●●○ AWL noun
1 → on the contrary/quite the contrary
2 → evidence/statements etc to the contrary
3 → the contrary
Examples from the Corpus
contrary
• On the contrary, it liberated us.
• On the contrary, they were getting better all the time.
• He may also have kept the stewardship of Tottington and Rochdale, in spite of Edward’s orders to the contrary.
Related topics: Meteorology
contrary2 AWL adjective
1 contrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other SYN opposing
Two contrary views emerged.
The men shouted contrary orders.
contrary to
The government’s actions are contrary to the public interest.
2 → contrary to popular belief/opinion
3 formal a contrary wind is not blowing in the direction you want to sail
Contrary
to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made
allocate something to somebody/something
the importance of allocating resources to local communities
You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.
allocate something for something
One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.
allocate somebody/something sth
Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.
Alovate
to use all or most of your time, effort etc in order to do something or help someone SYN dedicate
devote your time/energy/attention etc to something
He devoted his energies to writing films.
devote yourself to something
She devoted herself full-time to her business.
Devote
phrasal verb
to start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of time or energy
It’s time we got down to work.
We need to get down to some serious talking.
get down to doing something
I always find it hard to get down to revising.
Get down to something
بداهه
Off-hand
used to say that a decision, action, etc. is sudden and done without any planning:
We hadn’t planned to go away - it was one of those spur-of-the-moment decisions.
We just jumped in a car on the spur of the moment and drove to the seaside.
On the spur of the moment
phrasal verb
1 to think of an idea, answer etc
Is that the best excuse you can come up with?
We’ve been asked to come up with some new ideas.
2 informal to produce an amount of money
We wanted to buy the house but we couldn’t come up with the cash.
How am I supposed to come up with $10,000?
→ come→ See Verb table
Examples from the Corpus
come up with
• Each of these groups came up with a list of proposals which were sent to everyone attending.
• The board must come up with a plan to put the city back on its financial feet.
• Analysts think Boeing will most likely start afresh and come up with a real rival early in 2002.
• After a few experiments, I came up with a reasonable facsimile of Rebecca’s accidental assemblage.
• It may help them come up with new drinks on Earth.
• For some days he had been mulling this over, trying to come up with something more interesting than Wyvis Hall.
Come up with
something that is tedious continues for a long time and is not interesting SYN boring
Tedious
غذایی که هوس برانگبز باشه خوشبو با خوشگل باشه
Appetizing=|unappetizing
پیچیده در هم تابیده در هم
چند بار پیچیده در هم
Twisted
tolerate
to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining
She put up with his violent temper.
put up with somebody/something
1 continuing only for a short time
transient fashions
2 working or staying somewhere for only a short time
a transient population
Transient
بی درنگ
Promptly
