vocab_a-c Flashcards
adversary system
a system of law where the court is seen as a neutral area where disputants can argue the merits of their cases
affirmative action
government-mandate programs that seek to create special employment opportunities for African Americans, women, and other victims of past discrimination
amendment
addition to the Constitution that require approval by two-thirds of both house of Congress and three-quarters of the states
amicus curiae briefs
friend of the court briefs that qualified individuals or organizations file in lawsuits to which they are not a party, so the judge may consider their advice in respect to matter s of law that directly affect the cases in question.
appellate jurisdiction
term used to describe courts whose role is to hear appeals from lower courts
Articles of Confederation
the first US constitution, the government lasted from 1781-1789 under this because it didn’t have the power to collect taxes from states and regulate foreign trade to generate revenue from import/export tariffs
bicameral
consisting of two legislative houses (House of Representatives and Senate)
Bill of Rights
first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee personal liberties and limits the power of the government
blanket primary
primary election in which voters may select a candidate from any party for each office
block grants
federal money given to states with only general guidelines for its use with states deciding how it will be spent
bread-and-butter issues
those political issues are specifically directed at the daily concerns of most working-class Americans, such as job security, tax rates, wages, and employee benefits
broad constructionism
belief that the Constitution should be interpreted loosely when concerning the restrictions it places on federal power, broad constructionists emphasize the importance of the elastic clause, which allows Congress to pass laws “necessary and proper” to the perfomance of its duties
Brown v. Board of Education
the 1954 case in which the Supreme Court overturned the “separate but equal” (Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896) standard as it applied to education
budget deficit
condition that arises when federal expenditures exceed revenues; when the government spends more money than it takes in
budget resolution
set of budget guidelines that must pass both houses of Congress in identical form by April 15, it guides government spending for the following fiscal year