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Criminal Justice > Vocab Words > Flashcards

Vocab Words Flashcards

1
Q

aftercare

A

juvenile justice equivalent of parole, in which a delinquent is released from a custodial sentence and supervised in the community

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2
Q

appeal

A

a request to a higher court that is review actions taken in a trial court

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3
Q

Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

A

execution of the mentally retarded is unconstitutional

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4
Q

bench trials

A

trials conducted by a judge who acts as fact finder and determines issues of law. No jury participates

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5
Q

boot camp

A

a short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority

= shock incarceration

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6
Q

Breed v Jones (1975)

A

juveniles cannot be found delinquent in juvenile court and then transferred to adult court without hearing on the transfer; to do so violates the protection against double jeopardy

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7
Q

challenge for cause

A

removal of a prospective juror by showing that he or she has some bias or some other legal disability.

  • the number of these challenges available to attorneys is unlimited
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8
Q

circumstantial evidence

A

evidence provided by a witness from which a jury must infer a fact

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9
Q

community corrections

A

a model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community

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10
Q

community service

A

a sentence requiring the offender to perform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community

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11
Q

conditions of release

A

conduct restrictions that parolees must follow as a legally binding requirement of being released

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12
Q

congregate system

A

a penitentiary system, developed in Auburn, New York, in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence

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13
Q

contract labor system

A

a system under which inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided that machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution

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14
Q

corrections

A

the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses

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15
Q

crime control model of corrections

A

a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision

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16
Q

custodial model

A

a model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order

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17
Q

day reporting center

A

a community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements of a sentence

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18
Q

delinquent

A

a child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be a criminal act

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19
Q

demonstrative evidence

A

evidence that is not based on witness testimony but that demonstrates information relevant to the crime, such as maps, X-rays, and photographs - includes real evidence involved in the crime

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20
Q

dependent child

A

a child who has no parent or gaurdian or whose parents cannot give proper care

(parents want to but cant)

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21
Q

detention hearing

A

a hearing by the juvenile court to determine if a juvenile is to be detained or released prior to adjudication

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22
Q

determinate sentence

A

a sentence that fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period

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23
Q

direct evidence

A

eyewitness accounts

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24
Q

discretionary release

A

the release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law

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25
Q

diversion

A

the process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a decision by the court

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26
Q

Enlightenment

A

a movement during the 18th century in England and France in which concepts of liberalism, rationalism, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking

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27
Q

expiration release

A

the release of an inmate from incarceration, without further correctional supervision, the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of the sentence for the current offense

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28
Q

fine

A

a sum of money to be paid to the state by a convicted person as punishment for an offense

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29
Q

forfeiture

A

Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity

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30
Q

furlough

A

the temporary release of an inmate from a correctional institution for a brief period, usually one to three days, for a visit home. Such programs help maintain family ties and prepare inmates for release on parole

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31
Q

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

A

the death penalty, as administered, constitutes cruel and unusual punishment

-the procedure (jury decision) and methods

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32
Q

general deterrance

A

punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses

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33
Q

good time

A

a reduction of an inmate’s prison sentence, at the discretion of the prison administrator, for good behavior or paritcipation in vocational, educational, or treatment programs

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34
Q

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

A

death penalty laws are constitutional if they require the judge and jury to consider certain mitigating and aggravting circumstances in deiciding which convicted murderers should be sentenced to death. Proceedings must also be divided into a trial phase and a punishment phase, and there must be opportunities for appeal

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35
Q

habeas corpus

A

a writ or judicial order requesting the release of a person being detained in jail, prison, or mental hospital. If a judge finds the person is being held improperly, the writ may be granted and the person released

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36
Q

halfway house

A

a correctional facility housing convicted felons who spend a portion of their day at work in the community but reside in the halfway house during nonworking hours

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37
Q

hands-off policy

A

judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions

38
Q

home confinement

A

a sentence requiring the offender to remain inside his or her home during specified periods

39
Q

In re Gault (1967)

A

juveniles have the right to counsel, to confront and examine accusers, and to have adequate notice of charges when confinement is a possible punishment

40
Q

In re Winship

A

the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings

41
Q

incapacitation

A

depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detaining the offender in prison

42
Q

indeterminate sentence

A

a period, set by a judge, that specifies a minimum and maximum time to be served in prison. Sometime after the minimum, the offender may be eligible for parole

43
Q

inmate code

A

the values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates’ idea of the model prisoner

44
Q

intensive supervision probation (ISP)

A

probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload

45
Q

intermediate sanctions

A

a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration

46
Q

jail

A

an institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours

47
Q

jury

A

a panel of citizens selected according to law and sworn to determine matters of fact in a criminal casea nd to deliver a verdict of guilty or not guilty

48
Q

lease system

A

a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor

49
Q

mandatory release

A

the required release of an inmate from incarcertaion to community supervision upon the expiration of a certain period, as specified by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guidelines

50
Q

mandatory sentence

A

a sentence determined by statutes and requiring that a certain penalty by imposed and carried out for convicted offenders who meet certain criteria

51
Q

mark system

A

a point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning “marks” or points through labor, good behavior, or educational achievment

52
Q

McCleskey v Kemp (1987)

A

the supreme court rejects a challenge of Georgia’s death penalty on grounds of racial discrimination

53
Q

McKeiver v Pennsylvania (1971)

A

juveniles do not have the right to a trial by jury

54
Q

medical model

A

a model of corrections bsaed on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment

55
Q

neglected child

A

a child who is recieving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents

(parents could help, but dont want to)

56
Q

net widening

A

process in which new sentencing options increase rather than reduce control over offender’s lives

57
Q

other conditional release

A

a term used in some states to avoid the rigidity of mandatory release, by placing convcts in various community settings, under supervision

58
Q

parens patriae

A

the state as parent; the state as guardian and protector of all citizens (like juveniles) who cannot protect themselves

59
Q

parole

A

the conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served

60
Q

penitentiary

A

an institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform

61
Q

peremptory challenge

A

removal of a prospective juror without giving any reason

  • attorneys are allowed a limited number of these challenges
62
Q

PINS

A

acronym for “persons in need of supervision”, a term that designates juveniles who are either status offenders or thought to be on the verge of trouble

63
Q

presentence report

A

a report, prepared by a probation officer, that presents a convicted offender’s background and is used by the judge in selecting an appropriate sentence

64
Q

presumptive sentence

A

a sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances

65
Q

prison

A

an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies

66
Q

probation

A

a sentence that the offender is allowed to serve under supervision in the community

67
Q

real evidence

A

physical evidence - such as weapons, records, fingerprints, and stolen property - involved in the crime

68
Q

reasonable doubt

A

the standard used by a jury to decide if the prosecution has provided enough evidence for conviction

69
Q

recividim

A

a return to criminal behavior

70
Q

reformatory

A

an institution for young offenders that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole

71
Q

rehabilitation

A

the goal of restoring a convicted offender to a construtive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy

72
Q

rehabilitation model

A

1) a model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy
2) a model of incarceration that emphasizes treatment programs to help prisoners address the personal problems and issues that led them to commit crimes

73
Q

reintegration model

A

a model of a correctional institution that emphasizes maintaining the offender’s ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society

74
Q

restitution

A

repayment - in the form of money or service - by an offender to a victim who has suffered some loss from the offense

75
Q

restorative justice

A

punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender’s criminal act

76
Q

retribution

A

punishment inflicted on a person who has harmed others and so deserves to be penalized

77
Q

Roper v Simmons (2005)

A

execution of offenders for crimes committed while under the age of 18 is unconstitutional

78
Q

Schall v Martin (1984)

A

juveniles can be held in preventive detention if there is concern that they may commit additional crimes while awaiting court action

79
Q

selective incapacitation

A

making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarceration those individuals whose incapacity will do the most to reduce crime in society

80
Q

sentencing guidelines

A

a mechanism to indicate to judges the expected sanction for certain offenses, in order to reduce disparities in sentencing

81
Q

separate confinement

A

a penitentiary system, developed in Pennsylvania, in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. all activities, including craft work, took place in the cells

82
Q

shock probation

A

a sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation

83
Q

specific deterrance

A

punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes

84
Q

status offense

A

any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult

85
Q

technical violation

A

the probationer’s failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge). resulting in revocation of probation

86
Q

testimony

A

oral evidence provided by a legally competant witness

87
Q

voir dire

A

a questioning of prospectie jurors to screen out people the attorneys think might be biased or otherwise incapable of delivering a fair verdict

88
Q

waiver

A

procedure by which the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court

89
Q

Williams v Florida (1970)

A

juries of few than 12 members are unconstitutional

90
Q

Witherspoon v Illinios (1968)

A

potential jurors who object to the death penalty cannot be automatically excluded from service; however, during voir dire, those who feel so strongly about capital punishment that they could not give an impartial verdict may be excluded

91
Q

work and educational release

A

the daytime release of inmates from correctional institutions so they can work or attend school

Criminal Justice (1 decks)

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