Vocab words

Question 1

Agonist

Answer 1

a drug that activates a receptor by binding to that receptor

Question 2

Antagonist

Answer 2

a drug that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor; gets in the way

Question 3

Competitive antagonism

Answer 3

present when increasing concentrations of the antagonist progressively inhibit the response to the agonist

Question 4

Non-competitive antagonism

Answer 4

present when after administration of an antagonist; even in high concentrations of agonist cannot completely overcome the antagonism (covalent/allosteric)

Question 5

partial agonists

Answer 5

drug that binds to a receptor where it activates the receptor but not as much as a full agonist; can not cause full effect

Question 6

inverse agonists

Answer 6

bind at same site as the agonist but produce opposite effect of agonist. Turn off constitutive activity of receptor; decreases number of receptors

Question 7

tolerance

Answer 7

decreased response to the same dose; develops slowly;. Up or down regulation of receptors, increased metabolism or adaptation in cellular pathways

Question 8

pharmacokinetics

Answer 8

the quantitative study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of injected and inhaled drugs and their metabolites. What the body does to the drug.

Question 9

central volume

Answer 9

volume that intravenously injected drug initially mixes into. Composed of those elements of the body that dilute the drug within the first minute after injection

Question 10

vessel rich group

Answer 10

tissues that receive the bulk of arterial blood flow-brain, heart, kidneys, and liver

Question 11

zero order processes

Answer 11

consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide are processes that happen at a constant rate. Rate of change is constant.

Question 12

first order processes

Answer 12

rate is proportional to the amount

Question 13

elimination half time

Answer 13

amount of time it takes for the concentration of a drug to decrease by half after it has peaked

Question 14

context sensitive half time

Answer 14

the time for the plasma concentration to decrease by 50% from an infusion that maintains a constant concentration

Question 15

clearance

Answer 15

amount of blood completely cleared of drug per unit time

Question 16

pharmacodynamics

Answer 16

study of the intrinsic sensitivity or responsiveness of tehe body to a drug and the mechanisms by which these effects occur. What the drug does to the body.

Question 17

stereochemistry

Answer 17

the study of how molecules are structured in three dimensions

Question 18

chirality

Answer 18

unique subset of stereochemistry. Chiral is used to designate a molecule that has a center of three-dimensional asymmetry

Question 19

enantiomerism

Answer 19

a pair of molecules existing in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed; chemically identical

Question 20

racemic

Answer 20

two enantiomers present in equal proportions

Question 21

pharmacogenetics

Answer 21

genetically determined disease states that are initially revealed by altered responses to specific drugs

Question 22

amnesia

Answer 22

loss of memory, which can involve inability to remember past events (retrograde amnesia), difficulty forming new memories (anterograde amnesia) or both.

Question 23

recall

Answer 23

the process of retrieving or bringing information stored in the brain back into conscious awareness

Question 24

sedation (3 depths)

Answer 24

1. Minimal sedation (anxiolysis): awake, able to respond normally to verbal commands (benzos)
2. Moderate sedation (conscious sedation): patient is drowsy, remains conscious and responsive to verbal commands or light stimulation (low dose propofol)
3. Deep sedation: on edge of unconsciousness and only responds to painful stimulation (high dose propofol/ketamine)

Question 25

General anesthesia

Answer 25

process requiring a state of unconsciousness of the brain (produced by volatile or injected anesthetics) plus immobility in response to a noxious stimulus (surgical skin incision) that is mediated by the action of volatile anesthetics on the spinal cord administered at concentrations equivalent to MAC for that drug.

Question 26

analgesia

Answer 26

absence or reduction of pain perception without a loss of consciousness

Question 27

allodynia

Answer 27

perception of pain sensations in response to normally non-painful stimuli

Question 28

Hyperalgesia

Answer 28

increased pain sensation to normally painful stimuli

Question 29

sensitization

Answer 29

increased responsiveness to heat, cold, mechanical, or chemical stimulation; gives rise to primary hyperalgesia to these stimuli

Question 30

neuropathic pain

Answer 30

characterized by a reduced nociceptive threshold, persists in the absence of a stimulus and is refractory to traditional analgesics

Question 31

somatic pain

Answer 31

easily localized and characterized by distinct sensations

Question 32

visceral pain

Answer 32

diffuse and poorly localized, usually associated with stronger emotional and autonomic reactions. Ex: muscle/skin pain

Question 33

neuralgia

Answer 33

sharp, shooting, or burning pain that occurs along the path of a nerve

Question 34

tachyphylaxis

Answer 34

decreased response to the same dose of medication after short period of time; due to receptor desensitization

Question 35

additive

Answer 35

combined effect of two drugs that is equal to the sum of their individual effects; effects add up without enhancing or diminishing each other

Question 36

synergistic

Answer 36

combined effect of two drugs that is greater than the sum of their individual effects; enhance each other. Often seen when drugs act on different pathways

Question 37

efficacy

Answer 37

measure of the intrinsic ability of a drug to produce a given physiologic or clinical effect

Question 38

potency

Answer 38

refers to the relative dose of two drugs; concentration versus response relationship. Left shift equals higher potency.

Question 39

median effective dose (ED50)

Answer 39

dose of a drug required to produce a specific desired effect in 50% of individuals

Question 40

Median Lethal Doses (LD50)

Answer 40

dose of a drug required to produce death in 50% of individuals

Question 41

therapeutic index

Answer 41

ratio between LD50 and ED50 (LD50/ED50). The larger the TI, the safer the drug

Question 42

acute pain

Answer 42

short-term pain, does not persist after initial injury has healed

Question 43

chronic pain

Answer 43

persistent pain beyond the expected period of healing; pain receptors continue to fire even in the absence of tissue damage

Question 44

Elimination half life

Answer 44

time it takes for the concentration of a drug to decrease by half during elimination phase