vocab week1 Flashcards
vocab
express
to show a feeling, opinion, or fact:
Her eyes expressed deep sadness.
express yourself
to communicate what you think or feel, by speaking or writing, or in some other way
Children often express themselves in painting.
express
adj
* moving or being sent fast
exp: express delivery Please send this letter by express delivery.
* clearly and intentionally stated
It is my express wish that after my death, my books be given to my old college library.
express(n)
a service that does something faster than usual
by express This parcel needs to be sent by express.
expand(v)
v
to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way
exp:The air in the balloon expands when heated.
**expand into sth **
These companies need to expand into new markets because they have reached market saturation at home.
priority
- something that is considered more important than other matters:
he president vowed to make education one of his top priorities.
2.something that you do or deal with first because it is more important or urgent than other things:
strategic/corporate priorities
make sth a priority** - the state or fact of being the most important job or aim, compared to other jobs or aims:
take/have/get /give
Both countries have given priority to corporate investment.
head of state
n.
c
the official leader of a country, often someone who has few or no real political powers
Exp:
The president, who is elected directly for a maximum of two 6-year terms, is the head of state.
minister
n
c
a member of the government who is in charge of a particular department or has an important position in it.
EXp:
the Minister** of/for** Education
government
n
c
the group of people who officially control a country:
Exp:
The minister has announced that there will be no change in government policy.
parliament
n
c/u
the group of (usually) elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country:
EXP:
She was elected to Parliament in 1997.
vice president
n
c
1.he person who has the position immediately below the president in some countries,
.EXP:Vice President Biden
2. the person who is responsible for a large, important part of a company or organization:
EXP :
She’s vice president of sales and marketing.
cabinet
a small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions
EXP:The Cabinet meet/meets every Thursday.
2.a piece of furniture with shelves,
finance
n
1.(U)(the management of) a supply of money:
EXP:
finance department You need to speak to someone in the finance department.
2.(C) finances
the money that a person or company has
EXP:We keep a tight control on the organization’s finances.
in charge
phrase
being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something:
EXP:Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves?
ministry
a department of the government led by a minister:
EXP:
the Ministry of Defence/Agriculture
finance (v)
to provide the money needed for something to happen:
The city council has refused to finance the project.
regulation
n
c/u
an official rule or the act of controlling something
EXP:
government regulation of inflation
crisis
n
c/u
a time of great disagreement, confusion, or suffering
EXP:
We have a family crisis on my hands - my 16-year-old sister is pregnant.
The country’s leadership is in crisis.
entirely
adj
completely
exp:
admit it was entirely my fault.
collectively
adv
as a group
exp:
She has a staff of four who collectively earn almost $200,000.
responsible
be responsible for someone/something/doing something
to have control and authority over something or someone and the duty of taking care of it, him, or her
exp:Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.
decisions
n
c
a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities
exp:he has had to make some very difficult decisions.
council
n
c singular
1-a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization:
exp:
This play is supported by a grant from the local arts council.
2-the group of people elected to govern a particular area, town, or city, and organize services for it:
exp:
The town/city council is/are responsible for keeping the streets clean.
pass a law
to bring in a new law by voting in parliament
racial
adj
based on someone’s perceived race, especially in a way that is unfair or harmful; or based on policies, behaviours, rules, etc
exp:The law has done little to prevent racial inequality.
injustice
n u
a situation in which there is no fairness and justice:
exp:They were aware of the injustices of the system.
justice
n
u
fairness in the way people are dealt with:
exp:There’s no justice in the world when people can be made to suffer like that.
aware
adj
knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing:
exp:Were you aware of the risks at the time?
suffer
v
to experience physical or mental pain:
exp:I think he suffered a lot when his wife left him.
2.to experience or show the effects of something bad:
exp: The Democrats suffered a crushing defeat in the last election.
blow
v
blew,blown
to move and make currents of air, or to be moved or make something move on a current of air
exp:blow away The letter blew away and I had to run after it
2.to cause something to be destroyed by a bomb, technical failure, etc.:
exp:His car had been blown to pieces.
riot
n
c
an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
exp:Food protests and riots have erupted in more than 30 countries.
defeat
v
to win against someone in a fight, war, or competition:
exp:They defeated the Italian team and reached the final.
defeat (n)
the fact of losing against someone in a fight or competition, or when someone or something is made to fail:
exp:In the last election, they suffered a crushing/humiliating defeat.
deal
v
dealt ,dealt
to do business
exp:
How long had she been dealing (= selling drugs) before she was arrested?
deal(N)
an agreement or an arrangement, especially in business
exp;I’ll make/do a deal with you - you wash the car and I’ll let you use it tonight.
erupt
v
When a volcano erupts, it explodes and flames and rocks come out of it
exp:Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes.
2.to start suddenly and violently:
exp:At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities.
violence
n
actions or words that are intended to hurt people:
exp: The recent outbreak/eruption of racial violence in the area is very troubling.
inequality
n
c/u
the unfair situation in society when some people have more opportunities, money, etc. than other people:
exp:The law has done little to prevent racial discrimination and inequality.
eruption
n
an occasion when a volcano explodes, and flames and rocks come out of it, or the act of doing this:
refugee
n
c
a person who has escaped from their own country for political, religious, or economic reasons or because of a war:
exp:Thousands of refugees fled across the border.
refuge
n
(a place that gives) protection or shelter from danger, trouble, unhappiness, etc.
exp:The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
political issues:::
1- racial injustice
2-climate change
3-gender inequality
4-freedom of speech
5-healthcare
6-refugee crisis
across
adverb, preposition
1- from one side to the other of something with clear limits, such as an area of land, a road, or a river:
exp:She walked across the field/road.
2-on the opposite side of:
the library is just across the road.
3-in every part of a particular place or country
Voting took place peacefully across most of the country.
rise
v
rose | risen
1.to move upwards
The balloon rose gently (up) into the air.
2.to increase:
The wind/storm is rising (= beginning to get stronger).
getting paid
flee
v
fled, fleeing
to escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear:
exp:
flee from She fled from the room in tears.
flee to In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
2.
flee the country
to quickly go to another country in order to escape from something or someone:
exp:It is likely that the suspects have fled the country by now.
afford
v
to allow someone to have something pleasant or necessary:
exp:Her seat afforded her an uninterrupted view of the stage.
can afford
1-to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money
exp:He is over 60 and can’t afford his pension contributions.
2-to be able to do something without it causing problems:
I can’t afford to pay attention to any controversy.
3-can afford to do sth
stock
n
c
1-a supply of something for use or sale:
exp:Much of the city’s housing stock (= the number of houses in the city) is over 100 years old.
2-the total amount of goods or the amount of a particular type of goods available in a shop:
exp:
in/out of stock The new edition is in/out of stock (= available/not available) in major bookshops.
stock (V)
If a shop or factory stocks something, it keeps a supply of it:
EXP:Most supermarkets stock a wide range of wines.
drastically
ADV
in a way that is severe and sudden or has very noticeable effects:
EXP:Our communication environment has changed drastically in the last 10 years.
drastic
ADJ
(especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects:
drastic measures
Many employees have had to take drastic cuts in pay.
drop
v
to fall or to allow something to fall
exp:She dropped her keys.
debt
n
c/u
something, especially money, that is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something:
exp:He managed to pay off his debts in two years.
If you are in debt, you owe money:
We seem to be perpetually in debt.
If you go into debt, you borrow money.**
execute
v
to kill someone as a legal punishment:
exp:He was executed for murder.
uncover
v
to discover something secret or hidden :
exp:It’s the press’s responsibility to uncover the truth.
facing
n
turned towards the stated direction:
give a speech
serious
adj
bad, not joking
Please don’t laugh - I’m being serious.
environmental
adj
relating to the environment:
exp:We’re here to discuss environmental issues.
address
v
to speak or write to someone:
exp:You may address me as Ms Harris.
tackle
v
to try to deal with something or someone:
exp:There are many ways of tackling this problem.
chancellorship
n
the position of a person of the highest or high rank, especially in a government or university:
exp:She was recently a finalist for the chancellorship of the State Colleges and Universities system.
chancellor
n
a person in a position of the highest or high rank, especially in a government or university:
exp:Helmut Kohl became the first Chancellor of a united Germany in 1990.
authority
n
the moral or legal right or ability to control:
exp:He has no authority over (= ability to control) his students.
the authorities
the group of people with official legal power to make decisions or make people obey the laws in a particular area, such as the police or a local government department:
I’m going to report these potholes to the authorities.
prioritize
v
to decide which of a group of things are the most important so that you can deal with them first:
exp:You must learn to prioritize your work.
official
adj
relating to a position of responsibility:
exp: Number Ten Downing Street is the British prime minister’s official residence.
official(n)
a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization:
exp: a government/trade-union/council official
prioritize racial injustice
over
climate change
committee
n
c(singular verb
a small group of people chosen to represent a larger organization and either make decisions or collect information for it:
She **sits on/is on **the school’s development committee.
suspect
v
to think or believe something to be true or probable:
EXP:
So far, the police do not suspect foul play.
[ + (that) ] We had no reason to suspect (that) he might try to kill himself.
owe
v
to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you:
EXP:I owe you a drink for helping me move.
politically
adv
in a way that relates to politics:
EXP
His mother was very politically active.
political
adjective
relating to politics:
EXP:
political leaders
There are two major political parties in the US - the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
Politics
n
Politics means** the activities** of the government or people who try to influence the way a country is governed. We use a singular verb with it:
exp:
A lot of young people just don’t seem interested in politics these days.
Politician
n
A person who is involved in politics (e.g. a member of parliament or a member of the government) is a politician:
exp :
Politicians rarely give straight answers to questions from journalists.
Policy
n
Policy means a plan of action or a set of rules agreed by a business, a political group or a government, saying what they will do in a particular situation:
It’s not company policy to sell goods to persons under the age of 18.
discrimination
n
treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their race, gender, sexuality, etc.:
exp:
racial/sex/age discrimination
dictatorship
n
a country ruled by a dictator:
military dictatorship The country is being run by a repressive military dictatorship.
dictator
n
a leader who has complete power in a country and has not been elected by the people
a person who gives orders and behaves as if they have complete power:
exp:
My boss is kind of a dictator.
murder(V)
to commit the crime of intentionally killing a person:
Her husband was murdered by gunmen as she watched.
criticize
v
to express disapproval of someone or something:
exp:
The government is being widely criticized in the media for failing to limit air pollution.
democracy
n
u
the belief in freedom and equality between people
defiantly
adv
in a way that proudly refuses to obey authority:
exp:They defiantly refused to identify themselves in court.
freedom
n
c/u
the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited:
exp:
I felt such a sense of freedom, up in the hills alone.
stay up
phrasel verb
to go to bed later than usual:
exp:
stay up (late) We stayed up (late) to watch a film.
take something up
ph
v
to fill an amount of space or time:
:
exp:
This desk takes up too much room.
compliance
n
u
the act of obeying a law or rule, especially one that controls a particular industry or type of work:
exp:The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws.
legal
adj
connected with the law:
exp:
legal advice
disapproval
n
u
the feeling of having a negative opinion of someone or something:
exp:
There was a note of disapproval in the teacher’s voice.
unlawful
adj
not allowed by law:
exp:
unlawful possession of guns
abuse
v
to use something for the wrong purpose in a way that is harmful or morally wrong
exp
I never expected that he would abuse the trust I placed in him.
extraordinary
adj
very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange:
exp:
He told the extraordinary story of his escape.
eligible
adj
having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions:
exp:
eligible for Are you eligible for early retirement/maternity leave?
representatives.
possess
v
to have or own something, or to have a particular quality:
exp:
I don’t possess a single DVD (= I don’t have even one DVD).
absolute
adj
very great or to the largest degree possible:
exp
a man of absolute integrity/discretion
constitutional
adj
allowed by or contained in a constitution:
exp:
Such a policy would not be constitutional.
liberal
adj
respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviour:
exp:
a liberal society/attitude
republican
n
c
a supporter of government by elected representatives of the people rather than government by a king or queen
adj:
republican system of government
