Vocab Unit 4.1 Flashcards
National Bank
Chartered by Congress to deal with the war debt and to put the government on sound financial footing. It was intended to help fund the government’s debt and issue currency notes.
- Fed funds would stimulate business and print strong, stable national currency
- Supported by the commercial and financial centers of the North and opposed by the agricultural South
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Financial plan including a national bank, a tariff, and payment of the nation’s debt.
- Build national credit
- Whiskey tax
- Tariff on foreign goods to promote American businesses
Funding at par
Pay debt at face value - built national credit; favored wealthy
Judiciary Act of 1789
Law that set a number of justices on the Supreme Court and establish the district and appellate courts
Proclamation of Neutrality
Formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, enraged pro-French Jeffersonians
Jay’s Treaty
Unpopular, pro-British treaty that granted “most favored nation” status, but restricted US commercial access
- Averted war with GB
- Angered France because they did not get the trade concessions
Pinckney’s Treaty
With Spain; established southern boundary of US and secured free navigation of the Mississippi River and duty free trade in New Orleans
Treaty of Greenville
Treaty to negotiate peace between the US government and Indian tribes in the Old Northwest Territory and to obtain land cessions
Citizen Geneet
French minister arrived in South Carolina and disregarded Washington’s proclamation of neutrality; used Philadelphia’s port for a fleet of French privateers (private ships attacking British ships under a French license) Washington and the Cabinet requested Genet’s recall from France
Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania protested harshly against the Whiskey Tax -> Washington set a militia to western Pennsylvania and squash the uprising; Federalists supported.
Democratic-Republicans
Favored: rule by the people, strong state government, emphasis on agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, French alliance, state banks, free trade.
Washington’s Farewell Address
Warned Americans against the danger of political parties, to remain neutral in foreign conflicts and to celebrate their achievements.
John Adams
(won against Jefferson) Federalist -> rule by the wealthy class, strong federal government, emphasis on manufacturing, loose interpretation of the Constitution, British alliance, National Bank, Protective tariffs.
XYZ Affair
Diplomatic conflict when US envoy was asked to pay a hefty bribe for the “privilege” of meeting with the French foreign minister -> “Quasi War” with France
Alien Acts
Gave federal government right to imprison and deport immigrants
Sedition Acts
Made it illegal to say, write, or publish anything negative about the government or its leaders
Thomas Jefferson
VP for John Adams; rule by informed masses, pro-French, economy should be rigid, minimal army
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
Statements secretly crafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia that states could NULLIFY national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.
Louisiana Purchase
Doubled the size of the US
Lewis & Clark
Expeditions across the new territory gained by the Louisiana Purchase
Embargo Act
BAN on trade with ALL foreign countries - to force Britain and France to leave American ships alone
Era of Good Feelings
Prosperity, lessening of political division, and interest in projects for the national good.
John Marshall
Presided over an era of cases that helped define the judicial system of the US as well as the nature of the federal government.
Marbury VS Madison
Established principle of Judicial Review: Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. (Marbury won)
McCulloch VS Maryland
Court decided that the federal government had the right and power to set up a Federal Bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government
Gibbons VS Ogden
Supreme Court case that famously expounded upon the powers of the commerce clause, setting the precedent of Congress’s broad ability to regulate interstate and some intrastate commerce
Impressment
Forcible seizure of American seamen
War of 1812
Neither Britain nor the US wanted their dispute to end in war but the issue of free seas and trade and Frontier pressures brought them to war.
Causes:
- interfering with shipping
- impressment
- British support of natives against settlers
- no negotiations working
- failed embargo
Effects:
- US gained recognition and respect globally
- rise in nationalism: capitol rebuilt, American literacy and art develops, army & navy expanded
Hartford Convention
New England Federalist
- allow secession of the states
- require a 2/3 majority of Congress to declare war
- new procedures on admitting new states
Monroe Doctrine
Warned Europe not to colonize or intervene in the Western Hemisphere
“self defense”
Market Revolution
Technological advancements in modes of transportation
- growing demand and employment in factory jobs followed by increased urban migration
- agricultural shift away from subsistence farming towards commercial farming
“Lowell” System
Labor production system where the manufacturing process was done under one roof. Machines in the production process were operated by women working under stringent laws and for very long hours. Most individuals who were recruited in the Lowell System were farm girls.
American System (Clay)
Developed a plan to maintain the balance.
The Missouri Compromise -
- Maine would be a free state
- Missouri would be a slave state
- Slavery would be prohibited in the area north of the 36 degree 30 minute line.
Second Bank of the US
Served as the country’s central bank; was to stabilize the country’s economy (from war debt)
- Eventually liquidated by Jackson to be placed in state banks
Panic of 1819
Over expanded credit, collapsed export market, low $ of imports
-> Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages foreclosed, agricultural prices 1/2 off, investment in land decreased
Sectionalism
Loyalty to the interests of your own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
Tariff of Abominations
Residents of the South believed the tax on imports was excessive and unfairly targeted their region of the country.
Missouri Compromise
- Maine free state
- Missouri slave state
Tallmadge Amendment
Prohibited further introduction of slavery and allowed emancipation for all slave children born in Missouri at age 25 - House of Representatives accepted it, but senate rejected it
Indian Removal Act
Provided transplanting of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi to a newly established Indian territory where they would be “permanently” free of white encroachment
Worcester VS Georgia
Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court. Indian nations retained certain rights of sovereign nations but did not enjoy the full powers of a sovereign nation.
Force Act
Use of military force to enforce federal law and denounced the actions as treasons.
Nullification Crisis
Raised the price of manufactured goods and represented increased power of Federal Government.
Whigs
Favor tariffs, favor federal support for internal improvements, support Bank of US, oppose Indian removal, support strong central government (Clay)
Universal White Man Suffrage
All adult white males were allowed to vote -> if they paid taxes or served in militia
